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Test #1
Chapters 1, 8, 9, 10, 12
87
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
01/24/2012

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Cards

Term
Police, firefighters, lifeguards, and athletic trainers may all be classified as what type of EMS responder?
Definition
emergency medical responder
Term
besides state practice acts and, in some cases, individuals' practice settings, what guideline defines the roles and responsibilities or scope of practice of athletic trainers?
Definition

BOC Role Delineation Study

(Board of Certification)

Term
An emergency medical responder, such as a firefighter or athletic trainer, can provide "back of the ambulance care," such as transportation of the ill or injured.
Definition
False
Term
Which type of responder requires the highest level of EMS training?
Definition
paramedic
Term
In emergency situations, the athlete should be the primary focus of the athletic trainer.
Definition
True
Term
Who provides medical oversight for prehospital emergency responders?
Definition
physician
Term
Which level of EMS responder typically requires about 120 hours of training?
Definition

EMT

emergency medical technician

Term
Is transporting an ill or injured athlete to the hospital within the scope of practice of an athletic trainer?
Definition
NO
Term
Chain of Survival
Definition
the series of actions that, when implemented, reduce the mortality associated with injury or illness is known as which of the following?
Term
Which type of EMS agency is most likely to be able to provide on-field standby coverage at no cost or minimal cost?
Definition
Volunteer
Term
What are the "ABCs" of initial assessment?
Definition
Airway, Breathing, Circulation
Term
If proceeding into a scene is unsafe or risky, the athletic trainer has the right not to provide care.
Definition
True
Term
Which of the following should the athletic trainer primary rely on to determine what resources are needed in responding to an emergency?
Definition
the nature or causes of the condition or illness of the injured athlete
Term
What is the first step of the initial assessment?
Definition
obtain a quick overview of the injury
Term
Surveying the scene of an injury and identifying potential hazards before rendering care is known as which of the following?
Definition
size up
Term
T/F: After the secondary assessment has been completed, the initial assessment should be repeated
Definition
True
Term
The initial assessment must be made within how long after arriving at the scene?
Definition
15 seconds
Term
In the rapid secondary assesment, you should begin your assessment where?
Definition
head and neck
Term
T/F: When an athlete's mental status is depressed or diminished, expect a life threatening injury.
Definition
True
Term
In terms of priority, athletic trainers who arrive at the scene of an emergency must first protect whom?
Definition
themselves
Term
In an adult, the normal respiration rate ranges from 60-100 breaths per minute
Definition
False
Term
Which of the following means "shortness of breath"?
Definition
dyspnea
Term
One of your lacrosse players collapses on field during a game played at high elevation. When you observe her, she has dark, bluish coloration to her face and lips. What is she suffering from?
Definition
cyanosis
Term
How often should unstable athletes be reassessed to make sure their condition has not worsened?
Definition
every 5 minutes
Term
T/F: Clammy skin is often suggestive of shock
Definition
True
Term
T/F: The appropriate pulse point to use for an unconcious adult is the radial pulse
Definition
False
Term
You measure the blood pressure of a 20 year old weightlifter and find it to be 135/86. What best describes the athlete's condition?
Definition
prehypertension
Term
T/F: Normally, both pupils should dilate in the presence of bright light
Definition
False
Term
You find that one of your athlete's has a resting heart rate of 105. This condition is known as?
Definition
tachycardia
Term
A condition in which the two pupils are not of equal size is which of the following?
Definition
Aniscoria
Term
What does the Cardiac Chain of Survival do?
Definition
increases the likelihood of survival from sudden cardiac arrest
Term
What are the 4 parts of the Cardiac Chain of Survival?
Definition
  1. Early Access
  2. Early CPR
  3. Early Defibrilation
  4. Early advanced life Support
Term
Explain the role of "early access" in the Cardiac Chain of Survival
Definition
  • critical to survivability
  • ATs often respond within 30-60 seconds
  • CPR and AED programs are essential and must be reviewed
Term

Explain the role of "early CPR" in the Cardiac Chain of Survival

Definition
  • sudden cardiac arrest results from an eletrical disturbance in the heart
  • early CPR serves as a holding action before the arrival of an AED
  • can double or triple chances of survival
Term

Explain the role of "early defibrilation" in the Cardiac Chain of Survival

Definition
  • most cases of adult sudden cardiac arrest result from ventricular fibrilation (V-fib)
  • only reversible with shock from AED
  • delayed time before care results in decreased probability of survival
  • survival decreases 7-10% every minute early defibrilation is delayed
Term
How much does survival decrease when early defibrilation is delayed?
Definition
7-10% every minute
Term

Explain the role of "early advanced life support" in the Cardiac Chain of Survival

Definition
  • Includes first three links plus advanced emergency medical technician care
  • drug administration
  • advances airway procedures
Term
What are some symptoms of cardiac distress?
Definition
  • chest pain, pressure or discomfort
  • upper abdomen pain, pressure, or discomfort
  • difficulty breathing
  • sudden onset of sweating (diaphoresis)
  • nausea/vomiting
Term
What are some signs and symptoms of a Heart Attack?
Definition
  • chest pain, pressure, discomfort
  • pain/discomfort in one or both arms or shoulders
  • pain or discomfort in the lower jaw, neck, abdomen, or back
  • weakness, light headedness, or feeling faint
  • dyspnea
  • nausea
  • changes in vital signs
    • pulse rate rapid and weak
    • blood pressure
    • pale, cyanotic, or moist skin
    • anxiety
Term
V-fib
Definition
  • chaotic, rapid depolorization and repolorization
  • quivering of heart muscle
Term
V-tach
Definition
heart beats too quickly to fill ventricles
Term
Arrythmias
Definition
loss of normal heart rhythm
Term
What are some heart attack risk factors?
Definition
  • Male older than 45 years
  • female older than 50 years
  • family history
  • diabetes
  • high blood pressure
  • high cholesterol
  • cigarette smoking
  • overweight
  • physical inactivity
Term
aneurysm
Definition
dilation of an artery anywhere in the body
Term
angina pectoris
Definition
  • severe constricting pain in the chest
  • considered warning sign for heart attack
Term
inhalation
Definition
active process of bringing air into lungs
Term
exhalation
Definition
passive process of blowing off carbon dioxide exchanged at alveolar sacs
Term
adequate breathing
Definition
breathing that can sustain life
Term
inadequate breathing
Definition
breathing that cannot sustain life, alteration in rate, rhythm, and quality
Term
What rate would indicate inadequate breathing? 
Definition
<8 or >24 breaths per minute
Term
agonal breathing
Definition

BAD

irregular gasping or shallow breathing, which is a common sign of the early stages of cardiac arrest and suggest that death is imminent

Term
apneustic breathing
Definition
abnormal respiratory pattern consisting of a pause at full inspiration
Term
Biot's breathing sign
Definition
completely irregular breathing pattern, with continually varying rate and depth of breathing; seen with increased intercranial pressure
Term
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
Definition
pattern of breathing with gradual increase in depth and sometimes in rate to a maximum, followed by a decrease resulting in apnea; cycles 30 seconds to 2 minutes in duration with 5 to 30 seconds of apnea
Term
Kussmaul respiration
Definition
deep, rapid respiration as the body attempts to lower high acid levels due to diabetic emergencies
Term
What are some signs and symptoms of breathing difficulty?
Definition
  • dyspnea
  • restlessness/combativeness
  • dizziness/disorientation
  • increased pulse rate changes
  • pale, cyanotic, or flushed skin
  • cool moist skin
  • noisy breathing
  • coughing
  • use of accessory muscles
  • nostril flaring
  • retraction of skin above the sternum and between ribs
  • poor periheral perfusion
  • tripod position
Term
Approximately how many minutes does it take for brain damage to occur due to lack of oxygen to the brain?
Definition
4-6 minutes
Term
What are the 4 main vital signs?
Definition
pulse, respiration, blood pressure, skin color, temperature, and condition
Term
What is a normal pulse rate for adults?
Definition
60-100 BPM
Term
ventilation
Definition
process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide
Term
inhalation
Definition
active rise of chest, drawing in oxygen
Term
exhalation
Definition
passive fall of chest, blowing off carbon dioxide
Term
one breath
Definition
one rise and fall
Term
respiration rate
Definition
frequency of breathing, BPM
Term
pale, white, ashen or gray skin indicates what?
Definition
decreased blood flow from blood loss, shock, decreased blood pressure, emotional distress, exposure to cold
Term
Blue skin is a sign of what?
Definition
deficient oxygenation of the blood (cyanosis)
Term
flushed or red skin is a sign of what?
Definition
high blood pressure, fever, heat exposure, thermal burns and emotional distress
Term
yellow skin is an indicator of what?
Definition
often reffered to as jaundice as a result of liver disease in newborns
Term
What is a normal respiratory rate for an adult?
Definition
12 to 20 respirations
Term
tachypnea
Definition
  • rapid, shallow breathing
  • greater that 20 breaths per minute
  • caused by respiratory or cardiac disease
Term
bradypnea
Definition
abnormal slowness of breathing
Term
apnea
Definition
absence of breathing
Term
dyspnea
Definition
difficulty breathing
Term
capillary refill
Definition
measures peripheral circulation and tissue perfusion
Term
aniscoria
Definition
pupils not of equal size
Term
What is the optimal blood pressure for an adult?
Definition
120/80
Term
hypotension
Definition
below normal ranges of blood pressure
Term
hypertension
Definition
higher than normative ranges of blood pressure
Term
artherosclerosis
Definition
narrowing of arteries by fatty deposits
Term
arteriolosclerosis
Definition
hardening of arteries
Term
flail chest
Definition
paradoxical rib movement, flail moves backward during inspiration, and forward during expiration
Term
What is the AVPU scale for testing mental status?
Definition

A- alert

V- verbal

P- painful response

U- unresponsive

Term
What is included in the initial assessment?
Definition

(first 15 seconds)

overview of injury, determine mental status, assess ABCs

Term
online medical direction
Definition

real time contact between EMS provider and medical command

(can override offline medical direction)

Term
offline medical direction
Definition
treatment protocols and standing orders provided
Term
treatment protocols
Definition
written guidelines from advisory group defining scope of prehospital care
Term
standing orders
Definition
more specific guidelines for treatments that provide "safety net" should online communication fail
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