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The Brain
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Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/24/2016

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Term
1. ectoderm
2. mesoderm
3. embryonic endoderm
Definition
what are the three primary germ layers?
Term
gastrolation
Definition
what takes place in the 3rd week of the embryo?
Term
gastrolation
Definition
lies down germ layers-we will get all body tissues and organs form these germ layers
Term
ectoderm
Definition
a primary germ layer;
includes all nervous tissue; epidermis of skin and epidermal derivatives (hair, follicles, subaceous and sweat glands, nails)
Term
endoderm
Definition
a primary germ layer;
includes the epithelium of digestive tract (except that of oral and anal cavities); glandular derivatives of digestive tract (liver, pancres); epithelium of respiratory tract, auditroy tube and tonsils; thyroid, pancreas, thymus glands; epithlium of reproductive ducts and glands; and epithelium of urethra and bladder
Term
mesoderm
Definition
a primary germ layer;
includes skeltal, smooth and cardiac muscle; cartialge, bone, and other connective tissues (blood); blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues; endothelium of blood vessels and lymphatics
Term
organogenesis
Definition
the creation of genesis
Term
8th week
Definition
during embryonic development, when do we rearrange the layers?
Term
neurolation
Definition
first organogensis; occurs right after gastrulation; ends on the 28th day (end of 4th week); differentiation of ectoderm which produces neural plate and neural tube
Term
ectoderm
Definition
what primary germ layer produces the neural plate and neural tube?
Term
true
Definition
T or F; the neural tube forms the brain and spinal cord
Term
neural plate
the ectoderm on midline begins to thicken which creates the neural plate which is now called the neural ectoderm and then begins to dip down or invaginate; the lateral folds puff up and the neural tube comes from the neural plate
Definition
the neural tube (lumen) forms from what on the ectoderm?
Term
neural tube defects like anasepholy and spina bifida
Definition
what happens if the neural tube fails to close?
Term
brain
Definition
the anterior end of the lumen or neural tube forms what?
Term
cervical region
Definition
the neural tube first forms in what region
Term
spinal cord
Definition
the posterior or caudal end of our lumen or neural tube forms what?
Term
1. prosencephalon (forebrain)
2. mesencephalon (midbrain)
3. rhombencephalon (hindbrain)
Definition
what are the three primary brain vesicles?
Term
1. telencephalon
2. diencephalon
Definition
what are the 2 secondary brain vesicles that originate from the primary brain vesicle of the prosencephalon?
Term
mesencephalon
Definition
what secondary brain vesicles originates from the primary brain vesicle of the mesencephalon?
Term
1. metencephalon
2. myetencephalon
Definition
what are the 2 secondary brain vesicles that originate from the primary brain vesicle of the rhombencephalon?
Term
cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei); lateral ventricle
Definition
what structures comes from the telencephalon (secondary brain vesicle to the primary brain vesicle of the prosencephalon)
Term
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus; third ventricle
Definition
what structures come from the diencephalon? (a secondary brain vesicle to the primary brain vesicle of the prosencephalon)
Term
cerebral aquaduct; brainstem: midbrain
Definition
what structures come from the mesencephalon?
Term
brain stem: pons; upper part of the fourth ventricle; the cerebellum
Definition
what structures come from the metencephalon (a secondary brain structure to the primary brain structure of the rhombencephalon)?
Term
brain stem: medulla oblongata and lower part of the 4th ventricle
Definition
what structures come from the mytencephalon (a secondary brain vesicle from the primary brain vesicle of the rhombencephalon)
Term
prosencephalon
Definition
what is the primary brain vesicle of the forebrain?
Term
mesencephalon
Definition
what is the primary brain vesicle of the midbrain?
Term
rhombencephalon
Definition
what is the primary brain vesicle of the hindbrain?
Term
26th week
Definition
in what week of embryonic development will the surface area start to increase on the brain and the grey matter called cortex will form; the surface will start to invaginate and fold to create more surface area
Term
white matter (its white due to the myelin)
Definition
composed of primarily myelinated axons
Term
grey matter
(grey due to Nissal bodoies and lack of myelin)
Definition
composed of neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neuroglia
Term
ganglion
Definition
what is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Term
nucleus
Definition
what is a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS?
Term
nerve
Definition
what is a bundle of neuronal axons in the PNS?
Term
tract
Definition
what is a bundle of neuronal axons in the CNS?
Term
1. anterior: frontal lones of cerebellum
2. middle: anterior portion of temporal lobe
3. posterior: brainstem and cerebellum
Definition
what are the 3 fossae in the brain and what parts compose the fossae?
Term
nuclei
Definition
scattered grey matter that is seen within the white matter are called what in the brain?
Term
83%
Definition
the cerebral hemispheres make up what percent of the brain?
Term
1. frontal
2. parietal
3. temporal
4. occipital
5. insula (found deeper and floor of lateral sulcus)
Definition
each hemisphere in the brain is divided into what 5 lobes?
Term
1. central sulcus: frontal lobe from pareital lobe; frontal/coronal plane
2. parieto-occipital sulcus: separates parietal and occipital lobe
3. lateral sulcus/fissure: separates temporal lobes from frontal and parietal lobe
Definition
what are the 3 sulci of the cerebral hemispheres?
Term
1. longitudinal fissure: sagittal plane; separates the 2 cerebral hemispheres
2. transverse fissure: transverse plane;separates cerebellum and cerebrum
Definition
what are the 2 main fissures in the brain?
Term
central sulcus
Definition
what sulcus separates the precentral gyrus from the postcentral gyrus?
Term
motor (sematic)
Definition
the precentral gyrus is the primary ______ cortx
Term
sensory (sematosensory)
Definition
the postcentral gyrus is the primary _______ cortex
Term
1. cerebral cortex (grey matter)
2. internal white matter
3. basal nuclei
Definition
what are the 3 basic regions of the cerebral hemispheres?
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
the role that this plays is conscious thinking, sensation/evaluation of stimuli, speech, memory, personality traits, intelligence, understanding, initiation of voluntary muscle movement
Term
1. motor areas
2. sensory areas
3. association areas
Definition
what are the 3 kind of functional areas of the cerebral cortex?
Term
association area
Definition
this functional area in the cerebral cortex is for more complex integrative functions
Term
contralateral
Definition
each hemisphere manages sensory and motor function of ipsolateral or contralateral sides of the body?
Term
frontal lobe
Definition
the primary motor cortex is in this lobe; conscious control of skeletal muscles
Term
parietal lobe
Definition
the primary sensory cortex is in this lobe; conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature and taste
Term
occipital lobe
Definition
the visual cortex is in this lobe; conscious perception of visual stimuli
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
the auditory cortex and olfactory cortex are in this lobe; conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli
Term
false
Plasicity- if something happens to one area of the brain, another part of the cortex can pick up that activity that has been lost
Definition
t or f; the brain does not have plasicity
Term
left
Definition
the motor speech areas aka Broca's Speech Area is found on the right or left hemisphere?
Term
corpus callusom
Definition
makes up the floor of the longitudinal fissure; superior to the lateral ventricles
Term
commissural fibers/commisres
Definition
connect gray areas between 2 hemispheres (corpus callosum)
Term
association fibers
Definition
connect different parts of the same hemisphere; there are short __________ and long _______________ (connect different cortical lobes)
Term
projection fibers
Definition
connect cortex to rest of the nervous system and to the body's receptors and effectors
Term
cerebral white matter
Definition
the role of this is for communication pathways
Term
basal nuclei
Definition
the role of this is to influence motor function by helping to regulate initiation and termination of movements; helps initiate and terminate some cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and planning
Term
caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus
Definition
what three things make up the majority of the mass of the basal nuclei?
Term
the putamen + globus pallidus= lentiform nucleus
the lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus= CORPUS STRIATUM ("striped body")
Definition
what four things make up the corpus striatum in the basal nuclei?
Term
1. huntingston disease
2. parkinsons disease
Definition
what are two diseases that involve the basal nuclei?
Term
huntingtons disease
Definition
the degeneratoin (died) of basal nuclei because they accumulate Huntington protein which kills of cell bodies-->also start ot get degeneration of cerebral cortex; occurs in middle age; you have jerky, involuntary movement; this disease is hereditary and is fatal within 15 years of symptoms (overstimulation of motor drive)
Term
parkinsons disease
Definition
degeneration of the neurotransmitter dopamine releasing neurons in the midbrain; are in the nucleus--> SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; which kills off cells here and then those cells release dompamine on basal nuclei; tremors at rest; issues in initiating and executing movement; problem activating primary motor cortex
Term
parkinsons disease
Definition
this disease is mostly due to overactive basal nuclei and the inhibition of motor drive
Term
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. epithalamus
Definition
the diencephalon consists of primarily what 3 paired structures?
Term
thalamus
Definition
makes up 80% of the diencephalon
Term
thalamus
Definition
helps in mediation of sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory; acts as a relay station for most sensory information ascending to the cerebral cortex; ALL SENSORY INPUT WILL BE FUNNELED THROUGH THIS
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
the role of this is the MAIN VISCERAL CONTROL CENTER FOR THE BODY (acts as autonomic control center and center for emotional response--regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance/thirst, sleep-wake cycles and endocrine system functioning); its influence on body is vital for maintaining homeostasis
Term
1. mammillary bodies (looked like a pair of breasts)
2. infundibulum
Definition
what are the 2 projections/buldges from the hypothalamus?
Term
infundibulum
Definition
between the optic chiasma and mamillary bodies; connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
Term
epithalamus
Definition
most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; helps to regulate sleep-wake cycle (via pineal body) along with the hypothalamus
Term
pineal body
Definition
what is a projection from the epithalamus?
Term
pineal body (in transverse cerebral fissure) (looks like a pine cone)
Definition
secretes MELATONIN--sleep inducing signal
Term
1. midbrain
2. pons
3. medulla oblongata
Definition
what are the 3 region of the brain stem?
Term
midbrain
Definition
this contains the cerebral aquaduct and connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles
Term
1. cerebral penduncles
2. superior colliculi
3. inferior colliculi
Definition
what are the 3 projections/budges from the midbrain?
Term
cerebral penduncles
Definition
a projection in the midbrain that contains major motor fibers and tracts
Term
superior colliculi
Definition
a projection of the midbrain; 2 bumps on top in transverse fissure; involved in VISUAL pathway--head and eye movement and neck
Term
inferior colliculi
Definition
a projection in the midbrain; 2 bumps involved with AUDITORY pathway; auditory reflex center--startle reflex which causes us to turn our heads to sound before we even perceive what it is
Term
substantia nigra (degenerated in parkinsons disease)
Definition
the pigmented nuclei thats located in white matter (darker nuclei so its easier to see)
Term
1. higher brain centers and spinal cord
2. motor cortex and cerebellum (seen as a budge called cerebellar peduncle)
Definition
major component of pons are conduction tracts that course between: (2)
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
the role of this is the autonomic reflex center housing important visceral motor nuclei (important for maintaining homeostasis) (ex. cardio vascular and respiratory centers)
Term
medulla oblongata
Definition
link with the hypothalamus--is in charge because it relays its instructions through the medulla
Term
pyramids (ventral surface)- large corticospinal tracts; ducussations--where corticospinal tracts criss-cross sides
Definition
what is a projection of the medulla oblongata?
Term
cerebellum
Definition
the role of this is to provide timing and patterns of skeletal muscle contractions for smooth and coordinated movements; also provides error correcting feed back for movements--> receptors gain info aabout body movements which evaluate how we are actually moving and adjusts neurons to fix it
Term
1. cerebellar hemispheres
2. vermis ("worm"-connects the 2 cerebellar hemispheres-has folds which is known as folia)
3. arbor vitae (white matter;"tree of life")
4. folia- the "gyri" of cerebellum; folds in vermis; "leaves" of gray matter
4. anterior lobes
5. posterior lobes
6. flocculonodular lobes
Definition
what are the 6 anatomical parts of the cerebellum?
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