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The Abdominal and Pelvic Cavities
Abdomen and pelvic cavities
114
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/19/2014

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Term
(T/F) The abdominopelvic cavity is the larger of the two main body cavities
Definition
True
Term
What are the upper and lower borders of this cavity?
Definition
Upper: diaphragm
Lower: Pelvic diaphragm
Term
What muscle composes the pelvic diaphragm?
Definition
The levator ani
Term
What composes the abdominal wall?
Definition
Lumbar vert and their associated muscles; skin, deep fascia and fascial coverings also play a role
Term
List the layers of the abdominal wall, from outermost to innermost
Definition
1. Skin
2. Subcutaneous fat (Camper's fascia)
3. Deep fascia (Scarpa's fascia)
4. Muscle (3 layers)
5. Extraperitoneal fat
6. Parietal peritonium
Term
(T/F) There are 3 sets of lateral muscles in the abdominal coverings
Definition
True
Term
Name the muscles of the abdominal wall. Which are longitudinal? Which are posterior?
Definition
1. External oblique
2. Inernal oblique
3. Rectus abdominus (Longitudinal)
4. Transverse abdominus
5. Iliopsoas (post.)
6. Quadratus laborum (post.)
Term
What muscle forms the outer layer? In what direction do its fibers run?
Definition
External oblique; same direction as external intercostals
Term
What muscle comprises the middle layer? In what direction to its fibers run?
Definition
Internal oblique; upper fibers are perpendicular to the external muscles, middle fibers are horizontal, and lower fibers are parallel to external muscles
Term
What is the origin of the external obliques? Insertion?
Definition
O: Upper ribs
I: rectus sheath (upper fibers) and inguinal crest (lower fibers)
Term
What is the origin of the internal obliques? Insertion?
Definition
O: Iliac crest
I: lower four ribs (posterior(?) fibers), rectus sheath (middle fibers), inguinal ligament (lower fibers)
Term
(T/F) The lower fibers of the internal obliques does not contribute to formation of the cremaster muscle
Definition
False, it does
Term
(T/F) the inguinal ligament has contributions from both the internal and external obliques
Definition
True - external helps form, internal obliques insert onto it
Term
What structure is the cremaster a part of?
Definition
The spermatic cord
Term
What two muscles are the posterior muscles of the abdominal wall? In what direction do they run in?
Definition
1. Iliopsoas
2. Quadratus lumborum
- Both run vertically
Term
Where does the iliopsoas insert?
Definition
Into the lower limb
Term
What is the origin of the quadratus lumborum? Insertion? Innervation?
Definition
O: Lower part of 12th rib/transverse processes of lumbar vert
I: Posterior iliac crest
I: L1-4
Term
What is the origin of the transversus abdominus? Insertion?
Definition
O: Iliac crest, lower 6 costal cartilages, lumbar vert
I: Rectus sheath
Term
What is the structure that allows the transversus abdominus to originateat the lumber vertebrae?
Definition
The lumbar fascia (through its aponeurosis)
Term
(T/F) Each rectus abdominus muscle extends the entire length of the anterior abdominal wall
Definition
True
Term
What structure separates the two recti?
Definition
The Linea Alba
Term
Describe the attachments of the RA
Definition
- Above: to the costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
- Below: Pubic symphisis and pubic crest
Term
What is the Linea Semilunaris?
Definition
The lateral, curved margin of the RA
Term
How many sections is each RA divided into? What structures section this muscle?
Definition
4 sections; tendinous intersections (3x) make the segments
Term
(T/F) The abdominal muscles are enclosed by the aponeurosis of other abdominal muscles
Definition
True
Term
What is the name of this aponeurosis?
Definition
The rectus sheath
Term
(T/F) The makeup of the rectus sheath is consistent throughout the structure
Definition
False, it varies
Term
Describe a typical cross section of the rectus sheath
Definition
Behind: apo of transversus abdominus
In front: apo of exeternal obliques
- Apo of internal obliques splits, half in front and half behind
- Linea alba is fusion of these aponeuroses
Term
What is the level of the umbilicus?
Definition
T10
Term
What nerves function to innervate the abdominal muscles?
Definition
Innervated segmentaly by the lower thoracic nerves, and L1
Term
What abdominal muscle causes flexion of the abdomen? Rotation/adduction/abduction?
Definition
- RA = flex
- Lateral muscles = twist
Term
What structures does the inguinal ligament run from and to?
Definition
- Anterior superior iliac spine - Pubic tubercle
Term
What comprises this ligament?
Definition
CT fibers derived from the lateral abdominal muscles
Term
(T/F) The inguinal ligament dilineates the boundary between the abdomen and the thigh
Definition
True
Term
What is the inguinal canal?
Definition
The structure in the ligament that allows several structures to pass under it and enter the thigh
Term
Describe the inguinal canal. What structures does it connect?
Definition
Tube like structure connecting the abdominal cavity with the scrotum, formed by tissues of the lateral obliques
Term
What is an indirect inguinal hernia? Why can this happen?
Definition
When the abdominal contents enter the scrotum; because the inguinal canal is a potential weakness
Term
How many openings does the inquinal canal have? What are they called?
Definition
1. Deep inquinal ring (deep opening)
2. Superficial inguinal ring (scrotal opening)
Term
(T/F) The deep ring is formed by a hiatus in the external obliques
Definition
True
Term
Where is the superficial ring located? The deep ring?
Definition
Superficial: Just above the pubic tubercle
Deep: Several cm's lateral and superior
Term
What structures pass through the inguinal canal in males?
Definition
- Spermatic cord
- Vas deferens
- Testicular vasculature
- Cremaster muscle (fully developed) from internal obliques
Term
What structures pass through the inguinal canal in females?
Definition
- Round ligament of uterus
- Cremaster muscle (incomplete) from internal obliques
Term
Where does innervation to the superior body wall come from?
Definition
T7-L1
Term
T10 and T12 are both important landmarks associated with specific structures; what structure is each associated with?
Definition
T10: Umbilicus
T12: Pubic symphysis
Term
What supplies the nerves to the inferior abdominal wall, inguinal region and lower limbs?
Definition
Lumbar plexus
Term
What are the roots of the lumbar plexus?
Definition
T12-L5
Term
What 3 nerves does the plexus give rise to?
Definition
1. Iliohypogastric
2. Ilioinguinal
3. Genitofemoral
Term
What fibres join to form the iliohypogastric? The ilioinguinal?
Definition
T12 and L1
Term
What is the function of the iliohypogastric/ilioinguinal?
Definition
Supply the inferior abdominal wall
Term
What is the function of the genitofemoral nerve?
Definition
Motor: cremaster muscle
Sensory: inside of thigh
Term
What structures comprise the foregut?
Definition
Proximal part of intestinal tract: esophagus, stomach, first part of duodenum
Term
What structures comprise the midgut?
Definition
Begins with second half of duodenum; includes jejunum, ileum, 2/3's of the colon
Term
What structures comprise the hindgut?
Definition
Distal 1/3 of colon, rectum
Term
What 4 nerves provide the sympathetic innervation of the abdominal viscera?
Definition
1. Greater splanchnic (thoracic splan)
2. Lesser splanchnic (thoracic splan)
3. Least splanchnic (thoracic splan)
4. Lumbar splanchnic
Term
Where does the greater splanchnic arise? What does it supply? Describe the path of its nerves
Definition
T5-9; the foregut; pregang - celiac gaglia - postgang fibers along celiac trunk
Term
Where does the lesser splanchnic arise? What does it supply? Describe the path of its nerves
Definition
T10-11; the midgut; Pregang - Superior mesenteric ganglia - postgang follows superior mesenteric artery
Term
Where does the lumbar splanchnic arise? What does it supply? Describe the path of its nerves
Definition
Lumbar vert; the hindgut; pregang - inferior mesenteric gang - postgang follows inferior mesenteric
Term
What does the least splanchnic nerve service?
Definition
The kidneys
Term
Where does sympathetic stimulation of the pelvis generally arise? How does it generally reach the pelvis?
Definition
T10-L2; lesser, least, and lumbar splanchnics -> preaortic plexi -> inferior hypogastric plexus
Term
(T/F) Some pelvic innervation travels down the trunk and leaves
Definition
True
Term
Via what nerve does this innervation leave?
Definition
Via the sacral splanchnics
Term
What nerve provides PNS to foregut and midgut? Hindgut?
Definition
CN X; Pelvic splanchnic nerve
Term
What are the origins of the pelvic splanchnic nerve?
Definition
S2-4
Term
Describe the route of the pelvic splanchnic to its targets
Definition
Originates in S2-4, travels to inferior hypogastric, then up the upper hypogastric nerves to the superior hypogastric, then to targets in hindgut
Term
(T/F) The ANS is the only nervous system to have plexi within the abdominal cavity
Definition
False, the ENS has plexi as well.
Term
What are the enteric plexi? What is their function?
Definition
Network of ANS axons and small parasympathetic ganglia in the wall of the digestive tract; control digestion
Term
(T/F) The ENS has equal amounts of sympathetic and parasymp neurons
Definition
False, the ENS is mostly PNS neurons
Term
How many plexi are there in the ENS? Name them
Definition
1. Myenteric (Aurbach's) plexus
2. Submucosal (Meissner's) plexus
Term
Where is the myenteric plexus found? The submucosal?
Definition
Myenteric: between the two layers of the GI tract
Submucosal: in the submucosa
Term
(T/F) These two plexi are completely independent
Definition
False
Term
What is the target of the myenteric plexus? The submucosal?
Definition
Myenteric: Muscular outer layers of the gut wall - controls peristalsis
Submucosal: Glands in the epithelium
Term
How do the sympathetic nerve fibers reach the ENS?
Definition
Pregangs synapse in the 3 ganglia (celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric), and travel with the associated arteries to the gut wall
Term
Where does GI PNS innervation originate? Where does it synapse?
Definition
Vagus and pelic splanchnics; synapse within the GI
Term
What does sympathetic innervation of the GI tract accomplish? Parasympathetic?
Definition
Inhibits peristalsis and stimulates sphincter contraction; the opposite
Term
List the plexi found in each region of the body
Definition
Head/neck: carotid plexuses
Thorax: cardiac, pulmonary and esophageal plexuses
Abdomen: celiac, superior and inferior mesenteric, renal (aka the preaortic plexi) - preganglionic fibers
Pelvis: Superior and inferior hypogstric
Term
What structures are found within the pelvis?
Definition
1. Scrotum
2. Testes
3. Vas Deferens
Term
What is the scrotum?
Definition
A sac, comprised of skin and fascia, containing the male reproductive glands and associated ducts
Term
What 3 reproductive structures are found within the scrotum?
Definition
1. Testes (and associated ducts)
2. Epididymis
3. Spermatic cord
Term
Where is the skin/fascia comprising the scrotum derived from?
Definition
The anterior abdominal wall
Term
What is the dartos? Where is it found?
Definition
The smooth muscle responsible for the wrinkled nature of the scrotum; found in the superficial fascia
Term
What structure is the deep/spermatic fascia derived from?
Definition
Abdominal muscles
Term
What is the tunica vaginalis? What structure is it derived from?
Definition
A serious sac that encloses the testes; pinched off from the abdominal peritoneum
Term
What is the pampiniform plexus?
Definition
The complex venous drainage system for the testes
Term
Name the layers of the scrotum, from superficial to deep
Definition
1. Skin
2. Dartos
3. External spermatic fascia
4. Cremaster/cremasteric fascia
5. Internal spermatic fascia
6. Tunica vaginalis
7. Tunica albuginea
Term
(T/F) The testes are paired
Definition
True
Term
What is the tunica albuginea? What structure is the tunica albuginea covered by?
Definition
The thick capsule covering the testes; the tunica vaginalis
Term
What structure in the testes produces sperm cells?
Definition
The semeniferous tubules
Term
What is the function of the efferent ducts of the testes?
Definition
To move sperm cells from the semeniferous tubules to the epidiymis
Term
What is the point where seminiferous tubules come together, before the efferent ducts, called?
Definition
Rete testes
Term
(T/F) The epidiymis is located in the anterior portion of the testes
Definition
False, in the posterior portion
Term
What are the two functions of the epididymis?
Definition
1. Sperm storage/transport
2. Potentiating function for ejaculation
Term
How long is the epididymis?
Definition
6m
Term
What structure after the epididymis?
Definition
The Vas Deferens
Term
How long is the vas deferens?
Definition
25cm
Term
What is the function of the vas deferens?
Definition
Connects the epididymis with the ejaculatory duct
Term
Where is the ejaculatory duct located?
Definition
In the prostate gland
Term
Describe the route of the VD, from epididymis to prostate
Definition
Leaves the epididymis, ascends the spermatic cord, passes through the inguinal canal. Then crosses the pelvic brim, and runs medially to find the prostate
Term
What is the peritoneum?
Definition
Thin serous membran (similar to pleura/pericardium) that surrounds the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity, and lines the insides of the walls
Term
What are the 2 different types of peritoneum?
Definition
1. Visceral peritoneum
2. Parietal peritoneum
Term
What is the function of the peritoneum?
Definition
1. Connects intestines to posterior abdominal wall
2. Compartmentalizes the abdominopelvic cavity
Term
What is the function of the visceral peritoneum?
Definition
Covers the surface of the GI tract, liver, and spleen
Term
What are the functions of the parietal peritoneum?
Definition
- Lines abdominal and pelvic cavities
- Covers underside if diaphragm
- Connects viscera to posterior abdominal wall
Term
What is the parietal peritoneum that connects the viscera to the abdominal cavity called?
Definition
The mesentary
Term
Describe the mesentary
Definition
- Double layer of peritoneum that joins the peritoneal layers
Term
Aside from providing attachment, why else is the mesentary so important for the GI tract?
Definition
It houses the nerves/vessels going to/from the GI tract
Term
What is an omentum? How many are there in the abdominal cavity?
Definition
- Omentum means apron: coverings of GI organs
1. Greater omentum
2. Lesser omentum
Term
What are the attachments of the greater omentum? What is its function?
Definition
Greater curvature of the stomach and the transverse colon; covers the abdominal contents from the front
Term
What makes up the GO?
Definition
Several layers of peritoneum
Term
What are the attachments of the lesser omentum? What is its function?
Definition
Connects the liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach
Term
What are the two cavities of the abdomen called? Which is the main cavity?
Definition
1. Greater sac (main)
2. Lesser sac
Term
(T/F) If a part of an organ has a mesentary, it is always within the abdominal cavity
Definition
True
Term
What is an interperitoneal organ?
Definition
An organ that is suspended by mesentary, and thus, is surrounded by peritoneum
Term
What is a retroperitoneal organ?
Definition
An organ that does not have a mesentary, and this resides behind the dorsal parietal peritoneum (anterior face still covered)
Term
List the retroperitoneal organs
Definition
1. Pancreas
2. Ureters/bladder
3. Ascending/descending colon
4. Reproductive system
5. Kidneys/suprarenal glands
6. Distal duodenum
7. Rectum
8. Major blood vessels
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