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| local land-owning classes. |
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| Peter the Great/Russian Empire |
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| main threat to Ottoman survival in the late 1700s |
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| Greeks attain independence after centuries of Ottoman Rule |
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| British concern of Russia getting Istanbul helps Ottoman regime survive |
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| Sultan who ruled Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807, aimed at improving administrative efficiency and building a new army and navy, toppled by Janissares |
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| Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; formented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them w/private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire of Western precedents, liked Westernization a lot |
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| Series of reforms in Ottoman Empire; established Westernstyle university, state postal system, railways, extensive legal reforms, led to new const. in 1876 |
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| Ottoman/British treaty that removed import taxes and other barriers to foreign trade--part of Tanzimat reforms |
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| Ottoman sultan; attempted return to despotic absolutism during reign, nullified constitution and restricted civil liberties; deposed in coup in 1908 |
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| Ottoman Society for Union and Progress |
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| Organization of political agitators in opposition to rule of Abdul Hamid; aka "Young Turks" desired to restore 1876 constitution |
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| aka Ottoman Society for Union and Progress, opposed Abdul Hamid, wanted to restore constitution of 1876 |
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| Overthrow of Abdul Hamid, but Young Turks were still screwed |
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| aka Ataturk, built Turkey from old Ottoman Empire after WWI defeat |
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| aka Mustafa Kemal, built Turkey from old Ottoman Empire after WWI defeat |
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| Battle of Pyramids; Napoleon/France kick Egypt butt |
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| where Napoleon kicked Egypt butt in 1798 |
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| after B. of Pyramids, Brits catch up to French and sink most of the fleet, sparing Egypt. |
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| after French invasion, =ruler of Egypt. Won power struggle in Egypt follof Mamluks; introduced effective army based on Western tactics and supply and a variety of other reforms |
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| Descendants of Muhammad Ali in Egypt after 1867; formal rulers of Egypt despite Fr. and Eng. intervention until overthrown by military coup in 1952 |
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| Egypt's main crop, rendered Egypt dependent on it |
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| Built across Isthmus of suez to connect Mediterranean Sea with Red Sea in 1869; financed by European investors; with increasing indebtedness of khedives; permitted intervention of Brit. into Egyptian politics to protect their investment |
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| Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology; recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry |
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| Disciple of al-Afghani; Muslim thinker at end of 19th century; stressed need for adoption of Western scientific learning and technology, recognized importance of tradition of rational inquiry |
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| Student of Muhammad Abduh; led revolt in 1882 against Turkish influence in Egyptian army; forced khedive to call on British army for support |
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| River town that was administrative center of Egyptian authority in Sudan |
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| aka the Mahdi, Head of Sudanic Sufi brotherhood; claimed descent from Propher; proclaimed both Egyptians and British as infidels; launched revolt to purge Islam of impurities; took Khartoum in 1883 |
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| Promised deliverer, Muhammad Achmad |
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| Successor of Muhammad Achmad as leader of Mahdists in Sudan; established state in Sudan; defeated by Kitchener in 1898 |
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| slaughtered thousands of Mahdist cavalry at battle of Omduram, had guns and artillery advantage...British power advanced again into African interior |
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| Battle where Kitchener beats Abdallahi and Mahdists |
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| Architect of Manchu unitry; created distinctive Manchu banner armies; controlled most of Manchuria; adopted Chinese bureaucracy and court ceremonies in Manchuria; entered China and successfully captured Ming capital at Beijing. had banner army units, founder of Qing dynasty |
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| aka Manchu Regime, founded by Nurhaci |
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| Eight armies of the Manchu tribes identified by separate flags; created by Nurhaci in early 17th century; utilized to defeat Ming emperor and establish Qing dynasty. |
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| Confucian scholar and Manchu emperor of Qing dynasty from 1661 to 1722; established high degree of Sintification among the Manchus |
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| writer who was invluential in preceeding dynastic eras to China's Qing dynasty. included values such as respect for rank and acceptance of hierarchy |
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| Wealthy new group of Chinese merchants under the Qing dynasty; specialized in the import-export trade on China's south coast; one of the major links between China and the outside world |
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| Fought between British and Qing China beginning in 1839; fought to protect British trade in opium; resulted in resounding British victory, opening Hong Kong as British port of trade |
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| Distinguished Chinese official during the early 19th century; charged with stamping out the opium trade in southern China; ordered blockade of European trading areas in Canton and confiscation of opium; sent into exile following the Opium War |
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| Became new Chinese trading port following the Opium War |
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| Leader of Taiping rebellion; converted to specifically Chinese form of Christianity; attacked traditional Confucian teachings of Chinese elite |
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| BOffered sweeping programs for social reform, land redistribution, and liberation of women. roke out in south China in the 1850s and early 1860s; led by Hong Xiuquan, a semi-Christianized prophet; sought to overthrow Qing dynasty and Confucian basis of scholar-gentry. Increased already considerable stresses in Chinese society and further drained the diminishing resources of the ruling dynasty |
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| One of the secret societies involved in widespread peasant uprisings. |
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| One of Qing officials who raised effective, provincially based military forces just in time to fend off Taiping assault on Northern China. Also him and allies carried out reforms to root out corruption in bureaucracy |
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| Ultraconservative dowager empress who dominated the last decades of the Qng dynasty; supported Boxer Rebellion in 1898 as a means of driving out Westerners |
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| Popular outburst in 1898 aimed at expelling foreigners from China; failed because of intervention of armies of W. powers in China; defeat of Chinese enhanced control by Europeans and the power of provincial officials |
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| Triads/Society of Elders and Brothers |
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| Secret societies that centered resistance to the Qing. inspired numerous local uprisings against the dynasty in late 19th century; all failed; but s.societies became training preparing for new resistance to the Manchus |
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| Head of Revolutionary Alliance, organization that led 1911 revolt against Qing dynasty in China; briefly elected president but yielded in favor of Yuan Shikai in 1912; created Nationalist party of China in 1919, died 1925 |
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| Last emperor of China; deposed as emperor while still a little kid in 1912 |
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| tsar of Russia who sponsered Holy Alliance idea at Congress of Vienna |
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| Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at C. of Viena by most conservative monarchies of Europe |
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| Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle-level army officers who advocated reforms, put down by Tsat Nicholas I |
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| put down Decembrish uprising in Russia--very conservative |
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| Fought between 1854-6; began as Russian attempt to attack Ottoman Empire; opposed by Fr. and Br. as well, resulted in Russian defeat in the face of WEstern industrial technology; led to Russian reforms under Tsar Alexander II |
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| Russian Tsar, held reforms after Crimean War, ended serfdom |
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| emancipation of the serfs |
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| Tsar Alexander II ended rigorous serfdom in Russia in 1861; serfs obtained no political rights; required to stay in villages until they could repay aristocracy for land |
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| Local political councils created as part of reforms of Tsar Alexander II; gave some Russians, particularly middle-class professionals, some experience in gov't; councils had no impact on nat'l policy |
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| Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by end of 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role |
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| Russian minister of finance from 1892 to 1903; economic modernizer responsible for high tariffs, improved banking system; encouraged WEstern investors to build facotires in Russia |
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| Russian term denoting articulate intellectuals as a class; 19th century group bent on radical change in Russian political/social system, often wished to amintain a Russian culture distinct from that of the West |
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| Political groups that sought the abolition of all formal government; particularly prevalent in Russia; opposed tsarist autocracy; eventually became a terrorist movement responsible for assassination of Alexander II in 1881 |
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| imtroduced important innovations in Marist theory to make it more appropriate for Russia; concluded that Russia could have a proletariat revolution w/o going through a distinct middle-class phrase |
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| Literally, the majority party; the most radical branch of the Russian Marxist movement; led by V. I. Lenin and didicated to his concept of social revolution; actually a minority in the Russian Marxist political schene until its triumph in the 1917 revolution |
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| Nat'l parliament created in Russia in the aftermath of the Revolution of 1905; progressively stripped of power during the reign of Tsar Nicholas II; failed to forestall further revolution |
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| Reforms introduced by Russian minister Stolypin intended to placate the peasantry in the aftermath of the Rev. of 1905; included reduction in redemption payments, attempt to create market-oriented peasantry |
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| Agricultural entrepreneurs who utilized the Stolypin and later NEP reforms to increase agricultural production and buy additional land |
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| continued autocratic rule, satisfied nobodoy, resumed police repression |
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| Dutch settlers to the Cape Colony. Left because the Dutch economy sucked, and they had nothing to lose. They last for 3 or 4 generations before the British colonize. |
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| The British impliment new lawsthat the boers don't like, i.e. no slaves; so the boers travel 300 miles thru crap and they colonize Orange State and The Transvaal. |
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| a canal that is 52% egypt and 48% french. The british don't like it because the french can shut it down to the british. |
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| The Kaydive(sp?) / ruler person in Egypt. Very nice but kinda dumb. He loved railroads and built a bunch all over the place, along with hospitals and all the other good stuff that nice rulers should give the people of their nation...but then he couldn't pay it all, so he borrowed from the French, and then the British go to him after a while and say that they can help him pay off his debts, so they lend him the money and he spends it on more railroads and stuff, and so now he owes money to the french and the british, and so the british ambassador says taht he can lend him enough money to pay off all the debts. THen they ask for collateral in case he doesn't make the payments. So they agree on 26% of the shares of the Suez Canal, and then Ishmael doesn't make his payments (he buys more stuff and a new palace) and so the British come in again and say taht they can lend him the money again, and they use the rest of their shares as collateral. Ishmael finally does what's right and pays off most of his debts to the French, but a year later Ishamael hasn't made the payments to the British, so they come in and get all of the collateral and they now control the Suez Canal. Then the British send in Evelin Baring to get the Egyptians out of debt. |
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| A man that the British send in to get the Egyptians out of debt. Genius; gets the Egyptians out of debt in less than a decade. |
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| Indians hired to be in the British Army. |
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| A rebellion by the sepoys against the British because in order to make the guns faster at reloading, the caps were laced with either pig or cow fat, and the Muslims/Hindus don't like that and so they shoot at them. The British co. that made the caps. didn't know that, and they certainly didn't mean to insult the Sepoys. |
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| New Science Advancements in the 19th century |
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| Happened at a faster pace. Bell invented the telephone, but he wouldn't have been anything without the telegraph. |
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| Created the telephone, although originally he was working on making a hearing-aid. |
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| A telegraph cable that runs across the atlantic to Britain. Many adjustments had to be made to the cable to get it strong enough, and they also had to test the bottom of the ocean to know how deep the cable would lie. They finally got it across and it worked great. |
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| the perfect thing to use to study energy! From this scientists got Thermodynamics and parts of Physics. |
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| Studies in atoms climax when someone asks what would happen if you split an atom? so they tried it under a stadium by hitting an atom against another. Pharmies(sp?) said that he was worried about it killing everything because all that atoms in the world would split. But they didn't, so we are still alive today:) but that's how they came up with the atom bomb. |
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| Questioned the bible...again. This time, he really did it when his writing "On the Origin of Species Through Natural Selection" said that we evolved from apes. |
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| Accepted by the Non-Darwinists. They said taht those who succeed in life have to have these traits: Hardworking, Intelligent, and full of Self-Help. Social Darwinists didn't support charity because they didn't like Lazy, wasteful, stupid, or sexualy premiscuous people. In social Darwinism children could rise above their parents....2 examples are Batoven and Andrew Carnagi |
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| Ethniscity, not just race. Racism is the act, not the thought. |
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| White, Anglo-Saxin, Protestant. |
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| Supermen: Think they can run the world...ex: Theodor Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Adolf Hitler, and Josef Stalin. |
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| The ruler of germany, crowned in Versilles (sp) in order to insult the french. He let Bismarch run the show. |
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| The REAL ruler of Germany; doesn't want French revenge, so he makes the League of 3 Emperors after he allies with Austria. Then he also allies with Italy. |
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| Secret treaty so that russia won't leave its alliances with Germany...says: If germany goes to war with a country, russia remains netural, and if Russia goes to war with someone, Germany remains netural. But if Germany declares war on France or Russia declares war on Austria. |
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| Dumb. Billy the Duece. Hates Bismarch. Wants to run the show. Didn't renew the Reinsurance Treaty, so Russia and France sign a full blown treaty. |
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| A port on the far west near Japan. Russians want it in order to put ships in the water. But the British think taht they are going to mess with the Spheres of Influence on the Japanese. |
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| Japan wins b/c they modernized their armies. Roosevelt steps in and sets up a treaty for them. |
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| France, England, and Russia |
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| In Moracco; the influential group is the U.S. and they decide that the French should keep doin what they do in Moracco, and that Willhelm sucks. |
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| City in Moracco; taken by the French. Willhelm dispaches THE PANTHER ship to go to Agadir (a harbor near Fez) and says he won't leave until they give up Fez. So, there are MORE talks, and the French say that they will give the germans a part of the Congo if they get out. So the germans say sure. |
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| Austria wants it...it's part of the dying Ottoman Empire. But, Serbia wants it too, but they don't have the power to take it. But the russians who would normally help the Serbs didn't because the Austrians would let them send military ships through the Bisporous(ahh) Strait in return for butting out. |
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| Overthrow the Ottoman G'vt. So there is upset in the empire bc no one knows who's in power, so the Italians move in and take Tripily. |
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| Bulgaria has a war with Ott. Emp. and they side with Surbia and Greece. So tehy all get some land, and then they fight over it and the Serbs and the Greeks declare war on Bulgaria and side with Romania and...believe it, the Turks who they were just fighting. Bulgaria loses. |
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| Sarajbeo and The Black Hand |
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| So, the black hand are basically terrorists. The emperor of Austria sends his son, Frends Ferdinand, on a goodwill tour to Sarajbeo. And he is killed by Gabrilo Princzip (black hand member) ansd so the Austrians get the ok from Germany to do whatever they want to the Serbians to get back. They make a list of 28 things, and the Serbs approve 26 of them, but that's not enough so they go to war. Sad. |
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