Term
| 1. 5 examples of electrotherapy. |
|
Definition
| 1) LOW FREQUENCY CURRENT, 2) HIGH VOLT CURRENT, 3) INTERFERENTIAL CURRENT, 4) RUSSIAN STIM, 5) MICROCURRENT |
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Term
| 2. 4 examples of low-frequency current electrotherapy. |
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Definition
| 1) GALVANIC, 2) SINUSOIDAL, 3) FARADIC, 4) TENS |
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Term
| 3. In 1791, _____ defines animal electricity by getting a frog leg to contract with stimulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. In 1823, _____ current is introduced through needle electrodes. |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. In 1840, it was observed that paralyzed muscles respond to _____ current. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 6. These are the 2 types of currents used in therapy. |
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Definition
| 1) DIRECT CURRENT, 2) ALTERNATING CURRENT |
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Term
| 7. Direct current is also known as _____ current which is unipolar. |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. Alternating current is also known as _____ current which is bipolar. |
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Definition
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Term
| 9. The frequency is electrical currents is measured in _____ which is pulses/sec or cycles/sec. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. Less than _____Hz is known as low frequency. |
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Definition
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Term
| 11. Between _____ and _____ HZ is medium frequency. |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. Over _____Hz is known as high frequency. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 13. These are the 3 modes of electrical current treatments. |
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Definition
| 1) CONTINUOUS, 2) SURGE MODE, 3) INTERRUPTED (PULSE) MODE |
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Term
| 14. This mode of electrical treatment consists of a continuous flow of current. |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. This mode of electrical treatment starts off low, goes high, then back down. |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. This mode of electrical treatment consists of on and off cycles. |
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Definition
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Term
| 17. _____ of electricity is what has the potential to burn the patient. |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. _____ is the speed of electricity. |
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Definition
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Term
| 19. _____ is an electromotive force that literally pushes the electrical current through the tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| 20. _____ is the electricity that flows through the patient which is measured by amperage. |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. _____ is the number of times per second that a certain electrical flow or pulse is repeated. |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. 10 physiological effects of electrical current stimulation. |
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Definition
| 1) PAIN CONTROL, 2) STRENGTH TRAINING, 3) ENDURANCE TRAINING, 4) VELOCITY TRAINING, 5) LOOSEN ADHESIONS, 6) INCREASE BLOOD SUPPLY AND LYMPH DRAINAGE, 7) MUSCLE RE-EDUCATION, 8) INCREASE ROM, 9) REDUCE MUSCLE SPASM, 10) FACILITATE TISSUE HEALING |
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Term
| 23. Patients with epilepsy have more seizures at night time, so they should be checked to see if they have seizures while they _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 24. 11 general contraindications of electric therapy. |
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Definition
| 1) PACEMAKER, 2) MALIGNANCY, 3) PREGNANT UTERUS, 4) TRANSCEREBRALLY, 5) DIRECTLY OVER EYES, 6) OVER LARYNX AND OR CAROTID SINUS, 7) SEIZURE DISORDERS, 8) DECREASES SENSITIVITY, 9) SKIN DISORDERS, 10) THROMBOPHLEBITIS, 11) OPEN WOUNDS |
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Term
| 25. _____ electric units have a higher pulse duration than other types of EMS, and therefore create an acid/alkaline reaction under the pads. |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. Galvanic/low volt DC should be used for _____ which is driving ions into the tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| 27. What is the pad placement of galvanic current? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 28. That is the frequency of galvanic current? |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. What is the intensity of galvanic current? |
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Definition
| VERY MILD PERCEPTION BY PATIENT |
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Term
| 30. What is the treatment time of galvanic current? |
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Definition
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Term
| 31. Galvanic current is not used very much today because it is very uncomfortable for the patient, and it is very easy to _____ the patient. |
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Definition
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Term
| 32. A _____ is the positive (+) charged particle of electric current. |
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Definition
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Term
| 33. A _____ is the negative (-) charged particle of electric current. |
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Definition
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Term
| 34. Galvanic current flows from _____ to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. The anode (+) effect of galvanic current serves these 10 functions. |
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Definition
| 1) ATTRACTS ACIDS, 2) REPELS BASES, 3) ATTRACTS OXYGEN, 4) CORRODES METALS, 5) HARDENS SCAR TISSUE, 6) DECREASES NERVE IRRITABILITY, 7) VASOCONSTRICTION, 8) RETARDS BLEEDING, 9) ANALGESIC AFFECTS, 10) GERMICIDAL AFFECTS |
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Term
| 36. The cathode (-) effect of galvanic current serves these 11 functions. |
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Definition
| 1) ATTRACTS BASES, 2) REPELS ACIDS, 3) ATRACTS HYDROGEN, 4) DOES NOT CORRODE METALS, 5) SOFTENS TISSUES, 6) INCREASES NERVE IRRITABILITY, 7) CONGSTS TISSUES, 8) VASODILATION, 9) ENHANCES BLEEDING, 10) HYPEREMIA, 11) INCREASES PAIN AT LOW INTENSITIES |
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Term
| 37. When using iontophoresis the galvanic current used should be the same _____ as the chemical. |
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Definition
| POLARITY (IF + USE ANODE, IF – USE CATHODE) |
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Term
| 38. _____ is an iontophoresis agent used for superficial scars and adhesions. |
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Definition
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Term
| 39. _____ is an iontophoresis agent used for skin infections. |
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Definition
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Term
| 40. _____ is an iontophoresis agent used for arthritis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 41. _____ is an iontophoresis agent used for bursitis/frozen shoulder. |
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Definition
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Term
| 42. _____ is an iontophroesis agent used for spasms and adhesive capsulitis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. _____ is an iontophroesis agent used for inflammation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 44. _____ is an iontophoresis agent used for adhesion, neuropathy, and skin disorders. |
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Definition
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Term
| 45. _____ is an iontophroesis agent used for pain, DJD, and inflammation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 46. _____ is an iontophroesis agnt used for vasodilation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 47. _____ and _____ are iontophoresis agents used for pain and inflammation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 48. _____ is an electric stimulation technique used for decreasing muscle spasm, decreasing edema, and some pain control. It increased vascularity, healing rates of tissues, and slows atrophy. It is a very common technique used for increasing ROM and for muscle re-education. |
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Definition
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Term
| 49. You should only use sinusoidal/low volt AC on muscle spasms that are not _____ mechanisms of the patients injury. |
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Definition
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Term
| 50. What is the pad placement of sinusoidal/low volt AC? |
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Definition
| TRACE MUSCLE FIBERS OR SURROUND PAIN |
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Term
| 51. What is the frequency of sinusoidal/low volt AC? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 52. What is the intensity of sinusoidal/low volt AC? |
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Definition
| TO MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND/OR PATIENT TOLERANCE |
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Term
| 53. What is the treatment time for sinusoidal/low volt AC? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 54. _____ is an EMS that uses medium frequency current to decrease muscle spasm, decrease edema, some pain control, increase healing rate, slows atrophy, and allows for muscle re-education. |
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Definition
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Term
| 55. What is the pad placement for faradic/low volt AC? |
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Definition
| TRACE THE MUSCLE FIBERS OF INJURED AREAS |
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Term
| 56. What is the frequency for faradic/low volt AC? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 57. What is the intensity of faradic/low volt AC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 58. What is the treatment time for faradic/low volt AC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 59. _____ generally refers to the small battery operated portable units worn by patients. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 60. TENS is used for _____ stimulation only. |
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Definition
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Term
| 61. TENS works on both _____ and _____ pain. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 62. What does TENS stand for? |
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Definition
| TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIM |
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Term
| 63. What is TENS used for? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 64. What is the pad placement for TENS? |
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Definition
| ALONG AREA OF PAIN AND RELATED DERMATOME |
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Term
| 65. That is the frequency for TENS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 66. What is the intensity of TENS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 67. What is the treatment time for TENS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 68. What is the goal of high-volt therapy? |
|
Definition
| TO INCREASE THE MOVEMENT OF FLUIDS (ARTERIAL, VENOUS, AND LYMPHATICS) |
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Term
| 69. What is the therapeutic use for high-volt DC? |
|
Definition
| SAME AS LOW-VOLT BUT MUCH MORE COMFORTABLE |
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Term
| 70. What is the frequency for high-volt DC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 71. What is the intensity for high-volt DC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 72. What is the treatment time for high-volt DC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 73. What is the pad placement for high-volt DC? |
|
Definition
| TRACE THE MUSCLE FIBERS AND PLACE THE LARGE DISPERSIVE PAD ON A LARGE MUSCLE MASS |
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Term
| 74. 4 treatment recommendations for diabetics with decreased blood flow. |
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Definition
| 1) HIGH VOLT DC, 2) 1000MG VITAMIN C, 3) 800MG VITAMIN E, 4) NO SUGAR OR WHITE FLOWER |
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Term
| 75. When using high-volt therapy for positive polarity the large dispersing pad should be placed on the _____, while the small pads should be placed at the _____. This will cause the fluids to flow from the large pad to the small pads. |
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Definition
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Term
| 76. You should use _____ polarity high volt DC to drive the fluids form the small pads to the large dispersing pad. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 77. _____ is the most commonly used modality. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 78. What is the therapeutic use for interferential current? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 79. What is the intensity for interferential current? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 80. _____Hz of interferential current should be used for chronic pain and endorphin release. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 81. _____Hz of interferential current should be used for acute pain and encephalin release? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 82. _____Hz of interferential current should be used for subacute pain as well as endorphin and encephalin release. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 83. _____Hz of interferential current should be used for a nerve block which will last from 2-24 hours. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 84. What is the pad placement of interferential current? |
|
Definition
| 4 PADS ARE CRISS-CROSSED AROUND THE AREA OF PAIN |
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|
Term
| 85. _____ is a form of interferential current that uses 2 pads only for small areas. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 86. _____ is an interferential current treatment type that can be used to increase the treatment area covered by the current. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 87. What is the treatment time for interferential current? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 88. When applying interferential current to a small area, set the machine on _____. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 89. When applying interferential current to a large area, set the machine on _____. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 90. _____ is an EMS technique that reduces muscle atrophy, and is the best current to build muscle strength. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 91. Russian stim should only be used on _____. |
|
Definition
| YOUNG HEALTHY ADULTS THAT ARE SEASONED ATHLETES |
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|
Term
| 92. What is the intensity of Russian stim? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 93. What is the frequency for Russian stim? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 94. What is the polarity for Russian stim? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 95. When using Russian stim, the frequency should be set in bursts of _____ seconds on with _____ seconds off for a total of _____ repetitions. |
|
Definition
| 10 ON AND 50 OFF; 7-10REPS |
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|
Term
| 96. What is the pad placement for Russian stim? |
|
Definition
| TRACE THE MUSCLE FIBERS OF THE INVOLVED MUSCLE OR GROUP |
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|
Term
| 97. What is the treatment time for Russian stim? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 98. _____ is the most natural current to the human body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 99. What is the therapeutic use for microcurrent? |
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Definition
| USED TO PROMOTE HEALING RATES AND PAIN CONTROL |
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|
Term
| 100. What is the intensity for microcurrent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 101. What is the frequency for microcurrent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 102. _____ is the optimum frequency for microcurent, because it is the same frequency the body used to send a signal from the brain to the tissue cell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 103. What is the pad placement for microcurrent? |
|
Definition
| AROUND THE INJURED AREA OR PAINFUL REGION |
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Term
| 104. What is the treatment time for microcurrent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 105. Microcurrent should be used on patients who are _____ to heal. |
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Definition
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Term
| 106. Sinusoidal/low volt AC and faradic current are great for muscle rehab and spasm, especially in these 7 areas. |
|
Definition
| 1) C-SPINE, 2) T-SPINE, 3) L-SPINE, 4) PIRIFORMIS, 5) QUADS, 6) HAMSTRINGS, 7) BICEP |
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Term
| 107. TENS is great for pain control especially in these 6 areas. |
|
Definition
| 1) C-SPINE, 2) T-SPINE, 3) L-SPINE, 4) SHOULDER, 5) ELBOW, 6) KNEE |
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Term
| 108. High volt DC uses lower pulse rates of _____ for fluid transport. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 109. High volt DC uses medium pulse rates between _____ for muscle spasm. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 110. High volt DC uses pulse rates between _____ for pain control. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 111. These are the 2 deep heating techniques that can be used. |
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Definition
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Term
| 112. _____is a deep heating technique that should be used on soft tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| 113. _____ is a deep heating technique that should be used on bone, ligament, and tendons. |
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Definition
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Term
| 114. In the 1920’s physicist Esau discovered that flies exhibited a peculiar behavior when they were brought into a high-frequency electrical field. This led to his development of a powerful generator to produce such a field which he called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 115. What is the frequency range for short wave diathermy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 116. What is the wavelength range for short wave diathermy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 117. What is the frequency range for microwave diathermy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 118. What is the wavelength range for microwave diathermy? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| 119. _____ diathermy is dangerous because of burns. It heats from the inside out. |
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Definition
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Term
| 120. _____ consists of a high frequency current which exerts a healing effect on tissue b the method of conversion heating using electromagnetic oscillation. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 121. When using diathermy you should treat every day for _____ weeks, with adjustments and nutrition. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| 122. 3 different types of short wave diathermy. |
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Definition
| 1) INDUCTION, 2) CONDENSOR, 3) PULSED |
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Term
| 123. This type of short wave diathermy used 2 coils, and the heat pulses between the coils. |
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Definition
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Term
| 124. This type of short wave diathermy uses 2 capacitor plates and heat passes between the 2 plates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 125. This type of short wave diathermy is the deepest penetrator. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 126. 9 physiological effects of diathermy. |
|
Definition
| 1) VASODILATION AND INCREASED LYMPHATIC FLOW, 2) DECREASED MUSCLE SPASM, 3) DECREASED CHRONIC PAIN, 4) INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS AND LEUKOCYTOSIS, 5) INCREASED TISSUE EXTENSIBILITY, 6) INCREASED METABOLISM, 7) DETOXIFICATION, 8) ENDOCRINE STIMULATION, 9) INCREASED VISCERAL CIRCULATION |
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|
Term
| 127. Diathermy causes an increase in detoxification because it can almost double _____ to the liver. |
|
Definition
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Term
| 128. 14 contraindications for diathermy. |
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Definition
| 1) METAL IMPLANTS, 2) PREGNANCY, 3) CANCER, 4) PACEMAKER, 5) PHIEBITIS, 6) RECENT FRACTURES, 7) TB, 8) HEARING AIDS, 9) ON A METAL TABLE, 10) CONTACT LENSES, 11) OVER WET SKIN, 12) INFLAMATORY ARTHRITIS, 13) BLEEDING, 14) OPEN WOUNDS |
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Term
| 129. People with any sort of contraindications should not stand within _____ feet of the diathermy. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 130. Diathermy works great for _____ types of disorders. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 131. Diathermy is great for infections because it does these 3 things to the affected area. |
|
Definition
| 1) INCREASES BLOOD FLOW, 2) INCREASES LYMPHATICS, 3) INCREASES WBC PRODUCTION |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 21 indications for diathermy. 1) BRONCHITIS/PNEUMONIA, 2) BURSITIS, 3) DIVERTICULITIS, 4) DYSMENORRHEA, 5) EPICONDYLITIS, 6) INTERCOSTAL NEURALGIA, 7) IVD SYNDROME, 8) LUMBAGO, 9) TENOSYNOVITIS, 10) SINUSITIS, 11) OVARIAN CYST, 12) MASTITIS, 13) MYALGIA, 14) MYOSITIS, 15) NEURITIS, 16) OA, 17) OTITIS MEDIA, 18) PID, 19) PLEURISY, 20) PROSTATITIS, 21) SUBLUXATION |
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Term
| 133. _____ short waved diathermy causes a decreased heat because it is not constant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 134. What is the frequency of short waved diathermy? |
|
Definition
| EITHER CONSTANT OR PULSED |
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Term
| 135. Dose _____ of short wave diathermy causes no warmth. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 136. Dose _____ of short wave diathermy is barely warm. |
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Definition
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Term
| 137. Dose _____ of short wave diathermy is comfortably warm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 138. Dose _____ of short wave diathermy is intensely warm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 139. What is the treatment time for short wave diathermy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 140. 3 application techniques that should be followed when using short wave diathermy. |
|
Definition
| 1) TARGET TISSUE WITH CONDUCTION HEADS, 2) CLOSER SPACING CAUSES INCREASED THERMAL EFFECTS, 3) TOWEL ON SKIN TO ABSORB PERSPIATION |
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Term
| 141. What is the best therapy used for hip DJD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 142. The biological effects of ultrasound were first noted by Langevin when he watched fish as they died after swimming into a beam of ultrasonic waves in _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 143. The council on physical medicine and rehab of the AMA officially recommended it as an adjunctive therapy in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 144. Ultrasound equipment consists of essentially a high-frequency _____ and an _____. |
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Definition
| GENERATOR; APPLICATOR (SOUND HEAD) |
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Term
| 145. Ultrasonic vibrations are produced when a crystal located in the sound head are subjected to high voltages of electrical energy, this the process of one transforming electrical energy into mechanical energy due to surface pressure is dues a _____ effect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 146. 2 therapies that can be used to stimulate disc healing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 147. 12 indications for the use of ultrasound. |
|
Definition
| 1) TENDONITIS, 2) BURSITIS, 3) DJD, 4) DISC DEGENERATION, 5) SCAR TISSUE, 6) TRIGGER POINTS, 7) STIMULATE HEALING, 8) ANALGESIA, 9) MUSCLE SPASM, 10) MICROMASSAGE, 11) INCREASED LOCAL METABOLISM, 12) INCREASE COLLAGEN TISSUE EXTENSIBILITY |
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|
Term
| 148. 14 contraindications to ultrasound use. |
|
Definition
| 1) PACEMAKER, 2) CANCER, 3) PREGNANCY, 4) VARICOSITIES, 5) THROMBOPHLEBITIS, 6) SKIN RASH, 7) ACUTE INFLAMMATION, 8) OVER EYES, 9) OVER GONADS, 10) FACET JOINTS AFTER SURGERY, 11) PROSTHETIC DEVICES, 12) OVER BRAIN, 13) OPER EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATES, 14) OVER HEART |
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|
Term
| 149. If you _____ the ultrasound, it will not heat up. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 150. 4 purposes of using thermal ultrasound. |
|
Definition
| 1) INCREASE BLOOD FLOW, 2) DECREASE SPASM, 3) DECREASE PAIN, 4) INCREASE COLLAGEN EXTENSIBILITY |
|
|
Term
| 151. You should use _____ ultrasound for subacute and chronic inflammation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 152. 2 tissue chans resulting from the mechanical effect of non-thermal ultrasound. |
|
Definition
| 1) INCREASE CELL PERMABILITY, 2) COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS AND REALIGNMENT |
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|
Term
| 153. This is the most popular ultrasound crystal that uses low voltage (about 100 volts). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 154. _____is a very stable ultrasound crystal that uses high voltage (about 2000 volts). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 155. _____ is an ultrasound crystal that uses medium impedance requiring about 500 volts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 156. _____ refers to the time that the ultrasound is on and pulsed off in a 1 minute time period. For example 20% means that the ultrasound is on for 0.2sec and off of 0.8sec. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 157. In increase in duty cycle % causes an increase in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 158. _____ is areas of high energy collection in ultrasound. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 159. _____ are areas of lower energy gaps between the waves of molecules in an ultrasound. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 160. _____ states that as ultrasound waves enter the body, they cause unwanted reactions to the surrounding tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 161. The more _____ in the tissue, the more ultrasound will flow through. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 162. The more _____ the tissue is, the more ultrasound is absorbed. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 163. Soft tissue is analogous to _____ when ultrasound travels in a longitudinal manner. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 164. Bone may be _____ or _____, and can cause a shear force near tissue interfaces. |
|
Definition
| LONGITUDICNAL OR TRANSVERSE |
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|
Term
| 165. Ultrasound travels best in _____ material, while interfaces causes more scattering of waves. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 166. Since _____ is homogenous, it will transmit the waves and allow deeper penetration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 167. _____ is the area where the ultrasound is on. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 168. Ultrasound is measured in these units. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 169. Since the ultrasound beam is not uniform, some regions will be more intense. The _____ refers to the greatest intensity anywhere within the beam. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 170. _____ is a measurement of the average intensity. It is a measurement of the total power output (watts) divided by the area (cm2). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 171. The area of the sound head that produces ultrasonic waves is measured in _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 172. _____ is always smaller than the transducer surface area, so manufactures will typically list it and not the surface area when referring to the size of the transducer head. |
|
Definition
| EFFECT RADIATING AREA (ERA) |
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|
Term
| 173. The closer the _____ and the _____ the better. It will allow a more consistent contact and therapeutic dose. |
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Definition
| ERA AND THE TRANSDUCER SURFACE AREA |
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Term
| 174. _____ describes the consistency of the ultrasound output ratio. It is the determining factor in purchasing a unit because it tells the quality of the crystal. |
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Definition
| BEAM NON-UNIFORMITY RATIO (BNR) |
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Term
| 175. The _____ the BNR, the more uniform the beam. |
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Definition
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Term
| 176. The BNR is expressed in a ratio from _____ down to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 177. A _____ BNR ratio is acceptable, but a _____ or _____ BNR ratio is best. |
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Definition
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Term
| 178. A _____ BNR ratio is considered unsafe. |
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Definition
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Term
| 179. Depth of ultrasound penetration depends on the _____ and _____ of the ultrasound beam as it travels through the tissue. |
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Definition
| ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING |
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Term
| 180. The frequency of _____ determines the depth of penetration. |
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Definition
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Term
| 181. The lower the ultrasound frequency, the _____ the penetration. |
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Definition
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Term
| 182. _____ is the uptake of heat converted from acoustic energy by propagation of ultrasound through the tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| 183. Absorption of ultrasound is direction proportional to the _____ content of the tissue sonated. |
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Definition
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Term
| 184. Bone, cartilage, tendon and skin are _____% protein content. |
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Definition
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Term
| 185. Blood vessels are _____% protein content. |
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Definition
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Term
| 186. Muscle, fat and blood are _____% protein content. |
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Definition
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Term
| 187. Tissues which are selectively heated by ultrasound are the _____ for ultrasound use. |
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Definition
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Term
| 188. 7 examples of target tissues for ultrasound use. |
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Definition
| 1) SUPERFICIAL BONE, 2) JOINT CAPSULES, 3) TENDONS, 4) SCAR TISSUE, 5) PERIPHERAL NERVES, 6) MYOFASCIAL INTERFACE, 7) CELL MEMBRANES |
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Term
| 189. The more homogenous the tissue, the less ultrasound energy is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 190. High frequency (3MHz) is _____ more readily than the lower frequencies (1MHz). |
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Definition
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Term
| 191. _____ is the diffuse reflection or refraction of the ultrasound from irregular surfaces or in homogeneities within the tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| 192. _____ is the reversal of the direction of propagation of the ultrasound wave. |
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Definition
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Term
| 193. _____ is the reflection of energy from a straight path when passing obliquely from one medium to another. |
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Definition
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Term
| 194. _____ occurs when there is a mismatch of acoustic impedance between two tissue levels. The greater the acoustical impedance difference, the greater the heat generated. |
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Definition
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Term
| 195. Acoustic impendence of muscle, fat and water is low with about _____% of the energy reflected. |
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Definition
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Term
| 196. Impendence of bone is high with about _____% of the energy reflected from the bone into the adjacent tissues. Results are significantly higher intensity in the tissues close to the bone, and poor blood supply in these tissues offers little head dissipation by circulation which can lead to pain. |
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Definition
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Term
| 197. Non thermal ultrasound causes _____ increase in temp. |
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Definition
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Term
| 198. 3 therapeutic uses of non-thermal ultrasound. |
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Definition
| 1) ACUTE INJURIES, 2) EDEMA, 3) HEALING |
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Term
| 199. Mild thermal ultrasound causes _____ increase in temp. |
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Definition
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Term
| 200. Mild thermal ultrasound serves these 2 therapeutic uses. |
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Definition
| 1) SUB-ACUTE INJURY, 2) HEMATOMAS |
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Term
| 201. Moderate thermal ultrasound causes _____ increase in temp. |
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Definition
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Term
| 202. Moderate thermal ultrasound is great for _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 203. Vigorous ultrasound causes _____ increase in temp. |
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Definition
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Term
| 204. Vigorous ultrasound is used to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 205. For _____ ultrasound, a duty factor of 100% is needed to elevate tissue temperature to physiologically significant temperature (104-112deg F). This results in a reduction of pain and muscle spasm, as well as an increase in tissue extensibility and increase blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| 206. For _____ ultrasound, the sound wave will decrease the depth of ultrasound delivery. Current machines have % pulsed, this you can modify the depth of delivery. |
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Definition
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Term
| 207. This type of diathermy is used when the clinician needs to provide deep heat to a larger area than normally covered by ultrasound. |
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Definition
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Term
| 208. _____ is a continuous shortwave diathermy unit designed to be economical and light weight. It provides soothing deep heat to larger treatment areas. |
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Definition
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Term
| 209. _____ is a diathermy machine that increases blood flow, improves oxygenation, increases metabolic rate, decreases inflammation, and relieves pain and edema. It is useful in the management of arthritis, bursitis, low back pain, and muscle spasm. |
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Definition
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Term
| 210. Diathermy uses energy similar to _____ waves with shorter wavelengths. |
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Definition
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Term
| 211. Diathermy energy is alternating current lacking properties to _____ motor sensory nerves. |
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Definition
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Term
| 212. Tissues with a high water content (fat, blood and muscle) are selectively heated at a depth of _____cm by diathermy. |
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Definition
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Term
| 213. Local tissue temp may reach _____ deg F when using diathermy, but fat layer dissipates head secondarily heating muscles. |
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Definition
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Term
| 214. Deep heating effects of diathermy last _____ than that of ultrasound due to a larger area heater. |
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Definition
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Term
| 215. Pulsed diathermy is mainly used for _____ and _____ conditions. |
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Definition
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Term
| 216. Continuous diathermy is mainly used for _____ injuries. |
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Definition
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Term
| 217. 6 diathermic effects on injury response. |
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Definition
| 1) SKIN TEMP RAISES 4.3DEG F, 2) INTRA-ARTICULAR TEMP RAISES 2.5DEG F, 3) FIBROBLASTIC ACTIVITY, COLLAGEN DEPOSITION AND NEW CAPILLARY GROWTH IS STIMULATED, 4) MUSCLE SPASM IS REDUCED, 5) LOCAL INCREASE IN CELLULAR METABOLIC RATE |
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Term
| 218. The treatment time for diathermy should be between _____min for _____ weeks. |
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Definition
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Term
| 219. 6 diathermy precautions. |
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Definition
| 1) NEVER ALLOW CABLES TO TOUCH, 2) DO NOT ALLOW FOR PERSPIRATION, 3) NEVER ALLOW DIRECT CONTACT WITH SKIN, 4) EXCESSIVE FAT IN AREA MAY OVERHEAT AREA, 5) DIFFICULT TO TARGET LOCALIZED TISSUES, 6) OVERHEATING TISSUES MAY CAUSE DAMAGE |
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Term
| 220. When using ultrasound you must use a _____. This is because ultrasound energy will not pass through the air or skin without the presence of a medium. |
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Definition
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Term
| 221. The ideal coupling medium for ultrasound should have these 8 qualities. |
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Definition
| 1) HIGH TRANSMISSION AND LOW ABSORPTION OF US ENERGY, 2) EXCLUDE AIR, MINIMAL AIR ENTRAPMENT, 3) GOOD IMPEDANCE, 4) LOW DRAG COEFFICIENT, 5) GOOD VISCOSITIY, 6) LOW SALT CONTENT, 7) ECONOMICAL COST, 8) EASY TO USE |
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Term
| 222. You should use a _____ based gel to conduct ultrasound sound waves. |
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Definition
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Term
| 223. _____ is putting chemicals on the skin, and allowing ultrasound waves to drive chemicals through the skin. |
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Definition
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Term
| 224. _____ is an ultrasound technique when body part is submersed in a bath full of water. The transducer should be applied in a moving technique as close as possible, but still remaining perpendicular to the treatment area. |
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Definition
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Term
| 225. _____, _____and _____ are great phonophoresis agents used for disc repair. |
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Definition
| MAGNESIUM, MANGANESE, AND GLUCOSAMINE |
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Term
| 226. Ultrasound is great for these 2 conditions. |
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Definition
| 1) ARTHRITIS, 2) REPAIR OF LIGAMENTS AND DISC |
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Term
| 227. When you see traction spurs on an x-ray you must think the patient has a chronic _____ problem. |
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Definition
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Term
| When applying ultrasound with metered output of 4W and an indicated beam nonuniformity ratio of 4 the highest intensity in the beam is |
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Definition
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Term
| What is not an indication for the use for ultrasound? |
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Definition
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Term
| The spreading of an ultrasound beam is a result of the ___ of the waves |
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Definition
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Term
| A metered reading of 2W per square centimeter passing through a sound head having an effective radiating area of 10 cm3 produces an output of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Reflection of ultrasonic energy occurs least between |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are nonthermal (mechanical) effects of ultrasound except |
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Definition
| increased extensibility of collagen rich structures |
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Term
| When treating the patellar tendon with ultrasound what output frequency should be used |
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Definition
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Term
| When cells are exposed to high pressure ridges their sizes |
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Definition
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Term
| Ultrasound that is pulsed so that it flows for 0.5 seconds and does not flow for 1 second is operating at a percent duty cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| Determining the treatment duration is most closely dependent on what other output characteristic |
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Definition
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Term
| To promote extensibility the tissues must be stretched within how many minutes after the conclusion of the treatment |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: Standard therapeutic ultrasound generators can be employed to assist the healing of fractures |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following substances transmits the highest percentage of ultrasonic energy relative to water |
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Definition
| ultrasound transmission gel |
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Term
| During shortwave diathermy application, high frequency electromagnetic energy is changed to heat by the process of |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following types of shortwave diathermy application places the athletes tissues within the generators physical circuit |
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Definition
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Term
| When using a shortwave diathermy induction drum, the drum should be positioned __ in from the patients skin |
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Definition
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Term
| The energy from a shortwave diathermy unit may scatter as much as ___ feet from the source |
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Definition
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Term
| Which form of shortwave diathermy should not be used over large areas of adipose tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| What five factors determine a medications ability to diffuse through the tissue |
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Definition
| hydration, age, composition, vascularity, thickness |
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Term
| Electrons travel from the __ which has a ___ of electrons to the ___ which has a ___ of electrons |
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Definition
| cathode-high concentration to the Anode- low concentration |
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Term
| Monopolar stimulation involves the use of active and dispersive electrodes. the parameter that determines which electrode will be active is |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the percent duty cycle for and electrical currrent that flows for 30 seconds and has no flow for 10 seconds |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following are excitable tissues except |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following would be the modality of choice to cause physiochemical changes within the tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Under normal circumstances which of the following nerves would be the first to be stimulated by an electrical current |
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Definition
| a superficial large diameter nerve |
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Term
| Most tissues provide capacitive resistance to electrical current flow. Which of the following currents would beet the least amount of capacitive resistance |
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Definition
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Term
| AN electrical stimulation protocol that uses a high pulse frequency, short pulse duration, and applied at the sensory level is thought to activate which pain control mechanism |
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Definition
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Term
| The electrodes from lead A have an area of 20 square inches and the electrodes originating from lead B have an area of 4 square inches. this type of stimulation would be classified as |
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Definition
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Term
| You are setting up electrical stimulation unit to control pain through the gait control theory of pain modulation. the correct parameters are |
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Definition
| high pulse rate, short pulse duration, long treatment duration, sensory level stimulation |
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Term
| Iontophoresis is a technique that introduces medication into the tissues through the use of electric current. For this method to work the medication must |
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Definition
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Term
| Interferential stimulation is being applied with a carrier current of 4000hz and an interference current of 4130 Hz. the effective frequency of the current within the tissues would be |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following conditions is a contraindication to use the electrical stimulation |
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Definition
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Term
| A high volt pulsed stimulator uses what type of current |
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Definition
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Term
| when attempting to reeducate the quadriceps muscle immediately postsurgery, a __ percent duty cycle should be used |
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Definition
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Term
| In general, a tonic contraction occurs when the number of pulses per second exceeds |
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Definition
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Term
| The uninterrupted bidirectional flow of electrons best descries which of the follow types of current |
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Definition
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Term
| In an electrical current, the electrical flow consists of the movement of electrons, in the body's tissues, therapeutic current flow consists of the flow of |
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Definition
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Term
| A POLARITY switch would be found on which of the following modalities |
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Definition
| high volt pulsed stimulator |
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Term
| Tramuatized areas and stimualtion points display an __ resistance to current flow |
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Definition
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