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The Brain pt. 1
p 209-224
43
Anatomy
12th Grade
02/28/2012

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Term
divisions of the brain
Definition
brain stem, diencephalon, cerebellum(2nd largest), cerebrum(largest)
Term
parts of the brain stem
Definition
medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain
Term
structure of brain stem
Definition
white matter with bits of gray matter scattered through it
Term
functions of the brain stem
Definition
1) gray matter = reflex centers (vital centers)
2) sensory fibers conduct impulses from the cord to other parts of the brain
3) motor tracts conduct impulses down from the brain to the cord
Term
parts of the diencephalon
Definition
hypothalamus and thalamus
Term
parts of the hypothalamus
Definition
posterior pituitary gland, pituitary stalk, and gray matter
Term
function of the hypothalamus
Definition
controls hormone secretions- exerts major control over virtually all internal organs
Term
structure of the thalamus
Definition
dumb-bell shaped mass of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere
Term
functions of the thalamus
Definition
1) relays sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex areas
2) produces emotions of pleasantness/unpleasantness associated with sensations
3) plays a part in the so-called arousal or alerting mechanism
Term
function of cerebellum
Definition
helps to control muscle contractions to produce coordinated movement to maintain balance, move smoothly, and sustain good posture
Term
structure of the cerebrum
Definition
highly wrinkled and folded
1) many ridges = convolutions or gyri
2) grooves = sulci
3) deepest sulci = fissures
Term
the longitudinal fissure divides the cerebrum into right and left halves called...
Definition
hemispheres (control different sides of body)
Term
the right and left hemispheres almost completely separate except where their lower portions are connected at the...
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
function of the cerebrum
Definition
mental processes of all types (sensations, consciousness, memory, and voluntary control of movements)
Term
brain disorders are characterized by...
Definition
destruction of brain tissue
Term
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
Definition
a stroke; aneurysm (high blood pressure-clot)
Term
cerebral palsy
Definition
damage to motor control areas before/during/shortly after birth causing paralysis of one of more limbs
Term
dementia
Definition
syndrome that includes loss of memory, shortened attention, personality change, motor control defecit..
Term
alzheimer disease (AD)
Definition
brain disorder of the adult years characterized by dementia
Term
huntington disease (HD)
Definition
inherited disorder characterized by purposeless movement progressing to dementia
Term
seizure
Definition
sudden burst of abnormal neuron activity that results in temporary change in brain function
Term
epilepsy
Definition
many forms all characterized by recurring seizures
Term
spastic paralysis
Definition
a types of paralysis characterized by involuntary contractions of affected muscles
Term
types of paralysis
Definition
hemiplegia (one side of body), paraplegia (two legs), triplegia (one arm two legs), quadriplegia (four limbs)
Term
HIV
Definition
can infect neurons and cause dementia
Term
mild seizures
Definition
subtle changes in the level of consciousness, motor control, or sensory perception
Term
severe seizure
Definition
jerky, involuntary muscle control contractions (convulsions), unconsciousness
Term
causes of seizures
Definition
tumors, trauma, chemical imbalance, idiopathic
Term
EEG (electroenencephalogram)
Definition
graphic representation of brain activity
Term
structure of spinal cord
Definition
outer part is composed of white matter, interior is composed of gray matter
Term
function of the spinal cord
Definition
1) two way conduction paths to and from the brain
2) primary reflex center of the brain
Term
ascending tracts
Definition
carry sensory impulses up TO the brain
Term
descending tracts
Definition
carry motor impulses DOWN from the brain
Term
anesthesia
Definition
loss of sensation
Term
paralysis
Definition
loss of ability to make voluntary movements
Term
interneuron
Definition
example of a cord reflex center- transfer incoming sensory impulses to outgoing motor impulses
Term
common types of reflexes
Definition
withdrawal reflex and jerk reflex
Term
cauda equina
Definition
collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
Term
meninges
Definition
tough, fluid-containing membranes
Term
function of the meninges
Definition
form the protective covering around the spinal cord and brain
Term
three layers of the meninges
Definition
dura mater (tough outer layer), pia mater (inner most layer), arachnoid (between dura and pia, cobweb-like)
Term
meningitis
Definition
1) infection or inflammation of the meninges
2) caused by bacteria or viruses
3) symptions- severe headaches and neck pains, can be fatal
Term
hydrocephalus
Definition
water on the brain
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