• Computers (often called nodes or hosts)
• Transmission media--a path for electrical signals between devices
• Network interfaces--devices that send and receive electrical signals
• Protocols--rules or standards that describe how hosts communicate and exchange data

In a peer-to-peer network, each host can provide network resources to other hosts or access resources located on other hosts, and each host is in charge of controlling access to those resources. Advantages of peer to peer networks include:

• Easy implementation
• Inexpensive

Disadvantages of peer to peer networks include:

• Difficult to expand (not scalable)
• Difficult to support
• Lack centralized control
• No centralized storage

In a client/server network, hosts have specific roles. For example, some hosts are assigned server roles which allow them to provide network resources to other hosts. Other hosts are assigned client roles which allows them to consume network resources. Advantages of client/server networks include:

• Easily expanded (scalable)
• Easy support
• Centralized services
• Easy to backup

Disadvantages of client/server networks include:

• Server operating systems are expensive
• Requires extensive advanced planning

A subnet is a portion of a network with a common network address.

• All devices on the subnet share the same network address, but have unique host addresses.
• Each subnet in a larger network has a unique subnet address.
• Devices connected through hubs or switches are on the same subnet; routers are used to connect multiple subnets.

You have implemented a network where hosts are assigned specific roles, such as for filesharing and printing. Other hosts access those resources but do not have the services of their own. What type of network do you have?

Extranet

 client/ server

 peer-to-peer

 intranet

The correct answer is client/server. In a client/server network, hosts have specific roles. For example, some hosts are assigned server roles which allows them to provide network resources to other hosts. Other hosts are assigned client roles which allows them to consume network resources. In a peer-to-peer network, each host can provide network resources to other hosts or access resources located on other hosts, and each host is in charge of controlling access to those resources. An intranet is a private network that uses Internet technologies services on eight in tried that are only available to hosts that are connected to the private network. An extranet is a private network that uses Internet technologies, but whose resources are made available to external (but trusted) users. For example, you might create a website on a private network that only users from a partner company can access.

You have implemented a network where each device provides shared files with all of the devices on the network. What type of network you have?

Multiple access

Polling

Peer to peer

client/server

• The physical topology describes the physical way the network is wired.
• The logical topology describes the way in which messages are sent.

consists of a trunk cable with nodes either inserted directly into the trunk, or nodes tapping into the trunk using offshoot cables called drop cables.

• Signals travel from one node to all other nodes on the bus.
• A device called a terminator is placed at both ends of the trunk cable.
• Terminators absorb signals and prevent them from reflecting repeatedly back and forth on the cable.

The physical bus:

• Requires less cable than the star
• Can be difficult to isolate cabling problems

A broken cable anywhere on the bus breaks the termination and prevents communications between any device on the network.

connects neighboring nodes until they form a ring. Signals travel in one direction around the ring. In ring topologies, each device on the network acts as a repeater to send the signal to the next device. With a ring:

• Installation requires careful planning to create a continuous ring.
• Isolating problems can require going to several physical locations along the ring.
• A malfunctioning node or cable break can prevent signals from reaching nodes further along on the ring.

uses a hub or switch to concentrate all network connections to a single physical location. Today it is the most popular type of topology for a LAN. With the star:

• All network connections are located in a single place, which makes it easy to troubleshoot and reconfigure.
• Nodes can be added to or removed from the network easily.
• Cabling problems usually affect only one node.
• Requires more cable than any other topology. Every node has its own cable.

Mesh Topology

[image]

exists when there are multiple paths between any two nodes on a network. Mesh topologies are created using point-to-point connections. This increases the network's fault tolerance because alternate paths can be used when one path fails. Two variations of mesh topologies exist:

• Partial Mesh--Some redundant paths exist.
• Full Mesh--Every node has a point-to-point connection with every other node.

Full mesh topologies are usually impractical because the number of connections increases dramatically with every new node added to the network. However, a full mesh topology becomes more practical through the implementation of an ad-hoc wireless network. With this topology, every wireless network card can communicate directly with any other wireless network card on the network. A separate and dedicated network interface and cable for each host on the network is not required.

What devices used to create a physical star topology?

Bridge

Router

switch

firewall

You have a small network that uses a hub to connect multiple devices. What physical topology is used?

Bus

Ring

Star

Mesh

You have implemented an ad hoc wireless network that doesn't employ a wireless access point. Every wireless network card can communicate directly with any other wireless network card on the network. What type of physical network topology has been implemented in this type of network?

Bus

Mesh

Star

Ring

Tree

The correct answer is mesh. This type of network uses a physical mesh topology. The key characteristics of a mesh topology are:

There's no central connecting point

Any host can communicate directly with any other host on the network

A mesh network, such as this one, is usually impractical on a wired network. Each host would have to have a separate dedicated network interface cable for each host on the network. However, a mesh topology can be implemented with relative ease on a wireless network due to the lack of wires.

In which of the following topologies does each device on the network act as a repeater sending the signal to the next device?

Bus

star

ring

tree

The correct answer is ring. In ring topologies, each device on the network acts as a repeater to send a signal to the next device.

You have been asked to implement a network infrastructure that will accommodate failed connections. Which of the following network topologies provides redundancy for a failed link?

ring

mesh

bus

star

You have a network that uses a logical ring topology. How do messages travel through the network?

Messages travel from one device to the next until they reach the destination device

Messages are sent to all devices connected to the network

Messages are sent to a central device which then forwards the message to the destination device

messages are sent directly to the destination device only

The correct answer is Messages travel from one device to the next until they reach the destination device. In a logical ring topology, messages travel to each device in turn. If the message is not intended for that device, the message is forwarded to the next device on the network.

You have a network that uses a logical bus topology. How do messages travel through the network?

Messages travel from one device to the next until they reach the destination device.

Messages are sent directly to the correct destination device

Messages are broadcast to all devices connected to the network.

Messages are sent to a central device which then forwards the message to the destination device.

The correct answer is messages are broadcast to all devices connected to the network. Messages sent using a physical bus topology are broadcast to all devices in the network. The device in the middle of the star (typically a hub), receives the message and forwards it on to all of the devices.

Which of the following topologies connects each device to a neighboring device?

Star

Bus

Tree

Ring

The correct answer is ring. In ring topologies, each device is connected to a neighboring device, until a ring is formed.

Which of the following topology connects all devices to a trunk cable?

Tree

Ring

Bus

Star

The correct answer is bus. The bus topology connects all devices to a trunk cable.

Which of the following topologies connects each network device to a central hub?

Star

Ring

bus

Mesh

You want to implement a fault tolerant topology as you interconnect routers on your wide area network. Which of the following would meet your needs?

Star, Bus, Ring, Mesh

Ethernet is a wired networking standard and is the most common networking architecture used in LANs (both in business and home networks).

Dial-up networking is a common way to connect a computer (often your home computer) to a remote network, such as the Internet or a business network. A modem on each computer uses the phone lines to send and receive data.

DSL provides an Internet connection using regular telephone lines and a DSL modem to send and receive digital broadband signals. Unlike dial-up, DSL can be used with a single phone line without preventing use of the telephone for voice calls, so DSL is continuously connected to the Internet.

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Network Architecture

Cable Internet Network Architecture

Cable uses coaxial wiring, originally developed to carry cable television signals, to provide high-speed broadband access to the Internet. Broadband cable uses a cable modem and, like DSL, is continuously connected; however, cable Internet connection rates are generally faster than those offered through DSL.

Wireless networking, or Wi-Fi, uses radio waves or infrared light (with the air as the transmission medium) to send data between hosts. Wireless networks are common in homes, businesses, airports, and hotels. Most wireless networks connect into larger wired networks (such as LANs) which are in turn connected to the Internet.

a set of standards for communication between network hosts. Protocols often provide services, such as e-mail or file transfer. Most protocols are not intended to be used alone, but instead rely on and interact with other dependent or complimentary protocols. A group of protocols that is intended to be used together is called a protocol suite. The Internet protocol suite (normally referred to as TCP/IP) is the most widely used protocol suite today.

Common TCP/IP Protocols: Category - File Transfer 2 of 4 -

Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)

Common TCP/IP Protocols: Category - File Transfer Flashcard 3 of 4 - Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)

Common TCP/IP Protocols: Category - File Transfer 1 of 4 - Secure Copy Protocol

Common TCP/IP Protocols: Category - Email 1 of 3 - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Common TCP/IP Protocols: Category - Email -  2 of 3 - Post Office Protocol 3 (POP3)

Common TCP/IP Protocols: Category - Network services -  1 of 4 - Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Common TCP/IP Protocols: Category - Network services -  4 of 4 - Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)

Common TCP/IP Protocols: Category - Network management-  1 of 3 - Simple Network management Protocol

Common TCP/IP Protocols: Category - Transport protocols-  1 of 2 - Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

TCP provides services that ensure accurate and timely delivery of network communications between two hosts. TCP provides the following services to ensure message delivery:

• Sequencing of data packets
• Flow control
• Error checking

Common TCP/IP Protocols: Category - Transport protocols-  2 of 2 - User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Common TCP/IP Protocols: Category - Control protocols-  1 of 2 - Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

Common TCP/IP Protocols: Category - Control protocols-  1 of 2 - Internet Group Membership Protocol (IGMP)

Testout.com exam question section 1.3

You are asked to recommend an e-mail retrieval protocol for a company's sales team. The  sales team needs to access e-mail from various locations and possibly different computers. The sales team does not want to worry about transferring e-mail messages or files back and forth between these computers.  Which e-mail protocol was designed for this purpose?

IMAP, POP4, POP3, MFTP, SMTP

Testout.com exam question section 1.3

Your company has just acquired another company in the same city.  You are given the task of integrating the two e-mail systems so that messages can be exchanged between the e-mail servers.  However, each network uses an e-mail package from a different vendor.  Which TCP/IP protocol will enable messages to be exchanged between systems?

FTP, SMTP, POP3, IMAP4

Testout.com exam question section 1.3

Which of the following protocols allows hosts to exchange messages to indicate problems with packet delivery?

DHCP, ICMP, ARP, TCP, IGMP

The correct answer is ICMP. The Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) allows hosts to exchange messages to indicate the status of a packet as it travels through the network.

Testout.com exam question section 1.3

You have a large TCP/IP network and want to keep hosts real-time clock synchronized. What protocol should you use?

SMTP, SAP, NNTP,SNMP, NTP

Testout.com exam question section 1.3

Which of the following TCP/IP protocols do e-mail clients use to download messages from a remote mail server?

SNMP, SPC, SMTP, FTP, POP3

The correct answer is POP3. The POP3 protocol is part of the TCP/IP protocol suite and used to retrieve e-mail from a remote server to a local client over a TCP/IP connection. SNMP is a protocol used to monitor network traffic. SMTP is a TCP/IP protocol used to send e-mail. FTP is used to transfer files.

Testout.com exam question section 1.3

which of the following protocols stores e-mail on the mail server and gives users a choice to download mail or keep it on the server? (Select two)

POP3, IMAP4, SMTP, NTP

The two correct answers are POP3 and IMAP4. IMAP4 allows a mail server to hold messages for a client. POP3 is a simpler protocol than IMAP4 that downloads e-mail messages and deletes them from the server by default, but most newer POP3 clients provide an option to leave mail on the server after download. SMTP allows a user to send e-mail to a server. The network time protocol synchronizes the clocks of all computers on a network.

Testout.com exam question section 1.3

you want to allow your users to download files from a server running the TCP/IP protocol. You want to require user authentication to gain access to specific directories on the server. Which TCP/IP protocol should you implement to provide this capability?

HTTP, TCP, IP, FTP, TFTP, HTML

Testout.com exam question section 1.3

you want to transfer a file from a UNIX server to a Windows 2000 computer. Which of the following utilities could you use to do this? Select all that apply.

FTP, Tracert, TFTP, Telnet, Netstat, NBTSTAT,

Testout.com exam question section 1.3

what protocol sends e-mail to a mail server?

TFTP, SMTP, POP3, SNMP, FTP

Testout.com Network Section 1.4 Intenet Connectivity Parameters.

Parameter: IP address

Testout.com Network Section 1.4 Intenet Connectivity Parameters.

Parameter: Subnet Mask

Testout.com Network Section 1.4 Intenet Connectivity Parameters.

Parameter: Default gateway

Testout.com Network Section 1.4 Intenet Connectivity Parameters.

Parameter: DNS server

Testout.com Network Section 1.4 Intenet Connectivity Parameters.

Parameter: Host Name

advantages of the OSI model

the OSI model to discuss networking concepts has the following advantages:

• Provides a common language or reference point between network professionals
• Divides networking tasks into logical layers for easier comprehension
• Allows specialization of features at different levels
• Aids in troubleshooting
• Promotes standards of interoperability between networks and devices
• Provides modularity in networking features (developers can change features without changing the entire approach)

• OSI layers are theoretical and do not actually perform real functions.
• Industry implementations rarely have a layer-to-layer correspondence with the OSI layers.
• Different protocols within the stack perform different functions that help send or receive the overall message.
• A particular protocol implementation may not represent every OSI layer (or may spread across multiple layers).

The Application layer integrates network functionality into the host operating system, and enables network services. The Application layer does not include specific applications that provide services, but rather provides the capability for services to operate on the network.

Most Application layer protocols operate at multiple layers down to the Session and even Transport layers. However, they are classified as Application layer protocols because they start at the Application layer (the Application layer is the highest layer where they operate). Services typically associated with the Application layer include:

1. HTTP

2. Telnet

3. FTP

4. TFTP

5. SNMP

OSI model layer - Layer 6 - Presentation Layer

The Presentation layer formats or "presents" data into a compatible form for receipt by the Application layer or the destination system, such as the presentation of an ASCII-coded file. Specifically, the Presentation layer ensures:

• Formatting and translation of data between systems.
• Negotiation of data transfer syntax between systems, through converting character sets to the correct format.
• Encapsulation of data into message envelopes by encryption and compression.
• Restoration of data by decryption and decompression.

OSI model layer - Layer 5 - Session Layer

The Session layer's primary function is managing the sessions in which data is transferred. Functions at this layer include:

• Management of multiple sessions (each client connection is called a session). A server can concurrently maintain thousands of sessions.
• Assignment of the session ID number to each session to keep data streams separate.
• Set up, maintain, and tear down communication sessions.

The Transport layer provides a transition between the upper and lower layers of the OSI model, making the upper and lower layers transparent from each other. Transport layer functions include:

• End-to-end flow control.
• Port and socket numbers.
• Segmentation, sequencing, and combination.
• Connection services, either reliable (connection-oriented) or unreliable (connectionless) delivery of data.

Data at the Transport layer is referred to as a segment.

OSI model layer - Layer 3 - Network Layer

The Network layer describes how data is routed across networks and on to the destination. Network layer functions include:

• Identifying hosts and networks using logical addresses.
• Maintaining a list of known networks and neighboring routers.
• Determining the next network point to which data should be sent. Routers use a routing protocol to take into account various factors such as the number of hops in the path, link speed, and link reliability to select the optimal path for data.

Data at the Network layer is referred to as a packet.

OSI model layer - Layer 2 - Data Link Layer - Logical Link Control (LLC)

The Data Link layer defines the rules and procedures for hosts as they access the Physical layer. These rules and procedures specify or define:

• How hosts on the network are identified (physical or MAC address).
• How and when devices can transmit on the network medium (media access control and logical topology).
• How to verify that the data received from the Physical layer is error free (parity and CRC).
• How devices control the rate of data transmissions between hosts (flow control).

Data at the Data Link layer is referred to as a frame.

OSI model layer - Layer 2 - Data Link Layer -  Media Access Control

Yes this is the same information as the last card. This part of the table covered both the LLC and the MAC cells.

The Data Link layer defines the rules and procedures for hosts as they access the Physical layer. These rules and procedures specify or define:

• How hosts on the network are identified (physical or MAC address).
• How and when devices can transmit on the network medium (media access control and logical topology).
• How to verify that the data received from the Physical layer is error free (parity and CRC).
• How devices control the rate of data transmissions between hosts (flow control).

Data at the Data Link layer is referred to as a frame.

OSI model layer - Layer 1 - Physical Layer

The Physical layer of the OSI model sets standards for sending and receiving electrical signals between devices. Protocols at the Physical layer identify:

• How digital data (bits) are converted to electric pulses, radio waves, or pulses of lights.
• Specifications for cables and connectors.
• The physical topology, including wireless access points.

Data at the Physical layer is referred to as bits.

The Application layer corresponds to the Session, Presentation, and Application layers of the OSI model. Protocols associated with the Application layer include FTP, HTTP, Telnet, Smtp, DNS, and SNMP.

TCP/IP networking model  - Host to Host Layer

The Host-to-host layer is comparable to the Transport layer of the OSI model and is responsible for error checking and reliable packet delivery. Here, the data stream is broken into segments that must be assigned sequence numbers so that the segments can be reassembled correctly on the remote side after they are transported. Protocols associated with the Host-to-host layer include Transport Control Protocol (TCP) and User-Datagram Protocol (UDP).

The Internet layer is comparable to the Network layer of the OSI model. It is responsible for moving packets through a network. This involves addressing of hosts and making routing decisions to identify how the packet traverses the network. Protocols associated with the Internet layer include Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), and Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP).

TCP/IP networking model  - Network Access Layer

The Data Link Layer of the OSI model is comprised of two sub layers. What are they? (Select two.)

LLC, LAT, MAC, DLC, SAN,

The correct answers are LLC & MAC. The data link layer is split into the following sub layers:

• Logical Link control (LLC) sublayer - provides the operating system link to the  device driver.

• Media access control (MAC) sublayer - translates generic network request into device specific terms.

Which of the following tasks is associated with the session layer?

Host ID number assignment

Acknowledgment coordination

Connection establishment

transmission synchronization

The correct answer is connection establishment. Connection establishment is controlled through session layer protocols.

What is the basic purpose of the OSI physical layer?

Coordinates rules for managing network servers

Defines basic physical structures, such as disks.

Coordinates rules for routing packets.

Coordinates rules for transmitting bits.

The correct answer is Coordinates rules for transmitting bits. The OSI physical layer coordinates rules for transmitting bits.

Which three of the following functions are performed by the OSI transport layer?

Reliable message delivery, Path identification and selection, Data segmentation and reassembly, consistent data formatting between dissimilar systems, end to end flow control, format packets for delivery through the media, control media access, logical topology, and device identification

The correct answers are reliable message delivery, data segmentation and reassembly, and end to end flow control. The transport layer is responsible for taking upper layer data, breaking it into segments, and providing for reliable communications through end to end flow control and error correction and detection. Transmitting messages through the media is performed at the physical layer. Media access, logical topology and device identification occurs at the data link layer. Path identification and selection is a function of the network layer. Data formatting is performed at the presentation layer.

The UDP transport protocol provides which of the following features? (Select all that apply.)

Sequence numbers and acknowledgments

Connectionless datagram services

Low overhead

guaranteed delivery

The correct answers are connectionless datagram services and low overhead. UDP is a connectionless protocol used by applications that need low overhead and do not require guaranteed delivery

In the OSI model, what is the primary function of the network layer?

Transmits data frames,

routes messages between networks,

ensures that packets are delivered with no loss or duplication,

allows applications to establish, use, and end a connection.

The correct answer is routes messages between networks. The network layer is responsible for routing messages between networks.

In the OSI model, which of the following functions are performed at the presentation layer? (Select two.)

Maintain separate client connections,

encrypt and compress data,

specify data format (such as file formats),

provide network services, handle general network access, flow control, and error recovery,

transmit data frames

The correct answers are encrypt and compress data and specify data format (such as file formats). The presentation layer encrypts data, changes and converts character sets, and compresses data. File formats (such as JPEG, Windows media video, and wave format) are part of the presentation layer.

The application layer provides network services. The session layer maintains separate client connections through session IDs, and maintains those sessions. Flow control and error detection are provided at both the transport layer and the data link layer. Transmitting frames happens at the physical layer.

Which OSI model layer is responsible for guaranteeing reliable message delivery?

Transport

Session

Data link

application

The correct answer is transport. The transport layer is responsible for connection services that provide reliable message delivery through error detection and correction mechanisms. Specifically the TCP protocol provides these services.

The application layer integrates network functionality into the host operating system, and enables network services. The session layer's primary function is managing the sessions in which data is transferred. The data link layer defines the rules and procedures for hosts as they access the physical layer.

Which two of the following are included as part of data link layer specifications?

Synchronizing individual bits as they are transmitted through the network.

Controlling how messages are propagated to the network.

Composition of electrical signals as they pass through the transmission medium.

Identifying physical network devices.

The correct answers are controlling how messages are propagated through the network and identifying physical network devices. The data link layer controls identifying devices on a network as well is how messages travel through the network (the logical topology). The other functions listed here are performed by the physical layer.

Which of the following protocols includes extensive error checking to ensure that transmission is sent and received without mistakes?

TCP

UDB

UDP

UCP

The correct answer is TCP. The TCP protocol includes error-checking.

Which of the following are functions of the Mac sublayer? (Select two.)

Mapping hardware addresses to link layer addresses

Creating routing tables based on Mac addresses

Letting devices on the network have access to the LAN

defining a unique hardware address for each device on the network

The correct answers are letting devices on the network have access to the lan and defining a unique hardware address for each device on the network.

The Mac sublayer finds a unique Mac or datalink address for each device on the network. This address is usually assigned by the manufacturer. The Mac sublayer also provides devices with access to the network media.

Which of the following is performed at the physical layer of the OSI model?

Movement of data across network cables

provision of an environment in which to run network applications

conversion identification

enablement of network services

DATA translation

The correct answer is movement of data across network cables. The physical layer is concerned with how to transmit data and how to connect network hosts.

You are an application developer and are writing a program to exchange video files through a TCP/IP network. You need to select a transport protocol that will guarantee delivery. Which TCP/IP protocol which you implement that provides this capability?

FTP, RIP, TFTP, IP, UDP, TCP

The correct answer is TCP. Write the application to use the transmission control protocol (TCP). TCP guarantees delivery through error-checking and acknowledgments.

In the OSI model, which of the following functions are performed at the application layer? (Select all that apply.)

Data translation

Conversation identification

Enabling communication between network clients and services

integration of network functionality into the host operating system

The correct answers are enabling communication between network clients and services and integration of network functionality into the host operating system.

The application layer enables network services, and integrates network functionality into the host operating system.  Applications actually run above the OSI application layer.

 Conversation identification is accomplished at the session layer through connection or transaction ID numbers. Data translation is performed at the presentation layer

• Two wires that carry the data signals (one conductor carries a positive signal; one carries a negative signal). They are made of 22 or 24 gauge copper wiring.
• PVC or plenum plastic insulation surrounds each wire. Plenum cable is fire resistant and non-toxic. It must be used when wiring above ceiling tiles. PVC cable cannot be used to wire above ceilings because it is toxic when burned.
• Two wires are twisted to reduce the effects of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and crosstalk. Because the wires are twisted, EMI should affect both wires equally and can be cancelled out.
• Multiple wire pairs are bundled together in an outer sheath. Twisted pair cable can be classified according to the makeup of the outer sheath:
  • Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) has a grounded outer copper shield around the bundle of twisted pairs or around each pair. This provides added protection against EMI.
  • Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) does not have a grounded outer copper shield. UTP cables are easier to work with and are less expensive than shielded cables.    

Different unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable types (categories) – Category 5

Different unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cable types (categories) – Category 5e

Each type of UTP cable can be substituted for any category below it, but never for a category above.

For example, Cat 6 can be substituted for a task requiring Cat 5e; however, neither Cat 5 nor Cat 3 should be used for this particular task.

the above and below references their position on the table in the informational fact sheet. 

Types of connectors used with twisted pair cables: RJ-11

The table below describes the two types of connectors used with twisted pair cables.

• Two concentric metallic conductors: The insulator, which surrounds the inner conductor, keeps the signal separated from the mesh conductor. It is made of PVC plastic.
• The inner conductor, which carries data signals. It is made of copper or copper coated with tin.
• The mesh conductor is a second physical channel that also grounds the cable. It is made of aluminum or copper coated tin.
•  
• The mesh conductor, which surrounds the insulator and grounds the cable. It is made of aluminum or copper coated tin.
• The PVC sheath, which is the cable encasement. It surrounds and protects the wire. It is made of PVC plastic. 

Coaxial cable connector types - BNC

• The core carries the signal. It is made of plastic or glass.
• The cladding maintains the signal in the center of the core as the cable bends.
• The sheathing protects the cladding and the core.

• Totally immune to EMI (electromagnetic interference)
• Highly resistant to eavesdropping
• Supports extremely high data transmission rates
• Allows greater cable distances without a repeater 

• Very expensive
• Difficult to work with
• Special training required to attach connectors to cables

• Transfers data through the core using a single light ray (the ray is also called a mode)
• The core diameter is around 10 microns
• Supports a large amount of data
• Cable lengths can extend a great distance

• Transfers data through the core using multiple light rays
• The core diameter is around 50 to 100 microns
• Cable lengths are limited in distance

• Used with single and multi-mode cabling
• Keyed, bayonet-type connector
• Also called a push in and twist connector
• Each wire has a separate connector
• Nickel plated with a ceramic ferrule to insure proper core alignment and prevent light ray deflection
• As part of the assembly process, it is necessary to polish the exposed fiber tip to ensure that light is passed on from one cable to the next with no dispersion

• Used with single- and multi-mode cabling
• Push on, pull off connector type that uses a locking tab to maintain connection
• Each wire has a separate connector
• Uses a ceramic ferrule to insure proper core alignment and prevent light ray deflection
• As part of the assembly process, it is necessary to polish the exposed fiber tip

• Used with single- and multi-mode cabling
• Composed of a plastic connector with a locking tab, similar to a RJ-45 connector
• A single connector with two ends keeps the two cables in place
• Uses a ceramic ferrule to insure proper core alignment and prevent light ray deflection
• Half the size of other fiber-optic connectors

• Used with single and multi-mode cabling
• Composed of a plastic connector with a locking tab
• Uses metal guide pins to ensure it is properly aligned
• A single connector with one end holds both cables
• Uses a ceramic ferrule to insure proper core alignment and prevent light ray deflection

• Cable length
• Connectors
• Splices

• Connectors: 0.3 dB loss each
• Splices: 0.3 dB loss each
• Multimode cabling:
  • 3 dB loss per 1000 meters (850 nm core diameter)
  • 1 dB loss per 1000 meters (1300 nm core diameter)
• Single mode cabling:
  • 0.5 dB loss per 1000 meters (1310 nm core diameter)
  • 0.4 dB loss per 1000 meters (1550 nm core diameter)

Straight-through cable

[image]

Computers connect to the network through a hub or switch with a straight-through cable. There are two standards for creating straight-through cables:

• T568A--To use this standard, arrange the wires from pins 1 to 8 in each connector in the following order: GW, G, OW, B, BW, O, BrW, Br.
• T568B--To use this standard, arrange the wires from pins 1 to 8 in each connector in the following order: OW, O, GW, B, BW, G, BrW, Br.

It doesn't matter which standard you use, but once you choose a standard, you should do all your cables that way to avoid confusion during troubleshooting.

Cross over cable

[image]

Computers can connect directly to one another using a crossover cable. The easiest way to create a crossover cable is to arrange the wires in the first connector using the T568A standard and arrange the wires in the second connector using the T568B standard.

• Pin 1: Tx+
• Pin 2: Tx-
• Pin 3: Rx+
• Pin 4: Unused
• Pin 5: Unused
• Pin 6: Rx-
• Pin 7: Unused
• Pin 8: Unused

• Use a crimping tool designed for RJ-45 connectors to attach connectors to UTP cable.
• Cat 5/5e/6/6a cables come with wires that have solid cores or stranded cores. Use solid core cables for longer runs inside walls or the ceiling; use stranded wires for drop cables where flexibility and frequent movement occurs.
• There are different connectors rated for solid or stranded core wires; be sure to use the correct connector type.
• To reduce crosstalk, keep the pairs twisted as much as possible right up to the connector.
• Making Cat 6-compliant cables is difficult; if you do not add the connectors exactly right, the cable will only function as a Cat 5 cable. In most cases it would be easier to buy cables of the correct length than to try and make your own.

• Typically, the LEC is responsible for all equipment on one side of the demarc, and the customer is responsible for all equipment on the other side of the demarc.
• The demarc is also called the minimum point of entry (MPOE) or the end user point of termination (EU-POT).
• The demarc is typically located in the bottom floor of a building, just inside the building. For residential service, the demarc is often a small box on the outside of the house.
• For business installations, the demarc is often identified by an orange plastic cover on the wiring component.

The main distribution frame (MDF) is the main wiring point for a building. The MDF is typically located on the bottom floor or basement. The LEC typically installs the demarc to the MDF.

An intermediate distribution frame (IDF) is a smaller wiring distribution point within a building. IDFs are typically located on each floor directly above the MDF, although additional IDFs can be added on each floor as necessary.

• The demarc extension typically consists of a single wire bundle that attaches to the existing demarc and supplies a termination point to a different location.
• You might need a demarc extension if your network occupies an upper floor of a building. The LEC will typically install the demarc into the MDF on the bottom floor, and you will need to install an extension to place the demarc into the IDF on your floor.
• You are typically responsible for installing the demarc extension, or the LEC might do it for an additional charge.

    A total of 10 colors are used in two different groups:
        Group 1 colors are white, red, black, yellow, and violet.
        Group 2 colors are blue, orange, green, brown, and slate.
    There are 5 wires of each color.
    Every colored wire in group 1 is paired with each color in group 2. For example, you will have the following pairs for the white wires:
        White with blue
        White with orange
        White with green
        White with brown
        White with slate
    Instead of using solid colors, some schemes use striped wires to uniquely identify each wire and its matching wire. For example, the white wire with a blue stripe is twisted with the blue wire with a white stripe, and the red wire with the orange stripe is twisted with the orange wire with the red stripe.

• 100 pair wires use the same coloring scheme as 25 pair wires, repeated 4 times.
• Each bundle of 25 wires is often wrapped together with a colored nylon string to h

• The 66 block has 25 rows of four metal pins. Pushing a wire into the pin pierces the plastic sheath on the wire, making contact with the metal pin.

• With the 25 pair block (also called a non-split block), all 4 pins are bonded (electrically connected). Use the 25 pair block to connect a single wire with up to 3 other wires.
• With the 50 pair block (also called a split block), each set of 2 pins in a row are bonded. The left pin is connected with the middle left pin, while the right pin is connected with the middle right pin. Use the 50 pair block to connect a single wire to one other wire.
• With a 50 pair block, use a bridge clip to connect the left two pins with the right two pins. Adding or removing the bridge clip is an easy way to connect wires within the row for easy testing purposes.

66 blocks are used primarily for telephone applications. When used for data applications:

Be sure to purchase 66 blocks rated for Cat5.

• When inserting wires in the block, place both wires in a pair through the same slot to preserve the twist as much as possible.

• The 110 block comes in various sizes for connecting pairs of wires (for example 50, 100, or 300 pair).
• The 110 block has rows of plastic slots. Each plastic slot connects two wires together: C-4 connectors connect four pairs of wires; C-5 connectors connect five pairs of wires.
• Place the first wire in the plastic slot on the 110 block.
• Insert a connecting block over the wire and slot. The connecting block has metal connectors that pierce the plastic cable sheath.
• Place the second wire into the slot on the connecting block.
• When connecting data wires on a 110 block, you typically connect wires in the following order:
• White wire with a blue stripe, followed by the solid blue wire.
• White wire with an orange stripe, followed by the solid orange wire.
• White wire with a green stripe, followed by the solid green wire.
• White wire with a brown stripe, followed by the solid brown wire.

10 blocks can be used for both telephone and data, and are better suited for Cat5 installations. When using for Cat5 wiring, be sure to preserve the twists in each wire pair to within one-half of an inch of the connecting block.

66 or 110 blocks.

• The punch down tool pushes the wire into the block and cuts off the excess wire.
• Be sure to position the blade on the side of the clip towards the end of the wire.
• The blade for a 66 block is straight, while the blade for a 110 block has a notch in the blade.

responsible for converting digital data into digital signals to be sent on the medium. The type of signal the transceiver sends depends on the type of network. A fiber optic NIC sends light signals, an Ethernet NIC sends electronic signals on a wire, and a wireless NIC sends radio signals. To receive signals, the transceiver converts digital signals from the network to digital data for the PC.

Use a media converter to

connect a network adapter using one media type to another. For example, use a media converter to connect a server with a fiber optic Ethernet NIC to a copper Ethernet cable.

• Media converters work at the Physical layer (Layer 1). Media converters do not read or modify the MAC address in any way.
• Media converters only convert from one media type to another within the same architecture (such as Ethernet). A media converter cannot translate between two different architectures (instead, use a bridge or a router to do this). Converting from one architecture to another would require modifying the frame contents to modify the Data Link layer address.

The MAC address is

• a unique hexadecimal identifier burned into the ROM of every Ethernet NIC.

• a 12-digit (48-bit) hexadecimal number (each number ranges from 0-9 or A-F).

•  often written as 00-B0-D0-06-BC-AC or 00B0.D006.BCAC, although dashes, periods, and colons can be used to divide the MAC address parts.
• guaranteed unique through design. The first half (first 6 digits) of the MAC address is assigned to each manufacturer. The manufacturer determines the rest of the address, assigning a unique value which identifies the host address. A manufacturer that uses all the addresses in the original assignment can apply for a new MAC address assignment

• send frames to other devices on the same subnet.

The sending device sends out a broadcast frame: All hosts on the subnet process the broadcast frame, looking at the destination IP address.

• The destination MAC address is all F's (FFFF:FFFF:FFFF).
• The sending MAC address is its own MAC address.
• The destination IP address is the known IP address of the destination host.
• The sending IP address is its own IP address.

If the destination IP address matches its own address, the host responds with a frame that includes its own MAC address as the sending MAC address.
The original sender then reads the MAC address from the frame and associates the IP address with the MAC address, saving it in cache.

• Frames include a ?????? which is used to detect frames that have been corrupted during transmission.

Network adapters are Layer ? devices because they ??????.

 They are also Layer ? devices because they must ??????, and because they read the ??????.

A hub is the central connecting point of a physical ????, logical ??? topology.

Hubs manage communication among hosts using the following method:

• A host sends a frame to another host through the hub.
• The hub duplicates the frame and sends it to every host connected to the hub.
• The host to which the frame is addressed accepts the frame. Every other host ignores the frame.

a device that connects two (or more) media segments on the same subnet, and filters traffic between both segments based on the MAC address in the frame. A bridge builds a database based on MAC addresses to make forwarding decisions.

• The process begins by examining the source MAC address of an incoming frame. If the source address is not in the forwarding database, an entry for the address is made in the database associating the MAC address with the media segment.
• The destination address is then examined.
  • If the destination address is not in the database, the frame is sent out on all segments except for the one on which it was received.
  • If the destination address is in the database, the frame is forwarded to the appropriate segment if the segment is different than the one on which it was received.
  • Broadcast frames are forwarded to all segments except the one on which they were received.

• Bridges are used to separate one part of the subnet from another. This keeps the network from wasting bandwidth by eliminating unnecessary traffic between segments.
• All segments connected to a bridge are on the same subnet, and share a common subnet address.
• Bridges can also connect two segments that use different types of network architecture. For example, a bridge can connect a segment using Ethernet with a segment using 802.11 wireless.
• Bridges operate at the OSI Layer 2; they read the MAC address contained in a frame to make forwarding decisions.
• Frame forwarding happens independently of the upper-layer protocols (such as TCP/IP).

• While most bridges can only process a single frame at a time, switches can process multiple frames simultaneously.
• Switches offer guaranteed bandwidth to each switch port.
• Switches can make additional forwarding decisions based on the MAC address. For example, a switch can be configured to only accept frames from specific MAC addresses.
• Like bridges, switches operate at Layer 2.
• Unmanaged switches are autonomous in their function, requiring no port management or configuration. Managed switches allow administrators to change the port configurations, including the following:
  • Port speed
  • Filters based on network adapter MAC addresses

• A wireless access point is like a hub in that any message sent to any wireless host connected to the access point can be received by all other wireless hosts.
• A wireless access point is a Layer 2 device; it can read the Data Link layer address in a frame.
• A wireless access point is often configured as a bridge, connecting a wireless segment to a wired segment. Both wireless and wired hosts are on the same subnet.
• Many wireless access points are combination devices that include a wired hub or switch or even a router.

which of the following cable types often includes a solid plastic core?

Category five, category six, category three, category 5e

which of the following situations might you use an RJ-11 connector

you want to connect the 10BaseT network card in your computer to a switch.

You want to connect your computer to the Internet with a dial-up connection.

You want to upgrade your 10BaseT network to 100BaseT

You want to test a network cable to see if there is a break in the line.

the correct answer is you want to connect your computer to the Internet with a dial-up connection. RJ-11 connectors are typically used for telephones and modems.

when would you typically use an RJ 11 connector?

when using category three cables.

When using single mode fiber optic cables

When using RG-six cables

When using category five or higher cables

when connecting a phone to a phone line

When using multimode fiber optic cables.

the correct answer is when connecting a phone to a phone line. In RJ 11 connector is used for connecting analog telephones to the telephone jacks. Category three category five and higher twisted pair cables use RJ-45 connectors. Coaxial cables use Skype or BNC connectors. Fiber optic cables is a variety of connectors (RC,  RT, LC, MT-RJ).

which of the following applications is more likely to justify the investment in category six cable?

Streaming video, printing, e-mail, instant messaging

you are installing network wiring for a new ethernet network at your company's main office building. The project specifications call for category five unshielded twisted pair network cabling and RJ-45 wall jacks. In the end of your project, you run out of wire before the last few rounds are complete. You have a spool of category three network cable in storage. Upon investigation, it appears very similar to category five wiring. should you substitute category three cabling for category five cabling to finish the project?

No, the sheath surrounding category five cable is much thicker; creating an extra layer of shielding to reduce crosstalk and support higher data rates.

Yes, you can substitute category five wiring with category three wiring as they are electrically identical.

No, category five cabling has more twists per inch than category three cabling to reduce crosstalk and support higher data rates.

No, category three cabling doesn't support RJ-45 connectors.

No, category five cabling uses a thicker copper wire that category three cable; enabling higher data transmission rates

the correct answer is No, category five cabling has more twists per inch than category three cabling to reduce crosstalk and support higher data rates. while category three and category five cabling may appear for similar physically, they are electrically different. Category five cabling is twisted much tighter than category three cabling. This reduces crosstalk and enables category five wiring to support much faster data transmission rates

you are adding new wires in your building for some new offices. The building has a false ceiling that holds the lights. You would like to run your ethernet cables in this area. Which type of cable must you use?

Category 5e or category 6E, fiber optic, PVC, Plenum,  STP,

and the correct answer is plenum. Plenum cable is fire resistant and non-toxic; it must be used when wiring above ceiling tiles. PVC cable cannot be used to wire up of ceilings because it is toxic when burned. Category 5E cables provide better EMI protection than category five cables, and category 6e cables are an improvement over category six specifications, but neither are a requirement for using any ceiling area. If that area has a lot of EMI, you might consider using STP or fiber optic cables, but this would not be a requirement just because wires were in a ceiling area. Typically you can avoid EMI sources by rerouting cables.

you have just signed up for a broadband home Internet service that uses coaxial cable. Which connector type will you most likely use?

ST, RJ-45, SC, F-type, RJ-11, BNC,

the correct answer is F-type. you said F type connector for broadband cable connections that use coaxial cable. Use a BNC connectors for 10BaseT ethernet networks. Using RJ 11 connector for modem connections to a phone line. Using RJ-45 connector for an ethernet network that uses twisted pair cable. Use ST and SC connectors for fiber-optic cables.

of the following cables, which offerthe best protection against EMI?

category 5E, category five, category 6e, RG-6

the correct answer is RG-6. coaxial cable offers better protection against EMI then twisted-pair cables. Coaxial cable has a mesh conductor which provides a ground and protects against EMI. In general, the higher the twisted pair cable standard, the better protection against some forms of EMI (typically Crosstalk). For twisted-pair, use shielded twisted pair instead of unshielded twisted pair. Use fiber optic for the best protection against EMI.

F type connectors are typically used with cables using which of the following standards? (Select two.)

RG-6, RG-59, category 5E, RG-58, category 6E, category five

you have a small home network connected to the Internet using RG-6 cable. You need to move the router connecting the network to the Internet, but can't find any RG-6 cable. Which cable types could use instead?

RG-8

RG-8, RG-58, RG-59

RG-59

RG-58 OR RG-59

RG-58

RG-8 or RG-58

the correct answer is RG-59, RG six-impedance rating of 75 ohms. When using coaxial cables, it is important to use cables with the same impedance rating. Only RG 59 is rated for 75 ohms. RG-8 and RG 58 are rated for 50 ohms.

which of the following are characteristics of coaxial network cable? (Choose three.)

It uses RJ-45 connectors

It has two concentric metallic conductors

the conductors within the cable are twisted around each other to eliminate Crosstalk

it has a conductor made from copper in the center of the cable.

The ends of the cable must be terminated.

It uses two concentric conductors made from plastic or glass which conduct light signals.

It is composed of four pairs of 22gauge copper wire

the correct answers are it has two concentric metallic conductors, it has a conductor made from copper in the center of the cable, & the ends of the cable must be terminated. coaxial cable is composed of a central copper conductor surrounded by an insulator which is then surrounded by a second metallic mesh conductor. The name coaxial is derived from the fact that both of these conductors share a common axis. When using coaxial cable, both ends of the cable must be terminated.

which of the following cable classifications are typically used for cable and satellite networking with coaxial cables? (Select two.)

RG 6, RG 8, RG 58, RG 59,

which of the following are advantagesof using fiber-optic cabling for a network, as opposed to other types of cabling? (Select two.)

faster installation, immunity to electromagnetic interference, greater cable distances without a repeater, lower installation costs

the correct answers are immunity to electromagnetic interference and greater cable distances without a repeater. Compared to other types of cabling, fiber optic cabling allows greater cable distances without a repeater and is immune to electromagnetic interference. However, installation costs more and takes longer.

which of the following connectors usually require polishing as part of the assembly process? (Select two.)

AUI, IDC, ST, BNC, SC

the correct answers are ST and SC. the fiber optic cable assembly process is more complex than other assemblies. It is necessary to polish the exposed fiber tip to ensure that light is passed on from one cable to the next with no dispersion.

which of the following is true about single mode fiber optic network cabling?

It transmits multiple rays of light concurrently.

the central core is composed of braided plastic or glass fibers.

it doesn't support segment lengths as long as that supported by multimode fiber optic cabling.

It's less expensive than multimode fiber-optic cabling.

Which of the following connectors is used with fiber optic cables and connects using a twisting motion?

F-type, BNC, LC, SC, ST

the correct answer is ST. the ST connector is used with fiber-optic cable and uses a twist type connector. Tip: to remember the difference between ST and SC connectors, associate the T and ST with "twist". SC and LC connectors are used with fiber-optic cables but plug in instead of twist. F-type and BNC connectors use a twist to connect, but are used with coaxial cables.

which of the following are characteristics of a LC fiber optic connector? (Choose two.)

They use a housing and latch system similar to a RJ-45 unshielded twisted pair connector.

They use a one-piece bayonet connecting system.

they use a stainless steel housing.

They are half the size of standard connectors.

They can be used with either fiber optic or copper cabling.

they are threaded.

the correct answer is they use a housing and latch system similar to an RJ-45 unshielded twisted pair connector and they are half the size of standard connectors. LC fiber optic connectors are small; about half the size of other fiber optic connectors. Their appearance is similar to a typical RJ-45 connector used with unshielded twisted pair wiring. like an RJ-45 connector, it uses a small latch to lock the connector in a jack.

which of the following connectors are used with fiber-optic cables and include both cables in a single connector? (Select two)

LC, MT-RJ, BNC, SC, ST

which of the following forms of optical fiber would usually be used to connect two buildings across campus from each other, which are several kilometers apart?

Multimode, dual-mode, fiber channel mode, single mode

the correct answer is single mode. In this scenario, use  single mode fiber optic cables. Fiber optic is graded as single mode or multimode. Single mode consists of a single very core which produces fewer reflections. This provides greater effective bandwidth over greater distances. MultiMode is less costly than single mode fiber. Multimode transmits multiple light rays concurrently. Multimode is used to transmit over shorter distances as the race tend to disperse as transmission distance increases. Fiber channel is a network topology used in storage area networks.

of the following cables, which offer the best protection against electromagnetic interference?

Category 5E, RG-six, single mode fiber optic, category five

which of the following are characteristics of an MT-RJ fiber optic connector? (Select two.)

They can be used with multimode fiber optic cables

They use a keyed bayonet

They use a nickel plated housing

They use metal guide pins to ensure accurate alignment.

they are used with multi-fiber fiber optic ribbon cables

they must never be used with single mode fiber optic cables.

the correct answers are they can be used with multimode fiber optic cables and they use metal guide pins to ensure accurate alignment. MT-RJ connectors can be used with either multimode or single mode fiber optic cabling. The connector is made from plastic and use metal guide pins to ensure it is properly aligned in the Jack.

what tool should you use to extend network services beyond the demarc?

media certifier, tone generator, punch down tool, crimper

the correct answer is Punch down tool. a demarc is the location where the local network and the telephone company's network begins. This location is easily at a punch down block and a wiring closet. Use a punch down tools to attach wires to a punch down block.

which of the following is used to terminate individual wires for my 25 pair or 100 pair cable using female RJ-45 ports.

horizontal crossconnect, 110 block, 66 block, patch panel

the correct answer is patch panel. A patch panel is a device that typically connects individual stranded Wires into female RJ-45 connectors. For example, you might connect four pairs of wires from a punch down block to a port on the patch panel. On the patch panel, you then connect drop cables (cables with RJ-45 connectors) to the patch panel on one end and a computer on the other end. use 66 and 110 blocks to connect individual wires within a wiring closet. These punch down blocks connect individual wires together, but do not terminate in RJ-45 connectors. A horizontal crossconnect connects IDFs on the same floor.

which of the following methods would you use to create a crossover cable?

use the T568B standard.

Use the T568B standard on one connector, and the BLOG convention on the other connector.

Use the T568A standard on one connector, and the BLOG convention on the other connector.

Use the T568A standard

Use the T568A standard on one connector, and the T568B convention on the other connector.

the correct answer is use the T568A standard on one connector, and the T568B standard on the other connector. The easiest way to create a crossover cable is to arrange the wires in the first connector using the T568A standard and arrange the wires in the second connector using the T568B standard. A crossover cable connects the transmit pins on one connector to the receive pins on the other connector (pin 1 to pin 3 and pin 2 to pin 6).

you have a network that occupies all three floors of the building. The WAN service provider has installed the line for the wide-area network service into the building in a wiring closet on the main floor. You have a wiring closet on the two remaining floors directly above the wiring closet on the main floor. What would you use to connect the wiring closets together?

Smart Jack, demark extension, horizontal crossconnect, vertical crossconnect

the correct answer is vertical crossconnect. a vertical crossconnect connects the main distribution frame (MDF) on the Main floor to intermediate distribution frames (IDF) on upper floors. Cabling runs vertically (up-and-down) between the MDF and the intermediate distribution frames. A horizontal crossconnect connects intermediate distribution frames on the same floor a smart jack is a special loopback plug installed at the demarcation point for a wide area network service. Technicians at the central office can send diagnostic commands to the smart jack to test conductivity between the central office and the D Mark. A deep mark extension extends the demarcation point from its original location to another location within the building. The D Mark extension typically consists of a single wire bundle that attaches to the existing D Mark and supplies a termination point to a different location. You might need a D Mark extension if your network occupies an upper floor of the building.

you are building network cables and attaching RJ-45 connectors to each end. Which tools do you need for this task?

Needle nose pliers, punch down tool, crimping tool, vampire taps

which of the following uses metal clips placed over plastic slots for connecting individual copper wires?

100 pair, 110 block, 66 block, 25 pair

the correct answer is 110 block. a 110 block is a punch down block that uses metal clips fitted over plastic pins. When connecting wires using a 110 block, place the wires in the plastic slots, attach the metal clip, then punch down the connecting cable off the top of the clip.

a 66 block uses metal pins for connecting wires. Wires are placed in the pins, and pins within a row are electrically connected.

25 pair and 100 pair are cable bundles that include multiple pairs of copper wires (either 25 pairs of wires or 100 pairs of wires).

you are connecting Cat5e cables to it 110 block. In what order should you connect the wires to follow standard wiring conventions.

white/blue, blue, white/orange, orange, white/green, green, white/brown, brown

White/green, green, white/orange, blue, white/blue, orange, white/brown, brown

White/orange, orange, white/green, blue, white/blue, green, white/brown, brown

White/brown, brown, white/blue, blue, white/orange, orange, white/green, green

The correct answer is white/blue, blue, white/orange, orange, white/green, green, white/brown, brown

When connecting data wires by 110 block, you typically connect wires in the following order:

White wire with a blue stripe, followed by the solid blue wire.

White wire with an orange stripe, followed by the solid orange wire.

White wire with a green stripe, followed by the solid green wire

white wire with the brown stripe, followed by the solid brown water.

Tip: use BLOG (blue-Orange-green) to remember the wire order, and remember to start with the white striped wire first. When adding RJ-45 connectors to a drop cable, use one of the following orders, based on the standard you want to follow:

T568A-to use this standard, arrange the wires from pins  1 to 8 in each connector in the following order:

T568A-to use this standard, arrange the wires from pins 1 to 8 in each connector in the following order: GW, G, OW, B, BW, O, BrW, Br.

T568B-to use a standard, arrange the wires from pins 1 to 8 in each connector in the following order: OW, O, GW, B, BW, G, BrW, Br.

when using  110 blocks for connecting cat5 and higher data cables, which recommendation should you follow?

connect wires using the T568A standard.

Use C-5 connectors.

Keep wire pairs twisted up to within one half of an inch of the connector.

Connect wires using the T 568B standard.

the correct answer is keep wire pairs twisted up to within one half of an inch of the connector. when using for cat5 (or higher) wiring, be sure to preserve the twists in each wire pair to within one half of an inch of the connecting block. Use C-4 connectors to connect four pairs of wires. When connecting data wires on a 110 block, you typically connect wires in the following order:

white wire with a blue stripe, followed by the solid blue wire.

White wire with an orange stripe, followed by the solid orange wire.

White wire with green stripe, followed by the solid green wire

white wire with the brown stripe, followed by the solid Brown wire.

you are working with 25 pair wires and 66 blocks. You push the wires onto the 66 block, but now need to cut off the excess end of each wire. which tool should you use?

Butt set

Punch down tool

Snips

Cable stripper

the correct answer is Punch down tool. use a Punch down tool to push wires into 66 or 110 blocks and cut wires at the same time. The punch down tool has a blade on one side that cuts off the excess wires. use snips to cut cables or wires. However, a punch down tool would be easier to use for this task then wire snips. Use a cable stripper to remove the plastic covering for a cable. Note: when making drop cables or using punch down blocks, do not remove the plastic covering for individual wires. Use a butt set to connect to phone lines to monitor, make or answer phone calls.

which pins in an RJ-45 connector are used to transmit data when used on a 100 based in ethernet network?

pin one, pin two, pin three, pin four, pin five, pin six, pin seven, pin eight

the correct answer is pin 1 and pin 2. on a 100 base T network cable, the RJ-45 pinouts are as follows:

Pin 1: Tx+

Pin 2: Tx-

Pin 3: Rx+

Pin 4: Unused

Pin 5: Unused

Pin 6: Rx-

Pin 7: Unused

Pin 8: Unused

for a 100 base T cable, pins one and two are used to transmit data; pins three and six are used to receive data.

you are making ethernet drop cables using cat5e cable and RJ-45 connectors. You need to remove the plastic coating of the cable to expose the individual wires. Which tool should you use?

snips, butt set, cable stripper, punch down tool

the correct answer is cable stripper

use cable stripper to remove the plastic covering for a cable. Note: when making drop cables or using punch down blocks, do not remove the plastic covering for individual wires. use snips to cut cables. Use a punch down tool to push wires into 66 or 110 blocks and cut wires at the same time. Use a butt set to connect to phone lines to monitor, make or answer phone calls.

you have a network that occupies all three floors of a building. The wide-area network service provider has installed the line for the WAN service into the building in a wiring closet on the main floor. You have a second wiring closet on the main floor. You need to connect the two wiring closets. Which of the following are typically used to connect the two wiring closets? (Select two.)

vertical crossconnect, 25 pair, horizontal crossconnect, smart jack, demark extension

the correct two answers are demarc extension and horizontal crossconnect

a horizontal crossconnect connects wiring closets on the same floor. 25 pair or 100 pair wiring punched down into 66 or 110 blocks are often used to connect the wiring closets together.

A vertical crossconnect connects the intermediate distribution frame to the main distribution frame on a different floor.

The demarcation point is the line that marks the boundary between the telco equipment and the private network or telephone system. A demarc extension extends the demarcation point from its original location to another location within the building. A smart Jack is a special loopback plug installed at the demarcation point for a WAN service. Technicians at the central office can send diagnostic commands to the spark plug to test conductivity between the central office and the demarc

you want to use the T568A standard for adding connectors to your cat five cable. Starting with ipin one,which order should use the wires within the connector?

white orange, orange, white green, green, white blue, blue, white Brown, brown

white/blue, blue, white/orange, orange, white/green, green, white/brown, brown

White/orange, orange, white/green, blue, white/blue, green, white/brown, brown

White/green, green, white/orange, blue, white/blue, orange, white/brown, brown

the correct answer is white/green, green, white/orange, blue, white/blue, orange, white/brown, brown

The T 568A standard uses the following order of wires and the connector: white/green, green, white/orange, blue, white/blue, orange, white/brown, brown.

The T 568B standard switches the orange and green wires (along with their corresponding white wires). Use the order blue orange green brown (BLOG), with the white wire first, for connecting wires on a 110 punch down block.

you have a network that occupies the top floor of a three-story building. The WAN service provider has installed the line for the WAN service into the building in a wiring closet on the main floor. What would you use to relocate the WAN line into a wiring closet on your floor?

demarc extension, 66 block, horizontal crossconnect, 110 block, smart Jack

the correct answer is demarc extension.a demarc extension extends the demarcation point from its original location to another location within the building. The demarc extension typically consists of a single wire bundle that attaches to the existing demarc and supplies a termination point to a different location.  You might need a demarc extension if your network occupies an upper floor of the building. The LEC will typically install the demarc into the main distribution frame on the bottom floor and you will need to install an extension to place the demarc in the IDF on your floor.

He's 66 and 110 blocks to connect individual wires within the wiring closet. These blocks can be used to connect devices to the when service wiring, but are not typically used for installing demarc extension.

which of the following terms identifies the wiring closet in the basement or a ground floor that typically includes a demarcation point?

Horizontal crossconnect, smart Jack, MDF, 110 block, IDF

you are preparing to attach wires in a 110 block. You want to connect the wires and trim off the excess at the same time. which of the following should you do? (Select two)

use punch down tool with a straight blade.

Point the cut side of the tool towards the connected end of the wire.

Use a butt set with clips

use a but set with a Jack

Point the cut side of the tool towards the wire end

Use a punch down tool with a notch blade

the correct answer is point the cut side of the tool towards the wire end and use a punch down tool with a notched blade.

Use a punch down tool to connect wires to a 110 or a 66 block. When using a punch down tool, choose the right blade for the job:

Use a notched blade for a 110 block.

use a straight blade for a 66 block

for both blade types, you can use the end without a cutting blade if you want to punch down without cutting the wire. When using the cutting blade, point the cut side of the punch down tool towards the wire end that you want to trim.

you have a network that occupies both floors of the building. The wide area network service provider has installed the line for the wide area network service into the building in a wiring closet on the main floor. You have a second wiring closet on the second floor directly above the wiring closet that holds the demarc. Which of the following terms describes the closet on the second floor?

MDF, vertical crossconnect, horizontal crossconnect, IDF, Demarc extension

tthe correct answer is IDF.

An intermediate distribution frame (IDF) is a smaller wiring distribution point within a building. IDFs are typically located on each floor directly above the MDF, although additional IDFs can be added on each floor as necessary.

the main distribution frame is the main wiring point for a building. The main distribution frame is typically located on the bottom floor or basement. The LEC typically installs the demarc to the MDF. A vertical crossconnect connects the main distribution frame on the main floor to intermediate distribution frames on upper floors. Cabling runs vertically (up and down) between the main distribution frame and the intermediate distribution frames. Horizontal crossconnect connects intermediate distribution frames on the same floor. Cabling runs horizontally  between the intermediate distribution frames. The demarc extension extends the demarcation point from its original location to another location within the building.

you want to use the T568B standard for addingconnectors to your cat five cable. Start with pin One, which order should use for the wires within the connector?

white/blue, blue, white/orange, orange, white/green, green, white/brown, brown

White/orange, orange, white/green, blue, white/blue, green, white/brown, brown

White/orange, orange, white/green, green, white/blue, blue, white/brown, brown

White/green, green, white/orange, blue, white/blue, orange, white/brown, brown

the correct answer is white/orange, orange, white/green, blue, white/blue, green, white/brown, brown

the T568B standard uses the following order of wires and the connector: white/orange, orange, white/green, blue, white/blue, green, white/brown, brown.

the T568A standard switches the green and orange wires (along with their corresponding white wires). Use the order blue orange green brown (BLOG), with the white wire first, for connecting wires on a 110 punch sunblock.

which of the following describes the point where the service providers responsibility ends and the customer's responsibility begins for installing and maintaining wiring and equipment?

IDF, vertical crossconnect, punch down block, smart Jack, demarc

and the correct answer is demarc. when you contract with a local exchange carrier (LEC) for data and telephone services, they install a physical cable and termination Onto your premises. The demarcation point (demarc) is the line that marks the boundary between the telco equipment and the private network or telephone system.

Devices such as hubs, switches, and bridges connect multiple devices to the same network segment. Internetwork devices connect multiple networks or subnets together, and enable communication between hosts on different types of networks.

Devices such as ????, ????, and ???? connect multiple devices to the same network segment. ???? devices connect multiple ???? or ????together, and enable communication between hosts on ???? of networks.

A router is a device that connects two or more network segments or subnets.

• Each subnet has a unique, logical network address.
• Routers can be used to connect subnets within a single LAN, or they can be used as gateways to connect multiple LANs together.
• Routers can be used to connect networks with different architectures (such as connect an Ethernet network to a token ring network).

Routers forward packets to other networks by maintaining information about other networks in a database called a routing table. The routing table typically contains the address of all known networks and the next router in the path used to reach the destination network.

A firewall is a router with additional security features. Firewalls can be programmed with security rules to restrict the flow of traffic between networks.

• A firewall can control the type of traffic allowed in to a network and the type of traffic allowed out of a network.
• Rules set up on the firewall determine the types of permitted and prohibited traffic.
• A firewall can be either hardware devices or software installed onto operating systems.

• Both Data Link physical addresses and Network logical addresses are used to send packets between hosts on different subnets.
• IP (Network layer) addresses are contained in the IP header; MAC (Data Link) addresses are contained in the Ethernet frame header.
• A router uses the logical network address specified at the Network layer to forward messages to the appropriate network segment.
• Data Link addresses in the frame change as the frame is delivered from hop to hop. At any point in the process, the Data Link destination address indicates the physical address of the next hop on the route. The Data Link source address is the physical address of the device sending the frame.
• Network addresses remain constant as the packet is delivered from hop to hop. The Network addresses indicate the logical address of the original sending device and the address of the final destination device.

1. The sending host prepares a packet to be sent. It uses its own IP address for the source Network layer address, and the IP address of the final receiving device as the destination Network layer address.
2. The sending host creates a frame by adding its own MAC address as the source Physical layer address. For the destination Physical layer address, it uses the MAC address of the default gateway router.
3. The sending host transmits the frame.
4. The next hop router reads the destination MAC address in the frame. Because the frame is addressed to that router, it processes the frame.
5. The router strips off the frame header and examines the packet destination address. It uses the routing table to identify the next hop router in the path.
6. The router repackages the packet into a new frame. It uses its own MAC address as the source Physical layer address, and the MAC address of the next hop router for the destination Physical layer address.
7. The router transmits the frame.
8. The next hop router repeats steps 4 through 7 as necessary, until the frame arrives at the last router in the path.
9. The last router in the path receives the frame and checks the destination IP address contained in the packet.
10. Because the destination device is on a directly connected network, the router creates a frame using its own MAC address as the source address, and the MAC address of the destination device as the destination physical address.
11. The router transmits the frame.
12. The destination device receives the frame. Inside the packet it finds the destination address matching its own IP address, with the source IP address being that of the original sending device.

Ethernet uses one or more of the following networking topologies:

• Physical ??????, logical ??????
• Physical ??????, logical ??????
• Physical ??????, logical ??????

• Physical bus, logical bus
• Physical star, logical bus
• Physical star, logical star

Devices used on Ethernet networks include:

• NICs with transceivers
• Hubs
• Switches
• Routers

Ethernet supports the following cable types:

• Unshielded twisted-pair cables (UTP) with RJ-45 connectors. This is the most common transmission medium used for Ethernet.
• Fiber optic, most commonly used in high-speed applications such as servers or streaming media.
• Coaxial for older Ethernet implementations (often called thinnet or thicknet networks).

• Because all devices have equal access (multiple access) to the transmission media, a device with data to send first listens to the transmission medium to determine if it is free (carrier sense).
• If it is not free, the device waits a random time and listens again to the transmission medium. When it is free, the device transmits its message.
• If two devices transmit at the same time, a collision occurs. The sending devices detect the collision (collision detection) and send a jam signal to notify all other hosts that a collision has occurred.
• Both devices wait a random length of time before attempting to resend the original message (called backoff).

Ethernet Devices with collision detection turned on operate in ??????; devices with collision detection turned off operate in ??????.

Devices with collision detection turned on operate in half-duplex mode; devices with collision detection turned off operate in full-duplex mode.

Half duplex mode description and bandwidth

Ethernet devices are identified using the MAC address which is burned into the network interface card.

A frame is a unit of data that is ready to be sent on the network medium. Ethernet frames contain the following components:

• The preamble is a set of alternating ones and zeroes terminated by two ones (i.e., 11) that marks it as a frame.
• The destination address identifies the receiving host's MAC address.
• The source address identifies the sending host's MAC address.
• The data, or the information that needs to be transmitted from one host to the other.
• Optional bits to pad the frame. Ethernet frames are sized between 64 and 1518 bytes. If the frame is smaller than 64 bytes, the sending NIC places "junk" data in the pad to make it the required 64 bytes.
• The CRC (cyclic redundancy check) is the result of a mathematical calculation performed on the frame. The CRC helps verify that the frame contents have arrived uncorrupted.