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| Functions of the nervous system |
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Definition
| Main control and regulatory system of the body. It communicates electrically and chemically to send messages very quickly from the CNS of the body and from the periphery of the body to CNS |
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| specialized structures that detect changes= sensory input. Examples would include the eyes, Merkel/tactile cells, ears, temperature and pain receptors (nocireceptors) |
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| nerve pathway through which sensory input is transmitted to CNS. Formed by axons of sensory neurons |
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| structure (CNS) that analyzes the sensory input and makes a decision to respond to the change. Decision is made by the interneurons, also called association neurons |
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| nerve pathway through which motor output is sent away from CNS. Carried by axons of motor neurons |
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| carry out the decision (motor output). Examples: skeletal muscles contract; smooth muscle relaxes blood vessels; glands produce sweat |
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| the division mainly controls skeletal muscles of the body |
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| this division is called the visceral division. It carries signals to internal organs like glands, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles. It is involuntary |
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| Brain (enclosed and protected by the cranium) and spinal cord (enclosed and protected by the vertebral column) |
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| nerves (spinal and cranial nerves) and ganglia (like dorsal root ganglion). Has sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent division). Also has somatic and visceral (autonomic) division |
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| this neuron has an extension coming off the soma that divides into a dendrite and an axon. Seen in sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion |
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| Has one dendrite and one axon. Rare form. Found in sensory organs (like olfactory receptor/smell) |
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| this is the most common neuron. Have many more branches of dendrites than the other two neuron types but only one axon. Found mostly in CNS |
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| are receiving regions of neurons. Local potentials are usually created on dendrites and then travel to axon hillock |
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| this part of the neuron contains the nucleus and other organelles |
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| are conducting regions of neurons. Can have a myelin sheath or lack a myelin sheath |
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| Somas of neurons and dendrites are located in the grey matter of the brain and spinal cord. If somas are located outside CNS, those places are called ganglia |
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| from the myelin sheath in the brain and in the spinal cord |
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| line the cavities of the brain (ventricles) and in spinal cord (central canal) |
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| phagocytize and destroy microorganisms, foregin matter, and dead nervous tissue |
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| have the most functions. Participate in forming the BBB |
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| these glial cells have as amany as 15 armlike projections. These projections reach out to surrounding nerve fibers and form the myelin sheath around different axons |
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| these cuboidal epithelial cells are great for lining cavities of the brain and spinal cord. These cells produce the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that bathes the CNS and its cavities with nutrient rich fluid |
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| these cells have a soma with many fingerlike projections. These projections allow the microglia to probe, attach, destroy cellular debris or foreign material that they come across |
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| the most abundant glial cells that have a star-shaped appearance with armlike projections to connect to capillaries in the brain. Form a tight seal called the blood-brain barrier |
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| these glial cells form the neurilemma and the myelin sheath around all PNS nerve fibers |
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| these cells surround the somas. Their thick covering protects the soma much like the Schwann cells protect the nerve the nerve fiber by providing electrical and chemical regulation |
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| the ability to transport/allow solutes through a membrane |
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| ECF concentration is high, ICF is low |
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| ICF concentration is high, ECF is low |
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| ECF concentration is high, ICF concentration is low |
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| unequal distribution of ions across the plasma membrane due to its permeability. Normally permeable to Na and K and not permeable to cytoplasmic anions |
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| a voltage difference across the plasma membrane due to unequal distribution of ions selective permeability of membrane and Na/K pump has the "potential" to cause a flow of ions |
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| are always open and allow ions to move in and out of the cell as long as the solute fits through the channel opening |
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| these channels open in response to signals |
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| open in response to chemicals attaching to them (ex: ligand-gated Na channels on junctional folds of NMJ) |
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| open in response to voltage change (ex: voltage gated Na channels on the axon hillock, forming the trigger zone |
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| a minimum change in voltage across the plasma membrane (-55mV) that can open voltage gated Na and K channels and generate an action potential (nerve signal) |
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| absolute refractory period |
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| absolutely no stimulus will trigger an action potential |
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| relative refractory period |
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| only a strong stimulus will trigger an action potential |
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| a larger diameter will make an action potential travel faster down the axon, as it offers less resistance |
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| an axon with myelin sheath will transmit an AP faster than an unmyelinated axon, as the signal can jump over areas of the myelin sheath |
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| has vesicles with NT which is released in response to an action potential |
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| has receptors for the NT secreted by the presynaptic neuron |
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| swelling at the end of telodendria, has vesicles with NT |
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| allow Ca++ to enter the axon terminal and be available for the exocytosis of NT |
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| space between synaptic knob and postsynaptic cell, part of ECF |
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| on the postsynaptic cell of the synapse to attach the neurotransmitter |
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| the axon terminal is the end of the axon, looks like a swelling, holds vesicles with NT, allows for transmitting chemical signals throughout the body |
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| Excitatory Cholinergic synapse |
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Definition
| this is a synapse in which acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter. Ach is seen in NMJ, where it is responsible for activating skeletal muscles. |
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| Inhibitory GABAergic synapse |
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Definition
| this synapse uses y-aminobutyric as neurotransmitter. GABA opens ligand gated Cl- channels that hyperpolarize the postsynaptic cell. Hyperpolarization takes a cell away from the threshold, thus the cell is inhibited and the synapse is called inhibitory |
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| Excitatory postsynaptic otential (EPSP) |
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Definition
| graded depolarization, will bring normal Vm closer to the threshold. Neuron is more likely to fire, so neuron is excited |
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| Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) |
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| graded hyperpolarization, will bring a normal Vm farther away from the threshold. Neuron is less likely to fire, so neuron is inhibited |
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| ONE presynaptic neuron stimulates the postsynaptic neuron multiple times within a brief period of time. All these stimulations are added. |
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| caused by opening of ligand-gated channels, are graded, are reversible, travel short distances, are decremental, can excite or inhibit the cell |
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| caused by opening of voltage gated channels, are irreversible; are all-or-none, travels long distance; are non decremental |
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| norepinephrine NE and epinephrine |
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| y-aminobutyruc acid (GABA) |
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