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Test 4
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89
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/24/2013

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Term
Which laryngeal cartilage is composed of elastic cartilage?
Definition
epiglottis
Term
At which level of the respiratory tree is there no cartilage, where smooth muscle takes on an important role in regulating the amount of airflow through the tubule?
Definition
bronchioles
Term
Where does internal respiration take place?
Definition
At systemic capillaries, between blood and tissue cells
Term
Why is it important that the epithelium of the oropharynx is stratified squamous epithelium?
Definition
The area is subject to abrasion from food, so protection is important.
Term
Which structure is the last structure of the conducting zone of the respiratory tract?
Definition
Terminal bronchioles
Term
What is the role of alveolar macrophages in the lungs?
Definition
Removal of tiny inhaled particles
Term
Which of the following changes that occurs along the airway from the trachea to the bronchioles is the most important for regulating the amount of air entering the alveoli?
Definition
Smooth muscle forms helical bands that wrap around smaller bronchi and bronchioles.
Term
What is the anatomical relationship of the true vocal folds to the false vocal folds?
Definition
The true vocal folds are inferior to the false vocal folds.
Term
What are the components of the respiratory membrane?
Definition
Alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae
Term
Which cells produce surfactant?
Definition
type II cells
Term
Which structure is not located within the nasopharynx?
Definition
palatine tonsil
Term
Sympathetic stimulation of terminal bronchioles causes
Definition
bronchodilation
Term
The left lung
Definition
has a cardiac notch.
Term
Which portion of the nasal cavity is lined with olfactory epithelium?
Definition
roof (ceiling)
Term
The detergent-like molecule that keeps the alveoli from collapsing between breaths is called
Definition
surfactant
Term
The passageway between the nasopharynx and the middle ear is the
Definition
pharyngotympanic tube.
Term
Of the three different layers of tissue in the wall of the trachea, the outermost layer is the
Definition
adventitia
Term
Most foreign substances in inspired air fail to reach the lungs because of the
Definition
ciliated epithelium and mucus that line the respiratory passages.
Term
The trachealis muscle
Definition
constricts the trachea.
Term
Alveolar pores
Definition
equalize air pressure throughout the lung.
Term
The space between the right and left vocal folds is called the
Definition
glottis
Term
Which structure does not enter or exit from the hilum of a lung?
Definition
phrenic nerve
Term
Which structure is both a lower respiratory structure and in the conducting zone?
Definition
any bronchus
Term
peristalsis
Definition
Propulsion through the GI tract by peristalsis is shown here. The contraction and relaxation of adjacent segments of the alimentary canal moves material through the tract.
Term
What would cause pain that extends or moves to the right in the umbilical region?
Definition
appendicitis
Term
Which abdominal regions are located between the midclavicular lines?
Definition
Epigastric region, umbilical region, and hypogastric region
Term
Another name for serosa is
Definition
visceral peritoneum.
Term
The splenic, or left colic, flexure of the colon is located within the
Definition
right hypochondriac region.
Term
Of the basic digestive processes, the one in which nutrients enter capillaries is called
Definition
absorption
Term
Which of the following is not an accessory digestive organ?
Definition
spleen
Term
Which of the following are components of the mucosa of the alimentary canal?
Definition
Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
Term
Which are important differences in the histology of the stomach compared to other regions of the digestive tract?
Definition
There are three layers of muscularis externa.
Term
Absorptive cells of the small intestine contain
Definition
numerous mitochondria
Term
Which layer of the digestive tract is responsible for the peristaltic waves that propel materials from one portion to another
Definition
muscularis externa
Term
Which of the following choices correctly pairs a type of cell in the stomach with its secretion?
Definition
chief cell; pepsinogen
Term
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the large intestine?
Definition
It is the main site of nutrient absorption.
Term
The digestive organ primarily responsible for the absorption of water is the
Definition
large intestine.
Term
Which of the following is not contained in saliva?
Definition
enzymes that begin the digestion of proteins
Term
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) is primarily located within the
Definition
lamina propria.
Term
What is the function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter?
Definition
It controls the entry of bile and pancreatic juices into the alimentary canal.
Term
The duodenum contains these structures whose products neutralize the acidic chyme.
Definition
duodenal glands
Term
Which of the following layers is present in the mucosa of the stomach and intestines, but not in the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx?
Definition
muscularis mucosae
Term
Which of the following are the only mucosal folds that do not flatten out at all when the organ stretches?
Definition
circular folds in the small intestine
Term
The splenic flexure is the boundary between the
Definition
transverse and descending colon.
Term
Which of the following is a role of the levator ani muscle in defecation
Definition
It lifts the anal canal superiorly around the feces.
Term
Most of the gastrointestinal tract is innervated by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the nervous system. Which parts are innervated by the somatic nervous system
Definition
pharynx and anal canal
Term
The parietal cells in the stomach produce
Definition
intrinsic factor.
Term
The terminal portion of the small intestine is the
Definition
ileum
Term
Which statement best describes the composition of the blood in the portal vein?
Definition
oxygen-poor and nutrient-rich blood drained from the digestive tract
Term
Name the three layers within the wall of the gallbladder.
Definition
Mucosa, smooth muscle, and connective tissue covered by a serosa.
Term
The structure composed of a branch of the hepatic artery, a branch of the hepatic portal vein, and a small branch of a bile duct is
Definition
a portal triad
Term
What is the importance of hepatocytes containing numerous glycosomes?
Definition
Hepatocytes play an important role in blood sugar regulation.
Term
What is the role of the serous acinar cells in the pancreas?
Definition
They make, store, and secrete about 22 kinds of pancreatic enzymes.
Term
What is the function of the gallbladder?
Definition
storage of bile
Term
Digestion of which of the following would be affected the most if the bile-secreting liver were severely damaged?
Definition
lipids
Term
Which of the following structures neither enters nor leaves the porta hepatis?
Definition
hepatic veins
Term
In most cases, the accessory pancreatic duct drains into the
Definition
duodenum
Term
The region of the kidney where the renal vessels and the ureter enter and exit the kidney is called the
Definition
renal hilum
Term
Which portion of the nephron is found in both the renal cortex and medulla?
Definition
collecting duct
Term
Which vessels in the nephron function in filtration?
Definition
glomerular capillaries
Term
Which cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete the hormone renin?
Definition
granular cells
Term
The visceral layer of the glomerular capsule
Definition
clings to the glomerulus, consists of branching cells call podocytes, and plays an important role in the formation of filtrate
Term
The microvilli along the luminal surface of the proximal convoluted tubule
Definition
increase the surface area of proximal convoluted tubules and maximize their capacity for resorbing water, ions, and solute from the filtrate
Term
Where does blood flow immediately after it leaves the glomerulus in the kidneys?
Definition
Efferent arteriole
Term
Which of the following events occurs when the posterior pituitary gland secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
Definition
The collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules become more permeable to water, which results in water being resorbed into blood vessels.
Term
Renal corpuscles
Definition
consist of the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
Term
Which statement is FALSE concerning peritubular capillaries?
Definition
They are adapted for secretion.
Term
Vessels and nerves enter and leave the kidney through the
Definition
medial hilum.
Term
Which of the following supportive tissues is most superficial?
Definition
pararenal fat
Term
Before it enters the ureter, urine collects in the
Definition
renal pelvis.
Term
Which of the following is not part of the filtration membrane?
Definition
granular cells
Term
Renin is produced in
Definition
the granular cells
Term
Which segment of the nephron has a simple squamous epithelium?
Definition
descending limb of the nephron loop
Term
An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that
Definition
the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.
Term
The left renal vein ________ the right renal vein.
Definition
is longer than
Term
The layer of podocytes is the same as the
Definition
visceral layer of glomerular capsule.
Term
The parts of the nephron whose epithelial cells contain the most mitochondria are the
Definition
proximal and distal tubules.
Term
Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that
Definition
their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.
Term
An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to
Definition
an increase in the production of ADH.
Term
Which type of epithelium lines the lumen of the ureter, urinary bladder, and proximal portions of the urethra?
Definition
transitional epithelium
Term
What is unusual about the muscularis layer of the ureter when compared to the muscularis of the digestive tract?
Definition
It has an inner longitudinal and outer circular layer.
Term
The oblique entry of the ureters into the bladder
Definition
prevents backflow of urine into the ureters from the urinary bladder
Term
In what way is the histology of the ureters the same as that of the urinary bladder?
Definition
Their luminal epithelium is transitional epithelium.
Term
Which structures serve to voluntarily inhibit urination?
Definition
External urethral sphincter and levator ani muscle
Term
The name of the inferior of the three openings in the trigone of the bladder is the
Definition
internal urethral orifice
Term
Why are urinary tract infections more common in females than in males?
Definition
In females the urethra is shorter than in males.
Term
the only epithelial type that does not line the urethra is
Definition
simple squamous.
Term
The external urethral sphincter is located
Definition
at the urogenital diaphragm.
Term
The longest of the three parts of the male urethra is the
Definition
spongy urethra.
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