Term
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Definition
| white tendinous line down center of abdomen, extends from siphoid process to pubic symphysis |
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Term
| Functions of abdominal muscles |
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Definition
help contain abdominal organs
move trunk
forced breathing
increase intra-abdominal |
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Term
| anterior abdominal muscles |
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Definition
4 muscles
innervated by intercostal nerves
continuous with layer of intercostal muscles
fibers of layers run in different dierections for strength
ends in aponeurosis which contains rectus abdominis muscle |
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Term
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Definition
origin: lower 8 ribs
insertion: apnoneurosis to linea alba, pubic and iliac crest
function: flex trunk, compress abdominal wall (together), rotate trunk (separate sides)
innervation: intercostals nerves |
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Term
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Definition
origin: lumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament
insertion: linea alba, pubic crest, last 3-4 ribs, costal margin
innervation: intercostals
function: same for external obliques |
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Term
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Definition
origin: inguinal ligament,lumbar fascia, cartilage of last 6 ribs, iliac crest
insertion: linea alba, pubic crest
function: compress abdominal contents
innervation: intercostals |
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Term
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Definition
origin: lumbar vertebrae,T12
insertion: lesser trochanter of femur via iliopsoas tendon
function: thigh flexion, trunk flexion, lateral flexion
innervation: ventral rami (L1-L3) |
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Term
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Definition
origin: iliac fossa, ala of sacrum
insertion: lesser trochanter of femur via iliopsoas tendon
function: thigh flexion, trunk flexion
innervation: femural nerve L2 & L3 |
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Term
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Definition
origin: pubic crest, symphysis
insertion: xiphoid process, costal cartilage of ribs 5-7
innervation: intercostal nerves
function:
innervation: intercostals |
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Term
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Definition
origin: iliac crest, and lumbar fascia
insertion: transverse process of upper lumbar vertebrae, lower margin of rib 12
function: flex vertebral column, maintains upright posture, assists in inspiration
innervation: T12 and upper lumbar spinal nerves |
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Term
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Definition
double layer of peritoneum (2 serous membranes fused together)
extend to digestive organs from the body wall |
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Term
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Definition
holds organs in place
sites of fat storage
provide a route for vessels and nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| greater omentum and falciform ligament |
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Term
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Definition
| lesser omentum, transvers mesocolon, mesentary proper, and sigmoid mesocolon |
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Term
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Definition
| organs remain surrounded by peritoneal cavity, liver, stomach, ileum and jejunum, transverse colon |
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Term
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Definition
| organs lay behind/outside peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
organs NEVER within the cavity
kidneys, bladder,ureter |
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Term
| secondary retroperitoneal |
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Definition
organs once suspended with the abdominal cavity by mesentery
migrate posterior to the peritoneum during the course of embryogenesis to become retroperitoneal
lack mesenteries
duodenum, ascending and descending colon,rectum, pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
organ which fliters waste from blood (water, toxins, urea, uric acid, creatinine, metabolic waste, ions)
excretion of waste
homeostasis (acid-base balance, blood pressure, plasma volume) |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine gland located superior kidney which excretes cortisol,aldosterone and adrenaline |
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Term
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Definition
makes up the medulla
base: against cortex
apex: inward
papilla = tip
drips urine into minor calyx |
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Term
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Definition
| collect urine draining from papillae and empty into renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
collect urine from papillae
surround paillae of pyramids
empty into major calices |
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Term
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Definition
receive urine from several minor calices
empty into renal pelvis |
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Term
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Definition
funnel-shaped
empties urine into ureter |
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Term
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Definition
produces urine through filtration, reabsorption and secretion
2 major part - nephron, collecting duct |
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Term
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Definition
carry urine from the kidney to the bladder
begin superiorly at L2 as a continuation of renal pelvis
opens into the bladder
found retroperitoneal
enters the bladder at an oblique an angle (this prevents backflow into ureters)
increased pressure in bladder lead to the distal end of ureter closing |
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Term
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Definition
stores and expels urine
posterolateral angle receives the ureter
inferior angle drains into urethra
located: inferior to peritoneal cavity, on pelvic floor, posterior to pubic symphysis, male: anterior to rectum, female: anterior to vagina and uterus |
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Term
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Definition
drains urine from bladder to outside of body
opens at the external urethral orifice
female: short tube, male: 3 regions - prostatic urethra, membraneous urethra, spongy/penile urethra, also carries ejaculating semen |
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Term
| internal urethral sphincter |
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Definition
at bladder/urethral junction
thickening of detrusor muscle (in bladder itself)
involuntary, keeps urethra closed when urine is not being passed
prevents dribbling |
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Term
| external urethra sphincter |
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Definition
surrounds urethra within the urogenital diaphragm
inhibits voluntary urination |
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Term
| external urethral orifice |
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Definition
males: end of the penile urethra
female: anterior to vaginal opening and posterior to the clitoris |
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Term
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Definition
contraction of the detrusor muscle to raise intra-abdominal pressure
controlled by the brain
urine accumulation leads to distension of the bladder (activates stretch receptors, send sensory impulses to micturition center (MC) to the pons)
MC sends signals to parasympathetic neurons (stimulate detrusor muscle to contract (involuntary), internal urinary sphincter opens (also inhibits sympathetic pathways that would prevent urination)) |
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Term
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Definition
function of the kidneys
-acid-base balance
-blood pressure
-plasma volume |
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Term
| external urethral orifice |
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Definition
males: end of the penile urethra
females: anterior to vaginal opening and posterior to clitoris |
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Term
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Definition
| mouth, pharynx, esophagus,stomach, small intestine, large intestine |
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Term
| accessory organs in digestion |
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Definition
| teeth, tongue, salivary glands, gallbladder, liver and pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
movement of food through GI tract
- swallowing and peristalsis |
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Term
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Definition
prepares food for chemical digestion
- chewing, churning, segmentation |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes break down complex food molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| digested end products from lumen to blood |
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Term
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Definition
| elimination of indigestible substances |
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Term
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Definition
propulsion
adjacent segments of the alimentary canal contract and relax
moves food distally along the canal |
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Term
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Definition
part of mechanical breakdown
food-mixing
nonadjacent segments fo the intestine alternatively contract and relax
mixes rather than propels |
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Term
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Definition
between 2 muscle layers of the tunical muscularis
controls segmentation and peristalsis |
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Term
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Definition
between submucosa and muscularis mucosa
signal glands to secrete and lamina muscularis mucosa to contract |
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Term
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Definition
| controls glandular secretion, perstalsis, segmentation |
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Term
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Definition
j-shaped
temporary storage tank
function: storage of chyme, breakdown of food protein (done by pepsin), absorption of nutrients (h20, electrolytes, alcohol, other drugs
regions: cardiac, fundus (under diaphragm), body (large midportion), pyloric (ends at the stomach, pyloric sphincter, greater curvature, lesser curvature |
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Term
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Definition
| longitudinal folds within the lumen of stomach, increase the surface area of the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
longest portion of GI tract
site of most enzygmatic digestion and absorption of nutrients
undergoes segmentation (allows for an increase contact with intestinal walls)
2.6 to 6 meters long
regions: duodenum (5%),jejunum (40%), ileum (60%) |
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Term
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Definition
Part of small intestine
c-shaped
short straight
mostly retroperitoneal
receives - digestive enzymes from pancreas via main pacreatic duct, bile from liver via the bile duct |
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Term
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Definition
highly coiled, fewer modifications, hang by mesentery in peritoneal cavity
contains mesentery arcades |
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Term
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Definition
| areteries & veins, nerves, store fat |
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Term
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Definition
absorption modificationsin small intestine
circular folds
transverse ridges of mucosa
increase surface area
force chyme to slow down |
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Term
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Definition
on plicae circulares
move chyme and increase contact
contain lacteals (remove fat)
microvilli - more increasing of surface area |
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Term
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Definition
absorbs remaining nutrients (most material largely digested
absorcs water and electrolytes
forms, stores and expels feces from body
regions: cecum, veriform appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 longitudinal strips of the large intestine,thickening of longitudinal muscle layer, maintain muscle tone, cause LI to pucker into sacs |
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Term
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Definition
sac-like divisions
as fill, triggers churning |
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Term
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Definition
fat-filled pouches of visceral peritoneum
hang from the intestine |
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Term
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Definition
sac-like pouch
beginning of ascending colon (between ileum and colon) |
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Term
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Definition
2 raised edges of mucosa
sphincter keeps closed until food in stomach
regulates flow into large intestine prevents backflow into small intestine
prevents reflux of feces from cecum |
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Term
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Definition
bind tube
opens into cecum
contains large masses of lymphoid tissue |
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Term
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Definition
retroperitoneal
right side of posterior abdominal wall
makes right angle turn |
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Term
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Definition
peritoneal
extends left across the peritoneal cavity
bends downward at the spleen |
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Term
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Definition
retroperitoneal
left side |
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Term
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Definition
peritoneal
S-shaped
"true pelvis" |
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Term
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Definition
absorb H2O and electrolytes
some digestion by bacteria
mass peristaltic movements (2-3X day)
moves through in 12-24 hours
1.5 meters |
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Term
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Definition
joins with sigmoid colon
descends into pelvis
has a complete and well-developed longitudinal muscle layer
contains valve (rectal) |
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Term
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Definition
3 transverse folds
prevent feces from being passed along with gas |
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Term
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Definition
begins where rectum passes through the levator ani muscle
releases mucus to lubricate
stratisfied squamous epithelium at lower 1/2 |
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Term
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Definition
made of smooth muscle
involuntary |
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Term
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Definition
made of skeletal muscle
volunatry
toilet training |
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Term
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Definition
stretching of rectal wall initiates defecation reflex
mediated by the spinal cord (parasympathetic reflex signal walls of sigmoid colon and rectum to contract and anal sphincters to relax
involuntary
contraction of diaphragm, levator ani muscle and abdominal muscles assist(voluntary) |
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Term
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Definition
largest gland in the body (weighs about 3 lbs.)
produce bile
pick up glucose
detoxify poison, drugs
produce blood proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| divide the right and left lobes of the liver on the diapragmatic surface |
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Term
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Definition
| carries nutrient-rich blood from stomach and intestines to liver |
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Term
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Definition
muscular sac
rests in depression of right liver lobe
stores and concentrates bile |
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Term
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Definition
produced in liver
stored in gallbladder
released into duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
joins hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
carries bile from gallbladder |
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Term
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Definition
| empties bile into duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| common bile and main pacreatic duct meet and enter duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
both exocrine and endocrine gland
exocrine - produces enzymes that aid in the digestion of food
endocrine - produce hormones that regulate blood sugar (insulin and glucagon) |
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Term
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Definition
extends the length of the pancreas
joins bile duct to form the hepaticopancreatic ampulla
empties into the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
lies in head of pancreas
drains into the main duct
enter duodenum also |
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Term
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Definition
largest lymphid organ
removes blood-borne antigens
removes and destructs aged blood cells
site of hematopiesis in fetus
stores blood platelets |
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