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| Atlantic Charter of 1941 - WWII alliance agreement between the US and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization. |
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| Quit India movement - Mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India. |
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| Muslim League - Founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electorates and legislative seats in Hindu-dominated India; represented division within Indian nationalist movement. |
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| Muhammad Ali Jinnah - Muslim nationalist leader in India; originally a member of the National Congress party; became leader of Muslim league; traded Muslim support for British during WWII for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war; first president of Pakistan. |
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| Convention Peoples Party (CPP) |
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| Convention Peoples Party (CPP) - Political party established by Kwame Nkrumah in opposition to British control of colonial legislature in Gold Coast. |
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| Leader of the nonviolent nationalist party in Kenya; organized the KAU; failed to win concessions because of resistance of white settler; came to power only after suppression of the Mau Mau. |
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| Kenya African Union (KAU) |
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| Leading nationalist party in Kenya; adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control in the 1950s. |
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| Land Freedom Army - Radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrate by failure of nonviolent means, initiated campaign of terror in 1952; referred to by British as the Mau Mau. |
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| National Liberation Front (FLN) |
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| National Liberation Front (FLN) - Radical nationalist movement in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958. |
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| Secret Army Organization (OAS) |
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| Secret Army Organization (OAS) - Organization of French settlers in Algeria; led guerillla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence. |
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| Afrikaner National Party - Emerged as the majority party in the all-white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid. |
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| apartheid - Policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of white politically and economically. |
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| Zionist military force engaged in violent resistance to British presence in Palestine in the 1940s. |
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| cold war The state of relations between the United States and its allies and the Soviet Union and its allies between the end of World War II to 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare. (p. 753) |
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| Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe during the cold war–particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and East Germany. (p. 753) |
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| Truman, Harry American president from 1945 to 1952; less eager for smooth relations with the Soviet Union than Franklin Roosevelt; authorized use of atomic bomb during World War II; architect of American diplomacy that initiated the cold war. (p. 735) |
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| iron curtain Phrase coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between free and communist societies taking shape in Europe after 1946. (p. 753) |
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| Marshall Plan Program of substantial loans initiated by the United States in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from the war's devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance. (p. 736) |
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| North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) |
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| Created in 1949 under United States leadership to group most of the Western European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression. (p. 736) |
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| Alliance organized by Soviet Union with its eastern European satalites to balance formation of NATO by Western powers in 1949 (p. 736) |
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| New activism of the West European state in economic policy and welfare issues after World War II; introduced programs to reduce the impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning. (p. 738) |
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| New type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; came to fore in offices of governments following World War II. (p. 739) |
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| Green movement Political parties, especially in Europe, focusing on environmental issues and control over economic growth (p. 740) |
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| European Economic Community |
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| European Economic Community The Common Market; an alliance of six European nations (Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) set up to begin creation of a single economic entity across national boundaries in 1958; later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, and Finland; during the early 1990s, the Community changed its name to the European Union and planned further economic integration. (p. 740) |
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| new feminism New wave of women's rights agitation dating from 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it meant to be female. (p. 747) |
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| Berlin Wall Built in 1961 to halt the flow of immigration from East Berlin to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics. Wall was torn down at end of Cold War in 1991. (p. 751) |
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| Solidarity Polish labor movement formed in 1970s under Lech Walesa; challenged USSR-dominated government of Poland. (p. 752) |
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| Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr [sOlzhuh nEEt sin, sol-] Russian author critical of the Soviet regime; published trilogy on the Siberian prison camps, The Gulag Archipelago. (p. 754) |
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| Khrushchev, Nikita [kroosh chef, -chof, krUsh-] Stalin's successor as head of USSR; attacked Stalinism in 1956 for concentration of power and arbitrary dictatorship; failure of Siberian development program and antagonism of Stalinists led to downfall. (p. 756) |
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