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The Autonominc Nervous System
Chapter 15
76
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/21/2009

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Term
The autonomic nervous system (ans) regulates the activities of effector organs which include smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and __________
Definition
Certain Glands
Term
The ANS generally operates without general control and was originally thought to be autonomous of ___________
Definition
Term
The CNS regulates the ANS through CNS centers such as the hypothalumus and ___________________
Definition
Medulla oblongata
Term

The ANS and the endocrine system are the 2 major controllers of

_____________________________

Definition
Body Hemeostasis
Term

The nervous system has 2 divisions:

The CNS consists of : ________    _________

The PNS consists of:

Cranial Nerves--arise from ____

Spinal Nerves--emerge from the spinal cord

Definition

Brain

Spinal Cord

The Brain

 

Term
The PNS is subdivided into
Definition

Afferent (sensory) system

Efferent (motor) system

Term

Afferent (sensory) system:

Nerve cells that conduct impulses____________________

Definition
toward the brain
Term

Efferent (motor) system:

Nerve cells that conduct impulses from the brain to muscles and glands. The afferent and efferent systems further divide into:

Definition

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

 

Term

SNS somatic nervous system-

Neurons under conscious control that conduct excitation impulses to_____________

Definition
skeletal muscles ONLY
Term

ANS- autonomic nervous system-

neurons generally not under conscious control that convey either excitation or

_______

To:______________

Definition

Inhibition impulses to:

Smooth, cardiac muscle tissue, and glands

Term

The autonomic nervous system is then subdivided into:

 

Definition

Sympathetic Division

Parasympathetic Division

Term

Sympathetic Division

Usually increases an

Definition
organs activity
Term

Parasympathetic Division:

usually decreases

Definition
an organs activity
Term
Organs that recieve impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve fibers are said to have:
Definition
Duel inervation
Term

autonomic pathways*

Snesory neurons of the ANS recieve their afferent input from the special senses, general visceral senses, and general

Definition
somatic senses
Term

autonomic motor pathways*

Autonomic efferent pathways consist of 2 sets of major motor neurons that extend from the CNS, as opposed to 1 motor neuron for the

____________________________

Definition
Somatic Nervous System
Term
The axon of the first ANS motor neuron (preganglionic Neuron) is:
Definition
MYLINATED
Term

Its cell body (soma) is located within the gray matter of the brain or the lateral gray horns  of :

__________________________

Definition
The spinal cord
Term
Gray matter refers to neurons having_______ nerve axons, rather than white matter which is formed by _____________
Definition

nonmyelinated

myelinated

Term
The gray matter of the spinal cord is composed of the ____,______, and _______
Definition
anterior, lateral, and posterior gray horns.
Term

The preganglionic axon extends from the CNS and synapses in a ganglion with a second neuron (postganglionic neuron). A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies

____________________

Definition
outside the CNS
Term

Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter substance released within the autonomic ganglion formed at the junction of the preganglionic neuron with

__________________________

Definition
the post ganglionic neuron
Term

The axon of the post ganglionic ANS neuron is

_____________________

Definition
unmyelinated
Term

Its cell body lies entirely outside the CNS in an autonomic ganglion, from which an axon

_____

Definition
extends periph.
Term

The axon of a post ganglionic neuron, the postganglionic fiber, terminates in a

____________

Definition

Visceral effector.

Also called "in organ" or "target organ"

Term

Either acetylcholine or epinepherine/norepenepherine are releases at the end organs. Epinepherine and norepinepherine are hormones produced by the adrenal medulla that are collectivley

__________________________

Definition
turned catacholomines
Term
Epinephrine (adrenalin) stimulates effector organs by causing profound contraction of vascular smooth muscle tissue (vasoconstriction), accelerating heart rate, and relaxation of _______________
Definition
bronchial smooth muscles (bronchodilation)
Term

Norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

is similar to epinepherine in causing vasoconstriction, BUT it has little effect on heart rate or ______

Definition

bronchodialation

Term
There are 30 times more postganglionic fibers than preganglionic, thus the effects are
Definition
very wide spread
Term

cell bodies (somas)**

Sympathetic preganglionic somas are located within the lateral gray horns of the two spinal areas

A. The 12 _______

B.The first 2 or 3 ________

C. The sympathetic neuron arrangment is sometimes termed __________

Definition

A. Thoracic Segments

B. Lumbar Segments

C. Thoracolumbar Distribution

Term

Parasympathetic preganglionic somas have two general locations. The first location is found in the brain stem nuclei (clusters of CNS neurons) of

__________________________

Definition
four cranial nerves
Term

CN 111 (oculomotor) -

movement of the

_______________

Definition
iris of the eye
Term

CN vii (facial) -

movements of the facial muscles and __________

Definition
scretions of tears
Term

CN IX (glossopharyngeal) -

taste and _______

Definition
saliva secretion
Term

CN X (vagus)

a. located in the medulla of the _____

b. associated with the organs of _____

c. carries about 75-80% of all _______

Definition

1.brain stem

2. trunk

3. parasympathetic fibers

Term
The 2nd location is found in the lateral gray horns of the second through fourth sacral segments. These cell bodies are associated with the sex organs, ____, and _____
Definition

urinary system

Rectum

Term
The parasympathetic neuron arrangment is sometimes termed _______
Definition
Cranialsacral Distribution
Term

Autonomic Ganglia***

3 classifications for:

Sympathetic Trunk (vertebral chain or paravertabral ganglia) --extends downward on both sides of the spine as 2 chains of ____ _____ ____

Definition
linked sympathetic ganglia
Term
Collateral (prevertebral) ganglia-- anterior to the spinal column and associated with ___ ____
Definition
both divisions
Term
Terminal (intrmural) ganglia-- near or inside the visceral effectors of
Definition
both divisions.
Term

The ANS fibers may:

*synapse directly with ___ ___ ___

*ascend or decend the sympathetic trunk to reach ______  ________  ______

*continue directly through the symp. trunk to synapse w/specific ganglia.

Definition

sympathetic trunk ganglia

collateral trunk ganglia

Term
Sympathetic collateral ganglia-- celiac ganglion (solar plexus), superior mesenteric ganglion, and__________________________
Definition

inferior mesenteric ganglia

*important collateral ganglia*

Term

parasympathetic collateral ganglia--

Ciliary gangion, pteryopaltine ganglion, sumbmandibular ganglion, and

____

Definition
otic ganglion
Term
tie in as nets or bundles of nerves associated with specific ____ ___
Definition
organ systems
Term
The greater splanchnic nerves are bundles of preganglionic nerve fibers that branch from the 7 lower thoracic segments of the spinal cord. They pass through the sympathetic trunk as a net and converge to synapse on the ____ _____
Definition
cilliac ganglion
Term
Plexuses  are bundels of postganglionic nerve fibers associated with major organs (cardiac plexus, respiratory {pulmonary} plexus, and ___ _____)
Definition
hypogastric plexus
Term
most body systems recieve dual inervations from the sympathetic  and ____ _____
Definition
parasympathetic subdivisions.
Term
usually one division causes excitation and one causes inhibition. The relationship is ____
Definition
paradoxical
Term
the effects of sypmathetic stimulation are longer lasting and more widespread than those of ____ _______
Definition
parasympathetic stimulation
Term
Autonomic neurons are classified on the basis of the neurotransmitter substances they liberate. There are ___ ____ ____
Definition
2 such classifications.
Term
Cholinergic Neurons release acetylcholine (ACh). They innervate most sweat glads and blood vessels in skeletal muscles. There are 2 types of ____ ____
Definition
Cholinergeric Receptors
Term

NICOTINIC RECEPTORS:

*found on __- ___-____

*innervated by parasym. and __ __ __

*the effects are ___ ___ ____

*Produce ___ ___

Definition

post ganglionic neurons

sympathetic ganglion cells

short in duration

excitation ONLY

Term

Nicotinic receptors are so named because nicotine mimics the action of ACh on ___ ____

Definition
such receptors
Term
The drug CURARE blocks the nicotinic recpetors and causes skeletal muscle ____. (_____)
Definition
relaxation (flacis paralysis)
Term

*Muscarinic Receptors*

1.Present at neuroeffecto junctions such as sphincter muscles and __ ___

2.Innerverted by the _____

3. May produce either ___ or ____

4. The effects are of ___ ____

 

Definition

1. sweat glands

2. parasympathetic system ONLY

3. excitation or inhibition

4. long duration

Term
muscarinic receptors are so names because muscarine mimcs the action of ACh on such receptors. Muscarine is a neurotoxic poison produced by a ___ ___ ____
Definition
species of mushroom
Term
The drug atropine blocks the muscarinic receptors and causes pupil dialtion,reduced gladular secretions, and relaxation of the __ ___ ___
Definition
lower intestinal tracht
Term
Adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine and/or epinepherine. They are found on visceral effectors innervated by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons. There are 2 types of ___ ____
Definition
adrenargic recpetors. (alpha and beta)
Term

ALPHA RECEPTORS:

*respond to norepinepherine and ____

*react by opening channels that depolarize the cell membrane and cause ____

*cause constriction of peripheral blood vessels through stimulation of the ___ ___ ___

*the drug phenylephrine (Entex, Robitussin Night Relief) acts upon alpha recpetors by causing vasoconstriction of the nasal mucosa to __ __ __

Definition

*epinepherine

*excitation

* surrounding smooth muscles

*relieve nasal congestion

Term

BETA RECEPTORS:

*especially sensitve to ____

*found in many organs-- blood vessels of skeletal muscles, lungs, ____, and ____

*They cause increased BP through ____

 

Definition

*epinepherine

*heart and liver

*vasoconstiction

Term
Beta Blockers like propranolol (Inderall) reduce BP by blocking the beta receptors to the ____
Definition
heart
Term

Sympathomimetic drugs (agonists), promote sympathetic nerve effects, and sympatholytic drugs (antagonists) block______ _____

*Phenylephrine is an _____

*Propranolol is an _____

Definition

Sympathetic effects

agonist 

antagonist

Term
The parasympathetic division regulates those activities that conserve and restore body energy. It is an
Definition
ENERGY CONSERVATION - RESTORATIVE SYSTEM
Term
THE ACRONYM slud stands for the primary responses driven by the ___ ____
Definition

Parasympathetic division.

 

 

S* salvation

  L* lacrimation

U* urination

 D* defication

Term

The sympathic division prepares the body for emergency situations. A series of physiological activities called flight or flight response produces the following:

*epinepherine is released by the ______

*pupils ____

*heart rate and ___ ___

*the blood vessels of nonessential ___

*the liver splits glycogen into glucose for immediate use by the____

*Bronchioles dilate to allow for ____

Definition

*adrenal medulla in huge quantities

*dialate

*Bp increases

*constrict

*Liver dialate

*teh cells (glycosis)

*deeper breathing

Term
a visceral autonomic reflex adjusts the activity of a ____ _____
Definition
visceral effector
Term
examples would be the contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the GI tract or changes in the ___ ___ _____
Definition
secretion of glands
Term

The homeostasis of heart rate, BP, respiration, digestion, defication, and urination are

____ _____ ____

Definition
visceral autonomic reflexes
Term
Vicseral sensations dont always reach the cerebral cortex. Most are unconscious, although hunger, nausea, and fullness of the bladder and rectum are conscious expressions of ___ ___ ___
Definition
visceral autonomic expressions
Term
The hypothalamus controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system. Its connected to both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions through ___ in the ___
Definition

centers

medulla

Term
However, during emotional stress, the cerebral cortex can influence the autonomic nervous system. Anxiety can increase ____ and _____
Definition
BP and heart rate
Term
Conversely, unpleasent sights can cause  vasodialation with a parasympathetic lowering of BP resulting in ____
Definition
Sihucpy? (fainting)
Term
Biofeedback is a process in which people learn to monitor visceral functions and to control them consciously. It has been used to control heart rate, alleviate migrane headaches, and _____ _____ _____
Definition
facilitate child birth
Term

achalasia is a disfunction of the myenteric plexus which innervates the smooth muscles at the lower end of the esophagus. The muscles constrict and prevent food from entering the stomach. Treatmeant is with a balloon device (BOUGIE TUBE) that stretches the lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter). A cardiomyotomy or cutting of the sphincter muscles _____

Definition
may be required
Term
Horners Syndrome the sympathetic innervation to one side of the face is lost due to injury or disease(ms). Sweating stops on the affected side (anhidrosis), and the eyelid droops (ptosis). Electrostimulation is sometimes beneficial. Horners syndrome shouldnt be confused with bells palsy which causes unilateral facial paralysis as a result of ___ ___ ___
Definition
somatic motor pathology
Term
Raynauds Disease often affects young women. Sympathetic stimulation causes excessive peripheral vasoconstriction. The fingers and toes are deprived of blood, become painful, and may become necrotic from lack of oxygen and nutrients. A sympathectomy to cut the sympathetic innervation may _____ _____
Definition
provide some relief
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