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Test2
electric therapies
266
Anatomy
Professional
10/31/2012

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Cards

Term
1.     5 examples of electrotherapy.
Definition
1) LOW FREQUENCY CURRENT, 2) HIGH VOLT CURRENT, 3) INTERFERENTIAL CURRENT, 4) RUSSIAN STIM, 5) MICROCURRENT
Term
2.     4 examples of low-frequency current electrotherapy.
Definition
1) GALVANIC, 2) SINUSOIDAL, 3) FARADIC, 4) TENS
Term
3.     In 1791, _____ defines animal electricity by getting a frog leg to contract with stimulation.
Definition
GALVANIC
Term
4.     In 1823, _____ current is introduced through needle electrodes.
Definition
GALVANIC
Term
5.     In 1840, it was observed that paralyzed muscles respond to _____ current.
Definition
GALVANIC
Term
6.     These are the 2 types of currents used in therapy.
Definition
1) DIRECT CURRENT, 2) ALTERNATING CURRENT
Term
7.     Direct current is also known as _____ current which is unipolar.
Definition
GALVANIC
Term
8.     Alternating current is also known as _____ current which is bipolar.
Definition
FARADIC
Term
9.     The frequency is electrical currents is measured in _____ which is pulses/sec or cycles/sec.
Definition
HERTZ
Term
10.  Less than _____Hz is known as low frequency.
Definition
1000HZ
Term
11.  Between _____ and _____ HZ is medium frequency.
Definition
1000-100,000HZ
Term
12.  Over _____Hz is known as high frequency.
Definition
100,000Hz
Term
13.  These are the 3 modes of electrical current treatments.
Definition
1) CONTINUOUS, 2) SURGE MODE, 3) INTERRUPTED (PULSE) MODE
Term
14.  This mode of electrical treatment consists of a continuous flow of current.
Definition
CONTINUOUS MODE
Term
15.  This mode of electrical treatment starts off low, goes high, then back down.
Definition
SURGE MODE
Term
16.  This mode of electrical treatment consists of on and off cycles.
Definition
INTERRUPTED (PULSE) MODE
Term
17.  _____ of electricity is what has the potential to burn the patient.
Definition
AMPS
Term
18.  _____ is the speed of electricity.
Definition
VOLTS
Term
19.  _____ is an electromotive force that literally pushes the electrical current through the tissue.
Definition
VOLTAGE
Term
20.  _____ is the electricity that flows through the patient which is measured by amperage.
Definition
CURRENT
Term
21.  _____ is the number of times per second that a certain electrical flow or pulse is repeated.
Definition
PULSE RATE
Term
22.  10 physiological effects of electrical current stimulation.
Definition
1) PAIN CONTROL, 2) STRENGTH TRAINING, 3) ENDURANCE TRAINING, 4) VELOCITY TRAINING, 5) LOOSEN ADHESIONS, 6) INCREASE BLOOD SUPPLY AND LYMPH DRAINAGE, 7) MUSCLE RE-EDUCATION, 8) INCREASE ROM, 9) REDUCE MUSCLE SPASM, 10) FACILITATE TISSUE HEALING
Term
23.  Patients with epilepsy have more seizures at night time, so they should be checked to see if they have seizures while they _____.
Definition
SLEEP
Term
24.  11 general contraindications of electric therapy.
Definition
1) PACEMAKER, 2) MALIGNANCY, 3) PREGNANT UTERUS, 4) TRANSCEREBRALLY, 5) DIRECTLY OVER EYES, 6) OVER LARYNX AND OR CAROTID SINUS, 7) SEIZURE DISORDERS, 8) DECREASES SENSITIVITY, 9) SKIN DISORDERS, 10) THROMBOPHLEBITIS, 11) OPEN WOUNDS
Term
25.  _____ electric units have a higher pulse duration than other types of EMS, and therefore create an acid/alkaline reaction under the pads.
Definition
GALVANIC/LOW VOLT DC
Term
26.  Galvanic/low volt DC should be used for _____ which is driving ions into the tissue.
Definition
IONTOPHORESIS
Term
27.  What is the pad placement of galvanic current?
Definition
AROUND THE AREA OF PAIN
Term
28.  That is the frequency of galvanic current?
Definition
CONSTANT
Term
29.  What is the intensity of galvanic current?
Definition
VERY MILD PERCEPTION BY PATIENT
Term
30.  What is the treatment time of galvanic current?
Definition
10-15 MINUTES
Term
31.  Galvanic current is not used very much today because it is very uncomfortable for the patient, and it is very easy to _____ the patient.
Definition
BURN
Term
32.  A _____ is the positive (+) charged particle of electric current.
Definition
ANODE
Term
33.  A _____ is the negative (-) charged particle of electric current.
Definition
CATHODE
Term
34.  Galvanic current flows from _____ to _____.
Definition
ANODE TO CATHODE
Term
35.  The anode (+) effect of galvanic current serves these 10 functions.
Definition
1) ATTRACTS ACIDS, 2) REPELS BASES, 3) ATTRACTS OXYGEN, 4) CORRODES METALS, 5) HARDENS SCAR TISSUE, 6) DECREASES NERVE IRRITABILITY, 7) VASOCONSTRICTION, 8) RETARDS BLEEDING, 9) ANALGESIC AFFECTS, 10) GERMICIDAL AFFECTS
Term
36.  The cathode (-) effect of galvanic current serves these 11 functions.
Definition
1) ATTRACTS BASES, 2) REPELS ACIDS, 3) ATRACTS HYDROGEN, 4) DOES NOT CORRODE METALS, 5) SOFTENS TISSUES, 6) INCREASES NERVE IRRITABILITY, 7) CONGSTS TISSUES, 8) VASODILATION, 9) ENHANCES BLEEDING, 10) HYPEREMIA, 11) INCREASES PAIN AT LOW INTENSITIES
Term
37.  When using iontophoresis the galvanic current used should be the same _____ as the chemical.
Definition
POLARITY (IF + USE ANODE, IF – USE CATHODE)
Term
38.  _____ is an iontophoresis agent used for superficial scars and adhesions.
Definition
CHLORINE
Term
39.  _____ is an iontophoresis agent used for skin infections.
Definition
HEAVY METALS (ZN OR CU)
Term
40.  _____ is an iontophoresis agent used for arthritis.
Definition
VASODILATORS (HISTAMINE)
Term
41.  _____ is an iontophoresis agent used for bursitis/frozen shoulder.
Definition
ACETATE
Term
42.  _____ is an iontophroesis agent used for spasms and adhesive capsulitis.
Definition
CALCIUM
Term
43.  _____ is an iontophroesis agent used for inflammation.
Definition
HYDROCORTISONE
Term
44.  _____ is an iontophoresis agent used for adhesion, neuropathy, and skin disorders.
Definition
IODINE
Term
45.  _____ is an iontophroesis agent used for pain, DJD, and inflammation.
Definition
MAGNESIUM
Term
46.  _____ is an iontophroesis agnt used for vasodilation.
Definition
NIACIN
Term
47.  _____ and _____ are iontophoresis agents used for pain and inflammation.
Definition
SALICYLATE AND XYLOCAINE
Term
48.  _____ is an electric stimulation technique used for decreasing muscle spasm, decreasing edema, and some pain control. It increased vascularity, healing rates of tissues, and slows atrophy. It is a very common technique used for increasing ROM and for muscle re-education.
Definition
SINUSOIDAL/LOW VOLT AC
Term
49.  You should only use sinusoidal/low volt AC on muscle spasms that are not _____ mechanisms of the patients injury.
Definition
PROTECTIVE MECHANISMS
Term
50.  What is the pad placement of sinusoidal/low volt AC?
Definition
TRACE MUSCLE FIBERS OR SURROUND PAIN
Term
51.  What is the frequency of sinusoidal/low volt AC?
Definition
UP TO 120HZ
Term
52.  What is the intensity of sinusoidal/low volt AC?
Definition
TO MUSCLE CONTRACTION AND/OR PATIENT TOLERANCE
Term
53.  What is the treatment time for sinusoidal/low volt AC?
Definition
10-15MIN
Term
54.  _____ is an EMS that uses medium frequency current to decrease muscle spasm, decrease edema, some pain control, increase healing rate, slows atrophy, and allows for muscle re-education.
Definition
FARADIC/LOW VOLT AC
Term
55.  What is the pad placement for faradic/low volt AC?
Definition
TRACE THE MUSCLE FIBERS OF INJURED AREAS
Term
56.  What is the frequency for faradic/low volt AC?
Definition
UP TO 200HZ
Term
57.  What is the intensity of faradic/low volt AC?
Definition
TO PATIENT PERCEPTION
Term
58.  What is the treatment time for faradic/low volt AC?
Definition
10-15MIN
Term
59.  _____ generally refers to the small battery operated portable units worn by patients.
Definition
TENS
Term
60.  TENS is used for _____ stimulation only.
Definition
SENSORY
Term
61.  TENS works on both _____ and _____ pain.
Definition
ACUTE AND CHRONIC
Term
62.  What does TENS stand for?
Definition
TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIM
Term
63.  What is TENS used for?
Definition
PAIN CONTROL ONLY
Term
64.  What is the pad placement for TENS?
Definition
ALONG AREA OF PAIN AND RELATED DERMATOME
Term
65.  That is the frequency for TENS?
Definition
UP TO 100+ HZ
Term
66.  What is the intensity of TENS?
Definition
TO PATIENT PERCEPTION
Term
67.  What is the treatment time for TENS?
Definition
CONSTANT/ON GOING
Term
68.  What is the goal of high-volt therapy?
Definition
TO INCREASE THE MOVEMENT OF FLUIDS (ARTERIAL, VENOUS, AND LYMPHATICS)
Term
69.  What is the therapeutic use for high-volt DC?
Definition
SAME AS LOW-VOLT BUT MUCH MORE COMFORTABLE
Term
70.  What is the frequency for high-volt DC?
Definition
UP TO 120HZ
Term
71.  What is the intensity for high-volt DC?
Definition
TO PATIENT PERCEPTION
Term
72.  What is the treatment time for high-volt DC?
Definition
10-15MIN
Term
73.  What is the pad placement for high-volt DC?
Definition
TRACE THE MUSCLE FIBERS AND PLACE THE LARGE DISPERSIVE PAD ON A LARGE MUSCLE MASS
Term
74.  4 treatment recommendations for diabetics with decreased blood flow.
Definition
1) HIGH VOLT DC, 2) 1000MG VITAMIN C, 3) 800MG VITAMIN E, 4) NO SUGAR OR WHITE FLOWER
Term
75.  When using high-volt therapy for positive polarity the large dispersing pad should be placed on the _____, while the small pads should be placed at the _____. This will cause the fluids to flow from the large pad to the small pads.
Definition
TORSO, SITE OF INJURY
Term
76.  You should use _____ polarity high volt DC to drive the fluids form the small pads to the large dispersing pad.
Definition
NEGATIVE
Term
77.  _____ is the most commonly used modality.
Definition
INTERFERENTIAL CURRENT
Term
78.  What is the therapeutic use for interferential current?
Definition
PAIN AND EDEMA
Term
79.  What is the intensity for interferential current?
Definition
TO PATIENT PERCEPTION
Term
80.  _____Hz of interferential current should be used for chronic pain and endorphin release.
Definition
3-5HZ
Term
81.  _____Hz of interferential current should be used for acute pain and encephalin release?
Definition
80-150HZ
Term
82.  _____Hz of interferential current should be used for subacute pain as well as endorphin and encephalin release.
Definition
1-150HZ
Term
83.  _____Hz of interferential current should be used for a nerve block which will last from 2-24 hours.
Definition
4000HZ
Term
84.  What is the pad placement of interferential current?
Definition
4 PADS ARE CRISS-CROSSED AROUND THE AREA OF PAIN
Term
85.  _____ is a form of interferential current that uses 2 pads only for small areas.
Definition
PRE-MOD
Term
86.  _____ is an interferential current treatment type that can be used to increase the treatment area covered by the current.
Definition
SCAN/VECTOR
Term
87.  What is the treatment time for interferential current?
Definition
10-15MIN
Term
88.  When applying interferential current to a small area, set the machine on _____.
Definition
TARGET
Term
89.  When applying interferential current to a large area, set the machine on _____.
Definition
SCAN
Term
90.  _____ is an EMS technique that reduces muscle atrophy, and is the best current to build muscle strength.
Definition
RUSSIAN STIM
Term
91.  Russian stim should only be used on _____.
Definition
YOUNG HEALTHY ADULTS THAT ARE SEASONED ATHLETES
Term
92.  What is the intensity of Russian stim?
Definition
TO MUSCLE CONTRACTION
Term
93.  What is the frequency for Russian stim?
Definition
2000-10,000HZ
Term
94.  What is the polarity for Russian stim?
Definition
30-70 CYCLES/SEC
Term
95.  When using Russian stim, the frequency should be set in bursts of _____ seconds on with _____ seconds off for a total of _____ repetitions.
Definition
10 ON AND 50 OFF; 7-10REPS
Term
96.  What is the pad placement for Russian stim?
Definition
TRACE THE MUSCLE FIBERS OF THE INVOLVED MUSCLE OR GROUP
Term
97.  What is the treatment time for Russian stim?
Definition
10-15MIN
Term
98.  _____ is the most natural current to the human body.
Definition
MICROCURRENT
Term
99.  What is the therapeutic use for microcurrent?
Definition
USED TO PROMOTE HEALING RATES AND PAIN CONTROL
Term
100.                 What is the intensity for microcurrent?
Definition
TO PATIENT PERCEPTION
Term
101.                 What is the frequency for microcurrent?
Definition
LESS THAN 1HZ
Term
102.                 _____ is the optimum frequency for microcurent, because it is the same frequency the body used to send a signal from the brain to the tissue cell.
Definition
0.3HZ
Term
103.                 What is the pad placement for microcurrent?
Definition
AROUND THE INJURED AREA OR PAINFUL REGION
Term
104.                 What is the treatment time for microcurrent?
Definition
3-15MIN
Term
105.                 Microcurrent should be used on patients who are _____ to heal.
Definition
SLOW
Term
106.                 Sinusoidal/low volt AC and faradic current are great for muscle rehab and spasm, especially in these 7 areas.
Definition
1) C-SPINE, 2) T-SPINE, 3) L-SPINE, 4) PIRIFORMIS, 5) QUADS, 6) HAMSTRINGS, 7) BICEP
Term
107.                 TENS is great for pain control especially in these 6 areas.
Definition
1) C-SPINE, 2) T-SPINE, 3) L-SPINE, 4) SHOULDER, 5) ELBOW, 6) KNEE
Term
108.                 High volt DC uses lower pulse rates of _____ for fluid transport.
Definition
39456
Term
109.                 High volt DC uses medium pulse rates between _____ for muscle spasm.
Definition
80-120
Term
110.                 High volt DC uses pulse rates between _____ for pain control.
Definition
120-150
Term
111.                 These are the 2 deep heating techniques that can be used.
Definition
DIATHERMY AND ULTRASOUND
Term
112.                 _____is a deep heating technique that should be used on soft tissue.
Definition
DIATHERMY
Term
113.                 _____ is a deep heating technique that should be used on bone, ligament, and tendons.
Definition
ULTRASOUND
Term
114.                 In the 1920’s physicist Esau discovered that flies exhibited a peculiar behavior when they were brought into a high-frequency electrical field. This led to his development of a powerful generator to produce such a field which he called _____.
Definition
DIATHERMY
Term
115.                 What is the frequency range for short wave diathermy?
Definition
27MHZ
Term
116.                 What is the wavelength range for short wave diathermy?
Definition
11.6M
Term
117.                 What is the frequency range for microwave diathermy?
Definition
2, 456MHZ
Term
118.                 What is the wavelength range for microwave diathermy?
Definition
12.2CM
Term
119.                 _____ diathermy is dangerous because of burns. It heats from the inside out.
Definition
MICROWAVE DIATHERMY
Term
120.                 _____ consists of a high frequency current which exerts a healing effect on tissue b the method of conversion heating using electromagnetic oscillation.
Definition
DIATHERMY
Term
121.                 When using diathermy you should treat every day for _____ weeks, with adjustments and nutrition.
Definition
3 WEEKS
Term
122.                 3 different types of short wave diathermy.
Definition
1) INDUCTION, 2) CONDENSOR, 3) PULSED
Term
123.                 This type of short wave diathermy used 2 coils, and the heat pulses between the coils.
Definition
INDUCTION
Term
124.                 This type of short wave diathermy uses 2 capacitor plates and heat passes between the 2 plates.
Definition
CONDENSOR
Term
125.                 This type of short wave diathermy is the deepest penetrator.
Definition
CONDENSOR
Term
126.                 9 physiological effects of diathermy.
Definition
1) VASODILATION AND INCREASED LYMPHATIC FLOW, 2) DECREASED MUSCLE SPASM, 3) DECREASED CHRONIC PAIN, 4) INCREASED PHAGOCYTOSIS AND LEUKOCYTOSIS, 5) INCREASED TISSUE EXTENSIBILITY, 6) INCREASED METABOLISM, 7) DETOXIFICATION, 8) ENDOCRINE STIMULATION, 9) INCREASED VISCERAL CIRCULATION
Term
127.                 Diathermy causes an increase in detoxification because it can almost double _____ to the liver.
Definition
PORTAL CIRCULATION
Term
128.                 14 contraindications for diathermy.
Definition
1) METAL IMPLANTS, 2) PREGNANCY, 3) CANCER, 4) PACEMAKER, 5) PHIEBITIS, 6) RECENT FRACTURES, 7) TB, 8) HEARING AIDS, 9) ON A METAL TABLE, 10) CONTACT LENSES, 11) OVER WET SKIN, 12) INFLAMATORY ARTHRITIS, 13) BLEEDING, 14) OPEN WOUNDS
Term
129.                 People with any sort of contraindications should not stand within _____ feet of the diathermy.
Definition
6-9FEET
Term
130.                 Diathermy works great for _____ types of disorders.
Definition
INTERNAL
Term
131.                 Diathermy is great for infections because it does these 3 things to the affected area.
Definition
1) INCREASES BLOOD FLOW, 2) INCREASES LYMPHATICS, 3) INCREASES WBC PRODUCTION
Term
132.
Definition
21 indications for diathermy. 1) BRONCHITIS/PNEUMONIA, 2) BURSITIS, 3) DIVERTICULITIS, 4) DYSMENORRHEA, 5) EPICONDYLITIS, 6) INTERCOSTAL NEURALGIA, 7) IVD SYNDROME, 8) LUMBAGO, 9) TENOSYNOVITIS, 10) SINUSITIS, 11) OVARIAN CYST, 12) MASTITIS, 13) MYALGIA, 14) MYOSITIS, 15) NEURITIS, 16) OA, 17) OTITIS MEDIA, 18) PID, 19) PLEURISY, 20) PROSTATITIS, 21) SUBLUXATION
Term
133.                 _____ short waved diathermy causes a decreased heat because it is not constant.
Definition
PULSED
Term
134.                 What is the frequency of short waved diathermy?
Definition
EITHER CONSTANT OR PULSED
Term
135.                 Dose _____ of short wave diathermy causes no warmth.
Definition
1
Term
136.                 Dose _____ of short wave diathermy is barely warm.
Definition
2
Term
137.                 Dose _____ of short wave diathermy is comfortably warm.
Definition
3
Term
138.                 Dose _____ of short wave diathermy is intensely warm.
Definition
4
Term
139.                 What is the treatment time for short wave diathermy?
Definition
20MIN
Term
140.                 3 application techniques that should be followed when using short wave diathermy.
Definition
1) TARGET TISSUE WITH CONDUCTION HEADS, 2) CLOSER SPACING CAUSES INCREASED THERMAL EFFECTS, 3) TOWEL ON SKIN TO ABSORB PERSPIATION
Term
141.                 What is the best therapy used for hip DJD?
Definition
MICROWAVE DIATHERMY
Term
142.                 The biological effects of ultrasound were first noted by Langevin when he watched fish as they died after swimming into a beam of ultrasonic waves in _____.
Definition
1917
Term
143.                 The council on physical medicine and rehab of the AMA officially recommended it as an adjunctive therapy in _____.
Definition
1955
Term
144.                 Ultrasound equipment consists of essentially a high-frequency _____ and an _____.
Definition
GENERATOR; APPLICATOR (SOUND HEAD)
Term
145.                 Ultrasonic vibrations are produced when a crystal located in the sound head are subjected to high voltages of electrical energy, this the process of one transforming electrical energy into mechanical energy due to surface pressure is dues a _____ effect.
Definition
PIEZOELECTRIC
Term
146.                 2 therapies that can be used to stimulate disc healing.
Definition
1) ULTRASOUND, 2) LASER
Term
147.                 12 indications for the use of ultrasound.
Definition
1) TENDONITIS, 2) BURSITIS, 3) DJD, 4) DISC DEGENERATION, 5) SCAR TISSUE, 6) TRIGGER POINTS, 7) STIMULATE HEALING, 8) ANALGESIA, 9) MUSCLE SPASM, 10) MICROMASSAGE, 11) INCREASED LOCAL METABOLISM, 12) INCREASE COLLAGEN TISSUE EXTENSIBILITY
Term
148.                 14 contraindications to ultrasound use.
Definition
1) PACEMAKER, 2) CANCER, 3) PREGNANCY, 4) VARICOSITIES, 5) THROMBOPHLEBITIS, 6) SKIN RASH, 7) ACUTE INFLAMMATION, 8) OVER EYES, 9) OVER GONADS, 10) FACET JOINTS AFTER SURGERY, 11) PROSTHETIC DEVICES, 12) OVER BRAIN, 13) OPER EPIPHYSEAL GROWTH PLATES, 14) OVER HEART
Term
149.                 If you _____ the ultrasound, it will not heat up.
Definition
PULSE
Term
150.                 4 purposes of using thermal ultrasound.
Definition
1) INCREASE BLOOD FLOW, 2) DECREASE SPASM, 3) DECREASE PAIN, 4) INCREASE COLLAGEN EXTENSIBILITY
Term
151.                 You should use _____ ultrasound for subacute and chronic inflammation.
Definition
NON-THERMAL
Term
152.                 2 tissue chans resulting from the mechanical effect of non-thermal ultrasound.
Definition
1) INCREASE CELL PERMABILITY, 2) COLLAGEN SYNTHESIS AND REALIGNMENT
Term
153.                 This is the most popular ultrasound crystal that uses low voltage (about 100 volts).
Definition
BARIUM TITANATE
Term
154.                 _____is a very stable ultrasound crystal that uses high voltage (about 2000 volts).
Definition
QUARTZ SULFATE
Term
155.                 _____ is an ultrasound crystal that uses medium impedance requiring about 500 volts.
Definition
LITHIUM SULFATE
Term
156.                 _____ refers to the time that the ultrasound is on and pulsed off in a 1 minute time period. For example 20% means that the ultrasound is on for 0.2sec and off of 0.8sec.
Definition
DUTY CYCLE
Term
157.                 In increase in duty cycle % causes an increase in _____.
Definition
HEAT
Term
158.                 _____ is areas of high energy collection in ultrasound.
Definition
CONDENSATION
Term
159.                 _____ are areas of lower energy gaps between the waves of molecules in an ultrasound.
Definition
RAREFRACTION
Term
160.                 _____ states that as ultrasound waves enter the body, they cause unwanted reactions to the surrounding tissues.
Definition
CAVITATION
Term
161.                 The more _____ in the tissue, the more ultrasound will flow through.
Definition
FLUID
Term
162.                 The more _____ the tissue is, the more ultrasound is absorbed.
Definition
DENSE
Term
163.                 Soft tissue is analogous to _____ when ultrasound travels in a longitudinal manner.
Definition
LIQUID
Term
164.                 Bone may be _____ or _____, and can cause a shear force near tissue interfaces.
Definition
LONGITUDICNAL OR TRANSVERSE
Term
165.                 Ultrasound travels best in _____ material, while interfaces causes more scattering of waves.
Definition
HOMOGENOUS
Term
166.                 Since _____ is homogenous, it will transmit the waves and allow deeper penetration.
Definition
FAT
Term
167.                 _____ is the area where the ultrasound is on.
Definition
COMPRESSION
Term
168.                 Ultrasound is measured in these units.
Definition
WATTS/CM2
Term
169.                 Since the ultrasound beam is not uniform, some regions will be more intense. The _____ refers to the greatest intensity anywhere within the beam.
Definition
SPATIAL PEAK INTENSITY
Term
170.                 _____ is a measurement of the average intensity. It is a measurement of the total power output (watts) divided by the area (cm2).
Definition
SPATIAL AVERAGE
Term
171.                 The area of the sound head that produces ultrasonic waves is measured in _____.
Definition
SQUARED CENTIMETERS
Term
172.                 _____ is always smaller than the transducer surface area, so manufactures will typically list it and not the surface area when referring to the size of the transducer head.
Definition
EFFECT RADIATING AREA (ERA)
Term
173.                 The closer the _____ and the _____ the better. It will allow a more consistent contact and therapeutic dose.
Definition
ERA AND THE TRANSDUCER SURFACE AREA
Term
174.                 _____ describes the consistency of the ultrasound output ratio. It is the determining factor in purchasing a unit because it tells the quality of the crystal.
Definition
BEAM NON-UNIFORMITY RATIO (BNR)
Term
175.                 The _____ the BNR, the more uniform the beam.
Definition
LOWER
Term
176.                 The BNR is expressed in a ratio from _____ down to _____.
Definition
10:1; 2:1
Term
177.                 A _____ BNR ratio is acceptable, but a _____ or _____ BNR ratio is best.
Definition
6:1; 3:1 or 2:1
Term
178.                 A _____ BNR ratio is considered unsafe.
Definition
0.33
Term
179.                 Depth of ultrasound penetration depends on the _____ and _____ of the ultrasound beam as it travels through the tissue.
Definition
ABSORPTION AND SCATTERING
Term
180.                 The frequency of _____ determines the depth of penetration.
Definition
OSCILLATION
Term
181.                 The lower the ultrasound frequency, the _____ the penetration.
Definition
DEEPER
Term
182.                 _____ is the uptake of heat converted from acoustic energy by propagation of ultrasound through the tissue.
Definition
ABSORPTION
Term
183.                 Absorption of ultrasound is direction proportional to the _____ content of the tissue sonated.
Definition
PROTEIN
Term
184.                 Bone, cartilage, tendon and skin are _____% protein content.
Definition
20-25%
Term
185.                 Blood vessels are _____% protein content.
Definition
15-20%
Term
186.                 Muscle, fat and blood are _____% protein content.
Definition
10-15%
Term
187.                 Tissues which are selectively heated by ultrasound are the _____ for ultrasound use.
Definition
TARGET TISSUES
Term
188.                 7 examples of target tissues for ultrasound use.
Definition
1) SUPERFICIAL BONE, 2) JOINT CAPSULES, 3) TENDONS, 4) SCAR TISSUE, 5) PERIPHERAL NERVES, 6) MYOFASCIAL INTERFACE, 7) CELL MEMBRANES
Term
189.                 The more homogenous the tissue, the less ultrasound energy is _____.
Definition
ABSORBED
Term
190.                 High frequency (3MHz) is _____ more readily than the lower frequencies (1MHz).
Definition
ABSORBED
Term
191.                 _____ is the diffuse reflection or refraction of the ultrasound from irregular surfaces or in homogeneities within the tissues.
Definition
SCATTERING
Term
192.                 _____ is the reversal of the direction of propagation of the ultrasound wave.
Definition
REFLECTION
Term
193.                 _____ is the reflection of energy from a straight path when passing obliquely from one medium to another.
Definition
REFRACTION
Term
194.                 _____ occurs when there is a mismatch of acoustic impedance between two tissue levels. The greater the acoustical impedance difference, the greater the heat generated.
Definition
REFLECTION
Term
195.                 Acoustic impendence of muscle, fat and water is low with about _____% of the energy reflected.
Definition
1.00000%
Term
196.                 Impendence of bone is high with about _____% of the energy reflected from the bone into the adjacent tissues. Results are significantly higher intensity in the tissues close to the bone, and poor blood supply in these tissues offers little head dissipation by circulation which can lead to pain.
Definition
25.00000%
Term
197.                 Non thermal ultrasound causes _____ increase in temp.
Definition
NONE
Term
198.                 3 therapeutic uses of non-thermal ultrasound.
Definition
1) ACUTE INJURIES, 2) EDEMA, 3) HEALING
Term
199.                 Mild thermal ultrasound causes _____ increase in temp.
Definition
1DEG C
Term
200.                 Mild thermal ultrasound serves these 2 therapeutic uses.
Definition
1) SUB-ACUTE INJURY, 2) HEMATOMAS
Term
201.                 Moderate thermal ultrasound causes _____ increase in temp.
Definition
2DEG C
Term
202.                 Moderate thermal ultrasound is great for _____.
Definition
TRIGGER POINTS
Term
203.                 Vigorous ultrasound causes _____ increase in temp.
Definition
3DEG C
Term
204.                 Vigorous ultrasound is used to _____.
Definition
STRETCH COLLAGEN
Term
205.                 For _____ ultrasound, a duty factor of 100% is needed to elevate tissue temperature to physiologically significant temperature (104-112deg F). This results in a reduction of pain and muscle spasm, as well as an increase in tissue extensibility and increase blood flow.
Definition
CONTINUOUS
Term
206.                 For _____ ultrasound, the sound wave will decrease the depth of ultrasound delivery. Current machines have % pulsed, this you can modify the depth of delivery.
Definition
PULSING
Term
207.                 This type of diathermy is used when the clinician needs to provide deep heat to a larger area than normally covered by ultrasound.
Definition
SHORTWAVE DIATHERMY
Term
208.                 _____ is a continuous shortwave diathermy unit designed to be economical and light weight. It provides soothing deep heat to larger treatment areas.
Definition
AUTOTHERM 300
Term
209.                 _____ is a diathermy machine that increases blood flow, improves oxygenation, increases metabolic rate, decreases inflammation, and relieves pain and edema. It is useful in the management of arthritis, bursitis, low back pain, and muscle spasm.
Definition
DIATHERMY MAGNATHERM
Term
210.                 Diathermy uses energy similar to _____ waves with shorter wavelengths.
Definition
BROADCAST RADIO WAVES
Term
211.                 Diathermy energy is alternating current lacking properties to _____ motor sensory nerves.
Definition
DEPOLARIZE
Term
212.                 Tissues with a high water content (fat, blood and muscle) are selectively heated at a depth of _____cm by diathermy.
Definition
2-5CM
Term
213.                 Local tissue temp may reach _____ deg F when using diathermy, but fat layer dissipates head secondarily heating muscles.
Definition
107DEG F
Term
214.                 Deep heating effects of diathermy last _____ than that of ultrasound due to a larger area heater.
Definition
LONGER
Term
215.                 Pulsed diathermy is mainly used for _____ and _____ conditions.
Definition
ACUTE AND SUBACUTE
Term
216.                 Continuous diathermy is mainly used for _____ injuries.
Definition
CHRONIC
Term
217.                 6 diathermic effects on injury response.
Definition
1) SKIN TEMP RAISES 4.3DEG F, 2) INTRA-ARTICULAR TEMP RAISES 2.5DEG F, 3) FIBROBLASTIC ACTIVITY, COLLAGEN DEPOSITION AND NEW CAPILLARY GROWTH IS STIMULATED, 4) MUSCLE SPASM IS REDUCED, 5) LOCAL INCREASE IN CELLULAR METABOLIC RATE
Term
218.                 The treatment time for diathermy should be between _____min for _____ weeks.
Definition
20-30MIN; 2-3 WEEKS
Term
219.                 6 diathermy precautions.
Definition
1) NEVER ALLOW CABLES TO TOUCH, 2) DO NOT ALLOW FOR PERSPIRATION, 3) NEVER ALLOW DIRECT CONTACT WITH SKIN, 4) EXCESSIVE FAT IN AREA MAY OVERHEAT AREA, 5) DIFFICULT TO TARGET LOCALIZED TISSUES, 6) OVERHEATING TISSUES MAY CAUSE DAMAGE
Term
220.                 When using ultrasound you must use a _____. This is because ultrasound energy will not pass through the air or skin without the presence of a medium.
Definition
COUPLING MEDIUM
Term
221.                 The ideal coupling medium for ultrasound should have these 8 qualities.
Definition
1) HIGH TRANSMISSION AND LOW ABSORPTION OF US ENERGY, 2) EXCLUDE AIR, MINIMAL AIR ENTRAPMENT, 3) GOOD IMPEDANCE, 4) LOW DRAG COEFFICIENT, 5) GOOD VISCOSITIY, 6) LOW SALT CONTENT, 7) ECONOMICAL COST, 8) EASY TO USE
Term
222.                 You should use a _____ based gel to conduct ultrasound sound waves.
Definition
WATER BASED
Term
223.                 _____ is putting chemicals on the skin, and allowing ultrasound waves to drive chemicals through the skin.
Definition
PHONOPHORESIS
Term
224.                 _____ is an ultrasound technique when body part is submersed in a bath full of water. The transducer should be applied in a moving technique as close as possible, but still remaining perpendicular to the treatment area.
Definition
WATER IMMERSION BATH
Term
225.                 _____, _____and _____ are great phonophoresis agents used for disc repair.
Definition
MAGNESIUM, MANGANESE, AND GLUCOSAMINE
Term
226.                 Ultrasound is great for these 2 conditions.
Definition
1) ARTHRITIS, 2) REPAIR OF LIGAMENTS AND DISC
Term
227.                 When you see traction spurs on an x-ray you must think the patient has a chronic _____ problem.
Definition
DISC
Term
When applying ultrasound with metered output of 4W and an indicated beam nonuniformity ratio of 4 the highest intensity in the beam is
Definition
16W
Term
What is not an indication for the use for ultrasound?
Definition
infection
Term
The spreading of an ultrasound beam is a result of the ___ of the waves
Definition
divergence
Term
A metered reading of 2W per square centimeter passing through a sound head having an effective radiating area of 10 cm3 produces an output of ____
Definition
20W
Term
Reflection of ultrasonic energy occurs least between
Definition
water and soft tissue
Term
All of the following are nonthermal (mechanical) effects of ultrasound except
Definition
increased extensibility of collagen rich structures
Term
When treating the patellar tendon with ultrasound what output frequency should be used
Definition
3 MHz
Term
When cells are exposed to high pressure ridges their sizes
Definition
decreases
Term
Ultrasound that is pulsed so that it flows for 0.5 seconds and does not flow for 1 second is operating at a percent duty cycle
Definition
33
Term
Determining the treatment duration is most closely dependent on what other output characteristic
Definition
intensity
Term
To promote extensibility the tissues must be stretched within how many minutes after the conclusion of the treatment
Definition
3
Term
T/F: Standard therapeutic ultrasound generators can be employed to assist the healing of fractures
Definition
false
Term
Which of the following substances transmits the highest percentage of ultrasonic energy relative to water
Definition
ultrasound transmission gel
Term
During shortwave diathermy application, high frequency electromagnetic energy is changed to heat by the process of
Definition
conversion
Term
Which of the following types of shortwave diathermy application places the athletes tissues within the generators physical circuit
Definition
capacitive method
Term
When using a shortwave diathermy induction drum, the drum should be positioned __ in from the patients skin
Definition
4 in
Term
The energy from a shortwave diathermy unit may scatter as much as ___ feet from the source
Definition
1 ft
Term
Which form of shortwave diathermy should not be used over large areas of adipose tissue
Definition
inductive method
Term
What five factors determine a medications ability to diffuse through the tissue
Definition
hydration, age, composition, vascularity, thickness
Term
Electrons travel from the __ which has a ___ of electrons to the ___ which has a ___ of electrons
Definition
cathode-high concentration to the Anode- low concentration
Term
Monopolar stimulation involves the use of active and dispersive electrodes. the parameter that determines which electrode will be active is
Definition
the current density
Term
What is the percent duty cycle for and electrical currrent that flows for 30 seconds and has no flow for 10 seconds
Definition
75 %
Term
All of the following are excitable tissues except
Definition
meniscal cartilage
Term
Which of the following would be the modality of choice to cause physiochemical changes within the tissue
Definition
low volt direct current
Term
Under normal circumstances which of the following nerves would be the first to be stimulated by an electrical current
Definition
a superficial large diameter nerve
Term
Most tissues provide capacitive resistance to electrical current flow. Which of the following currents would beet the least amount of capacitive resistance
Definition
100 HZ
Term
AN electrical stimulation protocol that uses a high pulse frequency, short pulse duration, and applied at the sensory level is thought to activate which pain control mechanism
Definition
gate mechanism
Term
The electrodes from lead A have an area of 20 square inches and the electrodes originating from lead B have an area of 4 square inches. this type of stimulation would be classified as
Definition
monopolar
Term
You are setting up electrical stimulation unit to control pain through the gait control theory of pain modulation. the correct parameters are
Definition
high pulse rate, short pulse duration, long treatment duration, sensory level stimulation
Term
Iontophoresis is a technique that introduces medication into the tissues through the use of electric current. For this method to work the medication must
Definition
have net ionic charge
Term
Interferential stimulation is being applied with a carrier current of 4000hz and an interference current of 4130 Hz. the effective frequency of the current within the tissues would be
Definition
130 Hz
Term
Which of the following conditions is a contraindication to use the electrical stimulation
Definition
pain of unknown origin
Term
A high volt pulsed stimulator uses what type of current
Definition
monophasic
Term
when attempting to reeducate the quadriceps muscle immediately postsurgery, a __ percent duty cycle should be used
Definition
20%
Term
In general, a tonic contraction occurs when the number of pulses per second exceeds
Definition
60
Term
The uninterrupted bidirectional flow of electrons best descries which of the follow types of current
Definition
biphasic
Term
In an electrical current, the electrical flow consists of the movement of electrons, in the body's tissues, therapeutic current flow consists of the flow of
Definition
ions
Term
A POLARITY switch would be found on which of the following modalities
Definition
high volt pulsed stimulator
Term
Tramuatized areas and stimualtion points display an __ resistance to current flow
Definition
decreased
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