Term
|
Definition
grow with or without oxygen
produce lactic acid and ATP from glucose |
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|
Term
| Obligate/Strict Anaerobes |
|
Definition
do not tolerate oxygen
lack superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidases |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Reducing Agent Definition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxidizing Agent Definition |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Electromotive Force (emf) |
|
Definition
the tendency of a reducing agent to lose electrons
the lower the Eh, the better the reducing environment, the better anaerobes will grow
Normal healthy tissues Eh = 150 mvolts |
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|
Term
| Factors that Lower Eh Values |
|
Definition
loss of vascular supply to tissue
trauma, foreign bodies, pressure from casts
acid production by aerobes or facultative anaerobes
tissue necrosis from trauma, infection, or surgical manipulation |
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|
Term
|
Definition
endogenously acquired
immuno-compromised host
infections related to Eh of tissue and not virulence of anaerobe |
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Term
| Clostridia Characteristics |
|
Definition
large gram + rods
spore-forming
free-living in soil or normal commensal |
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|
Term
| Toxin Forming Invasive Clostridial Group |
|
Definition
| disease caused by bacteria that invade, multiply, and produce toxin to degrade/destroy host tissues |
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|
Term
| Toxin Forming Non-Invasive Clostridial Group |
|
Definition
| disease caused by pre-formed toxin or by toxin secreted by bacteria not invading host tissues |
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|
Term
| Clostridium chauvoei Characteristics |
|
Definition
Toxin-forming invasive group
affects robust, young animals |
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|
Term
| Clostridium chauvoei Disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clostridium chauvoei Entry |
|
Definition
ingestion of organism or spores
deep trauma/wounds
when losing teeth |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium chauvoei Spread |
|
Definition
ingested to lymphatics and blood
muscles and liver tissues seeded withs pores
spores remain dormant until host tissue is damaged (Eh is lowered)
stimulates anaerobiosis, growth, toxin production |
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|
Term
| Clostridium chauvoei Damage |
|
Definition
Phospholipase C (alpha toxin)
degrades phophatidlycholine of cell membranes
affects muscle tissue |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium chauvoei Signs |
|
Definition
hemorrhagic, necrotizing myositis
gas formation, necrosis, hemorrhaging of muscle tissue |
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|
Term
| Clostridium septicum Characteristics |
|
Definition
Toxin forming invasive group
affects horses, cattle, sheep, pigs |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium septicum Disease |
|
Definition
Malignant Edema
Clostridial Myositis in horses
braxy: inflammation of abomasal lining in sheep |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium septicum Damage |
|
Definition
Phospholipase C (alpha toxin)
degrades phophatidlycholine of cell membranes
affects abomasal lining |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium septicum Entry |
|
Definition
| wounds, fractures, vaccinations |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium septicum Signs |
|
Definition
large expanding swellings of abomasal lining, edema, fever, acute death
tissues filled with gelatinous exudate (dissolved muscle and connective tissue)
gas is not produced |
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|
Term
| Clostridium hemolyticum Disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clostridium hemolyticum Characteristics |
|
Definition
| toxin forming invasive group |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium hemolyticum Entry |
|
Definition
| associated with liver infarcts which allow for anaerobiosis |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium hemolyticum Damage |
|
Definition
Phospholipase C (alpha toxin)
degrades phophatidlycholine of cell membranes
affects liver
produced locally then spreads systemically |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium novyi Type A Disease |
|
Definition
Gas Gangrene
Big Head in rams |
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|
Term
| Clostridium novyi Type B Disease |
|
Definition
Black Disease
infectious necrotic hepatitis |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium novyi Type A Damage |
|
Definition
Phospholipase C (alpha toxin)
degrades phophatidlycholine of cell membranes
affects liver |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium novyi Type B Damage |
|
Definition
Phospholipase C (alpha toxin)
degrades phophatidlycholine of cell membranes
affects head and neck from fighting wounds |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium colinum Disease |
|
Definition
ulcerative enteritis
Quail Disease |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium colinum Characteristics |
|
Definition
| young domestic chickens and turkeys |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium colinum Entry |
|
Definition
oral
lodges in liver producing diffuse necrosis |
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|
Term
| Clostridium colinum Signs |
|
Definition
lethargy, anorexia, unable to move
death in 1-2 days |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium spiroforme Disease |
|
Definition
| enterotoxemia in rabbits and lab rodents |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium spiroforme Signs |
|
Definition
diarrhea, perianal staining, death
dilated cecum, watery stool |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium spiroforme Damage |
|
Definition
| Iota toxin- inhibits actin polymerization |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium piliforme Disease |
|
Definition
Tyzzer's Disease
necrotizing hepatitis
hemorrhagic enteritis |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium piliforme Damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clostridium piliforme Characteristics |
|
Definition
affects lab animals
extremely oxygen sensitive
can be shown to be gram positive only if fixation and staining are done under anaerobic conditions |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium piliforme Signs |
|
Definition
| acute profuse diarrhea, melena |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium difficile Disease |
|
Definition
| Pseudomembranous enterocolitis |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium difficile Characteristics |
|
Definition
| occurs in lab animals and guinea pigs on antibiotic therapy |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium difficile Damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens Type A Diseases |
|
Definition
Enterotoxemia
necrotizing myositis in horses
Yellow Lamb Disease |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens Damage |
|
Definition
Alpha toxin - principal lethal toxin (phospholipase C)
Beta toxin - forms pores and causes K+ efflux from cells
Epsilon toxin - protoxin |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens Type A Signs |
|
Definition
profuse diarrhea
depression, jaundice, pale mucous membranes, hemolytic anemia, hemoglobinuria
acute death
purple gut |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens Type D Diseases |
|
Definition
| Pulpy Kidney Disease in sheep and goats |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens Type D Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
thrives on sugars/starches which are digested in upper GIT
when animal overeats, sugars are not all digested and get passed down to lower GIT
triggers bacterial proliferation
excessive growth and lethal amounts of toxin produced |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens Type D Signs |
|
Definition
feeding high energy diet
colic, muscle tremors, convulsions
frothing, grinding of teeth, nystagmus |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens Type D Treatment |
|
Definition
antibiotics are ineffective, antitoxins
reduce concentration feeding |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens Control |
|
Definition
| vaccination, gradual transitions to concentrated feed, keep fresh palatable water |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium perfringens Characteristics |
|
Definition
| toxin-forming invasive group |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium tetani Characteristics |
|
Definition
| toxin-forming noninvasive group |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium tetani Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
potent neurotoxin produced when spores germinate
vegetative cells grow after gaining access to wounds
tetanospamin binds gangliosides at neuromuscular junction
blocks release of inhibitory neurotransmitters
causes overactivity of muscles |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium tetani Damage |
|
Definition
tetanolysin - hemolysin
tetanospasmin - neurotoxin
non-spasminogenic toxin |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium tetani Disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clostridium botulinum Characteristics |
|
Definition
| toxin-forming noninvasive group |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium botulinum Disease |
|
Definition
food-borne botulism
infant botulism |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium botulinum Damage |
|
Definition
| intoxication of preformed botulinum toxin |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium botulinum Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
toxin absorbed in upper GIT
passes into blood
reaches peripheral nerves |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium botulinum Signs |
|
Definition
acute weakness, dizziness, dry mouth
nausea, vomiting, neurologic signs |
|
|
Term
| Clostridium botulinum Treatment |
|
Definition
antitoxin
no vaccine
once botulinum toxin has bound to nerve endings, can't use antitoxin |
|
|
Term
| Botulinum Toxin Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
A-B subunit are zinc-binding endopeptidases
targets peripheral neuro-transmitter synaptic vesicles
must be activated from un-nicked form to nicked form
endopeptidase degrades synpatobrevin, SNAP-25, or syntaxin to prevent release of neurotransmitter
muscle becomes paralyzed |
|
|
Term
| Tetanus Toxin Mechanism of Action |
|
Definition
A-B subunit are zinc-binding endopeptidases
targets CNS neuro-inhibitory synaptic vesicles
must be activated from un-nicked form to nicked form
endopeptidase degrades synpatobrevin, SNAP-25, or syntaxin to prevent release of neurotransmitter
muscle becomes paralyzed |
|
|
Term
| Bacteroides nodosus Characteristics |
|
Definition
non-spore forming, gram -, anaerobic rods
invade damaged tissues
infections in animals kept in filthy, manure-laden surroundings
obligate parasite of hooves
invades after F. necrophorum has broken down epidermis |
|
|
Term
| Fusobacterium necrophorum Characteristics |
|
Definition
non-spore forming, gram -, anaerobic rods
invade damaged tissues
infections in animals kept in filthy, manure-laden surroundings
secondary invader |
|
|
Term
| Fusobacterium necrophorum Disease |
|
Definition
necrobacillosis
calf diptheria |
|
|
Term
| Fusobacterium necrophorum Signs |
|
Definition
necrosis, abscess formation, putrid odor
painful bawling of calves, necrotic foci in mouth, larynx, trachea |
|
|
Term
| Bacteroides nodosus Disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteroides melaninogenicus Disease |
|
Definition
| suppuration in foot rot cattle |
|
|
Term
| Bacteroides nodosus Damage |
|
Definition
| keratin degrading proteases |
|
|
Term
| Bacteroides melaninogenicus Damage |
|
Definition
|
|
