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Lecture 1
141
Anatomy
Graduate
09/03/2014

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Term
posterior median furrow
Definition
overlies spinous processes
Term
The posterior median furrow ends where and as what?
Definition
flattened triangle over the sacrum
Term
The posterior median furrow continues as what?
Definition
intergluteal cleft
Term
superior continuation in neck, overlies nuchal ligament, vertebra prominens at base of neck
Definition
nuchal groove
Term
The nuchal groove covers what vertebra?
Definition
c3-c5
Term
These muscles produce prominent vertical bulges, ending laterally at angles of ribs in thoracic region
Definition
erector spinae
Term
[image]
Definition
erector spinae
Term
These three muscles are seen especially in muscular individuals
Definition
trapezius, lattissimus dorsi, teres major
Term
These features of the scapula are seen especially in lean individuals
Definition
vertebral border, inferior angle, spine of scapula
Term
Lays over the spinous processes of the upper thoracic vertebrae, visible in lean individuals
Definition
supraspinous ligament
Term
Landmark located between the inferior portion of the trapezius muscle
Definition
posterior median furrow
Term
WHat is the posterior median furrow used for?
Definition
palpation of spinous processes of lumbar vertebrae
Term
dimples, line connecting them overlies S2
Definition
posterior superior iliac spines
Term
Where are the posterior superior iliac spines located?
Definition
directly lateral to inferior portion of erector spinae
Term
The vertebral column consists of how many bones during early development?
Definition
33
Term
How many bones are in the vertebral column after development?
Definition
26
Term
Which vertebrae fuse to reduce the overall number from 33 to 26
Definition
sacral and coccygeal
Term
The sacrum is made up of how many fused vertebrae?
Definition
5
Term
The coccyx is made up of how many fused vertebrae?
Definition
4
Term
How many cervical vertebrae?
Definition
7
Term
How many thoracic vertebrae?
Definition
12
Term
How many lumbar vertebrae?
Definition
5
Term
How many curvatures are in the spine?
Definition
4
Term
How many primary curvatures are there in the spine?
Definition
2
Term
How many secondary curvatures are there in the spine
Definition
2
Term
What are the primary curvatures also known as?
Definition
fetal
Term
What are the primary curvatures?
Definition
thoracic, sacral
Term
The thoracic and sacral curves are curved how?
Definition
kyphosis, concave anteriorly
Term
What are the secondary curvatures
Definition
cervical, lumbar
Term
How do secondary curvatures develop
Definition
as individual learns how to hold head up and assumes erect posture
Term
How are the secondary curvatures shaped?
Definition
lordosis, concave posteriorly
Term
What is another name for kyphosis?
Definition
dowager's hunch
Term
Exaggerated thoracic curvature
Definition
kyphosis
Term
What is another name for lordosis
Definition
swayback
Term
exaggerated lumbar curvature
Definition
lordosis
Term
what is another name for scoliosis
Definition
lateral distortion
Term
rib/vertebrae angle >30, then brace
Definition
scoliosis
Term
Features of typical vertebra: chunky anterior portion
Definition
body
Term
Features of typical vertebra: What is the role of the body?
Definition
support
Term
Features of typical vertebra: WHat is the make up of the body?
Definition
compact bone surrounding spongy bone
Term
Features of typical vertebra: pedicles
Definition
rounded bars forming anterior sides of vertebral arch
Term
Features of typical vertebra: what is the role of the pedicle?
Definition
protection
Term
Features of typical vertebra: This feature has notches that join for intervertebral foramen
Definition
pedicles
Term
Features of typical vertebra: flat, thin plates forming roof of vertebral arch
Definition
lamina
Term
Features of typical vertebra: What is the role of the lamina?
Definition
protection
Term
Features of typical vertebra: vertebral foramen
Definition
space for spinal cord
Term
Features of typical vertebra: What forms the vertebral canal?
Definition
collective foramen
Term
Features of typical vertebra: posteriorly directed from union of laminas
Definition
spinous processes
Term
Features of typical vertebra: What is the role of the spinous process?
Definition
provide attachment for various mm (movement)
Term
Features of typical vertebra: Laterally directed at junciton of lamina and pedicle
Definition
transverse process
Term
Features of typical vertebra: What is the role of the transverse process?
Definition
provide attachment for various mm
Term
The articulation of the superior portion of one vertebra with the next highest vertebra forms what?
Definition
zygapophysial (facet) joint, plane type joint
Term
A zygapophysical (facet) joint is formed where?
Definition
junction of lamina and pedicle
Term
The cervical facet joints move in which plane?
Definition
transverse
Term
The thoracic facet joints move in which plane?
Definition
coronal plane
Term
The lumbar facet joints move in which plane?
Definition
sagittal plane
Term
What provides an exit for spinal nerves?
Definition
intervertebral foramen
Term
How is the intervertebral foramen formed?
Definition
superior portion of one vertebra joins with inferior portion of next highest vertebra
Term
Which cervical vertebrae are atypical
Definition
1,2,7
Term
The foramine transversaria allows transmission of what?
Definition
vertebral aa and vv
Term
This spinous process feature is unique to c3-c6
Definition
bifid process
Term
The anterior tubercles of c6 are called what?
Definition
carotid tubercle
Term
The transverse processes of c3-c6 have these unique features
Definition
anterior and posterior tubercles
Term
superior, lateral elevated margins of the cervical bodies
Definition
uncinate process
Term
What feature is absent in C1
Definition
body
Term
C1 is also known as what?
Definition
atlas
Term
The body of c1 is replaced by what feature?
Definition
anterior tubercle
Term
The spinous process of C1 is replaced by what?
Definition
posterior tubercle
Term
Why does C1 have an enlarged vertebral foramen?
Definition
accommodate dens and brainstem
Term
What purpose do the large superior and inferior articular processes serve?
Definition
atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial joints
Term
What is C2 also known as
Definition
axis
Term
This feature is unique to C2
Definition
dens/odontoid process
Term
What is the role of the dens/odontoid process?
Definition
pivoting joint with C1
Term
Vertebra prominens
Definition
spinous process of C7
Term
Which is the first easily palpated vertebrae?
Definition
c7
Term
The reduced size of the foramina transversia only carries what?
Definition
vertebral vv
Term
The transverse processes have what feature to articulate with the ribs?
Definition
articulating facets
Term
The articulating facets of the thoracic vertebrae interact with what?
Definition
tubercles of ribs
Term
The bodies of the thoracic vertebrae interact with what feature of the ribs?
Definition
head
Term
How are the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae directed?
Definition
inferiorly
Term
The inferiorly directed spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae cause what?
Definition
overlaps the arch of the next lowest vertebrae
Term
Overlapping of the thoracic vertebrae is less pronounced where?
Definition
lower thoracic region
Term
What is the main purpose of the lumbar vertebrae
Definition
support
Term
The superior and inferior articular processes of the lumbar spin are aligned how?
Definition
nearly sagittal
Term
The sagittal alignment of the lumbar articular processes greatly reduces what type of movement?
Definition
rotational
Term
The spinous processes of the lumbar vertebrae are nearly what shape
Definition
rectangular
Term
The posterior surface of the base of the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae has this feature
Definition
accessory process
Term
The posterior surface of the superior articular process of the lumbar vertebra has this feature
Definition
mammillary process
Term
The L5/S1 facet is in this plane
Definition
coronal
Term
Sturdy triangular bone wedges between pelvic bones
Definition
sacrum
Term
What is the role of the sacrum
Definition
transmit weight from vertebral column to lower limbs
Term
Anterior edge of the sacral body is what?
Definition
sacral promontory
Term
The lateral surface of the sacrum is
Definition
auricular surface
Term
THe auricular surface is for what
Definition
synovial sacroiliac joint
Term
THe auricular surfaces form a slight movable joint with what?
Definition
ilia of pelvis
Term
Fusion of the sacrum has resulted in formation of what featuers
Definition
processes, foramina, incomplete fusion of lamina
Term
Spinous processes of the sacrum
Definition
median sacral crest
Term
Articular processes of the sacrum
Definition
intermediate sacral crest
Term
transverse processes of the sacrum
Definition
lateral sacral crests
Term
Intervertebral foramina of sacrum
Definition
pelvic, dorsal
Term
How many sacral foramina are there
Definition
4 pairs
Term
The vertebral foramina forms what
Definition
sacral canal with cauda equina
Term
Incomplete fusion of lowest laminas results in what
Definition
sacral hiatus
Term
This feature can be palpated in the natal cleft
Definition
coccyx
Term
natal cleft
Definition
intergluteal cleft
Term
outer component of the fibrocartilaginous disk
Definition
anulus fibrosus
Term
inner component of fibrocartilaginous disk
Definition
nucleus pulposus
Term
purpose of the nucelus pulposus
Definition
shock absorber
Term
this intervertebral joint feature is subject to herniation
Definition
fibrocartilaginous disk
Term
interverebral joints are collectively stabilized by what
Definition
ant. & post. longitudinal ligament
Term
Which of the longitudinal ligaments prevents hyperextension?
Definition
anterior
Term
the anterior longitudinal ligament connects from the pelvic surface to what?
Definition
occipital bone
Term
the anterior longitudinal ligament connects from the occipital bone to what?
Definition
pelvic surface of the sacrum
Term
where is the posterior longitudinal ligament located?
Definition
floor of vertebral canal
Term
the posterior longitudinal ligament is attached to what?
Definition
primarily the IV discs
Term
When the posterior longitudinal ligament attaches to the occipital bone it becomes what
Definition
the tectorial membrane
Term
The posterior longitudinal ligament is
Definition
narrow
Term
synovial, plane gliding joints between superior and inferior articular processes of neighboring vertebrae
Definition
zygapophysial joints
Term
zygapophysical joints are enclosed in what
Definition
capsular ligaments
Term
How many types of ligaments stabilize vertebral arches?
Definition
3
Term
This ligament connects the posterior portion of the spinous processes
Definition
supraspinous ligaments
Term
This ligament is found between the spinous processes
Definition
interspinous ligaments
Term
These interspinous ligaments become thickened to form what
Definition
ligamentum nuchae of neck
Term
These are the ligaments between laminae of neighboring vertebrae
Definition
ligamenta flava
Term
The ligamenta flava have these characteristics
Definition
yellow elastic fibers
Term
synovial hinge joint between occipital condyles and superior articular processes of atlas
Definition
atlanto-occipital joint
Term
The atlanto-occipital joint is stabilized by how many ligaments
Definition
3
Term
This ligament stabilizes the atlanto-occipital joint and is a continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
anterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Term
This ligament stabilizes the atlanto-occipital joint and connects from the arch of the atlas to posterior margin of foramen magnum
Definition
posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
Term
This ligament stabilizes the atlanto-occipital joint and is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament
Definition
tectorial membrane
Term
The tectorial membrane is a continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament and continues into
Definition
internal periosteum of occipital bone
Term
another name for tectorial membrane
Definition
membrana tectoria
Term
synovial pivoting joint between dens of axis and interior anterior surface of atlas
Definition
atlantoaxial joint
Term
the atlantoaxial joint is stabilized by how many ligaments
Definition
3
Term
this ligament consists of transverse, superior, and inferior fibrous bands
Definition
cruciform ligament
Term
The cruciform ligament attaches the atlas to what?
Definition
foramen magnum
Term
The cruciform ligament attaches the atlas to the foramen magnum, providing a "socket" for what?
Definition
dens
Term
These ligaments provide attachment from dens to foramen magnum and secure the dens within its "socket"
Definition
apical, alar
Term
spondylolysis
Definition
fracture where vertebral arch separates from the body, usually between superior and inferior articular processes
Term
spondylolisthesis
Definition
the body of the vertebra slides anteriorly over the one inferior to it
Term
spondylosis
Definition
bony arthritic growth of vertebral bodies
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