Term
| What three structures compose the brainstem? |
|
Definition
midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata |
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Term
| Histologically, how is the brainstem organized |
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Definition
| the gray matter is surrounded by the white matter |
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Term
| Where are neuron cell bodies located? |
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Definition
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Term
| The brain stem is a pathway for ________ _______ running between higher and lower neural centers. |
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Definition
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Term
| Brain stem is responsible for _________ behavior. |
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Definition
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Term
| The brainstem is a fiber track between the ______ ______ and lower areas of the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| What two brain processes does the brainstem combine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the brainstem innervate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What structures compose the diencephalon? |
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Definition
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
epithalmus |
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Term
| The midbrain is located between what two structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| What connects the brainstem and cerebellum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What anchors the cerebrum to the brainstem? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four protrusions on the dorsal midbrain collectively called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the superior colliculi? |
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Definition
| visual reflex centers that coordinate head and eye movement |
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Term
| What is the function of the inferior colliculi? |
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Definition
| it is the auditory relay from the ear to the sensory cortex |
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Term
| Give an example of a reflexive reaction the inferior colliculi mediate. |
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Definition
reflexive turning of the head in response to a sound
tendency to jump when startled by a sudden noise |
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Term
| Give an example of a reflexive reaction the superior colliculi mediate. |
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Definition
| blinking, focusing, pupillary dilation and constriction, turning head to look at something you see something out of corner of eye. |
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Term
| The pons is located between what two structures? |
|
Definition
| midbrain and medulla oblongata |
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Term
| The pons is chiefly composed of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cranial nerves from the midbrain are ______ and ________. |
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Definition
| III. Occulomotor and IV. Trochlear |
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Term
| Name the tree cranial nerves arising from the pons. |
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Definition
V. Trigeminal
VI. Abducens
VII. Facial |
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Term
| Which section of the brain stem helps maintain normal rhythm of breathing? |
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Definition
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Term
| The pons connects the cerebellum with what two structures? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most inferior part of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| The spinal cord continues upward into the medula to create what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the centers the medula oblongata controls? |
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Definition
Cardiac Center
Vasomotor Center
Respiratory Center
Centers for sneezing, coughing, vomiting and swallowing |
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Term
| Because of the type of functions of the medulla oblongata, ______ are frequently fatal. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hypothalamus gives the orders and the ___________ carries them out. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the reticular formation? |
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Definition
| a loosely organized web of gray matter that runs vertically through all levels of the brain stem. |
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Term
| The reticular formation goes from ____ ___ to ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The reticular formation connects _________ and ________ tracts. |
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Definition
| ascending and descending tracts |
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Term
| What formation activates the cerebral cortex and vice versa? |
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Definition
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Term
| Injury to the reticular formation can result in irreversible _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| The reticular formation plays a central role in states of consciousness such as ______ and _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ _______ filters some incoming sensory impulses. The important stuff goes to the cerebrum. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why isn't alcohol induced sleep restful? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the dreamless and restful part of sleep called? |
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Definition
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Term
| Slow-wave sleep lasts for what length of time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dreams occur in what stage of sleep? |
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Definition
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Term
| REM sleep lasts for what length of time? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference in heart rate and breathing between slow-wave and REM sleep? |
|
Definition
in slow-wave respiration and heart rate decrease
in REM heart and respiratory rates are irregular |
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Term
| If you don't get enough REM sleep one night, what will your brain do? |
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Definition
| catch up on it the following night |
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Term
|
Definition
| sleeping at inappropriate times |
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Term
| Narcolepsy has ______ REM cycles. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the name of the prion disease that induces sleeplessness? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What causes fatal familial insomnia? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the treatment for fatal familial insomnia? What is the prognosis? |
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Definition
| there is no cure, even drugs won't work because the brain is rotting. Death occurs within 13 months. |
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Term
| The cerebellum accounts for ____% of brain weight. |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The cerebellum helps provide _______, ________ body movement. |
|
Definition
| smooth, coordinated body movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| the white part of the cerebellum |
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Term
|
Definition
| the white part of the cerebellum |
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Term
| The cerebellum is ______ symmetrical. |
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Definition
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Term
What are the parts of the brain responsible for the chain of events?
________ wants to do something-->________ initiates action-->________ coordinates action. |
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Definition
| CEREBRUM wants to do something-->PRIMARY MOTOR CENTER initiates action-->CEREBELLUM coordinates action. |
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Term
| The ________ ______ initiates voluntary muscle contractions and simultaneously notifies the cerebellum. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ receives information throughout body that in enables it to know where the body parts are and how they are moving. |
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Definition
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Term
| The _________ _______ assesses information and calculates the best way to coordinate smooth movements. |
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Definition
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Term
| If the cerebellum is injured what results? |
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Definition
| loss of muscle tone and clumsy disorganized movements |
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Term
| What is the brain protection system that consists of tight junctions between the endothelial cells that form the capillary walls? |
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Definition
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Term
| The function of the blood-brain barrier is to ensure what? |
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Definition
| That the brain's environment remains constant |
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Term
| What is the basal lamina? |
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Definition
| A layer of extracellular matrix found on the basal surface of epithelial cells. |
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Term
| What are three components of the blood-brain barrier? |
|
Definition
tight junctions in capillary endothelium
thick basal lamina
bulbous endings of astrocytes |
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Term
| Name three categories of substances to which the blood-brain barrier is highly permeable |
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Definition
water
glucose
lipid-soluble substances |
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Term
| Name four lipid-soluble substances that are permeable through the blood-brain barrier. |
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Definition
| Oxygen, carbon dioxide, fatty acids, fats |
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Term
| Name the drugs, listed on the powerpoint slide, that pass through the blood-brain barrier. |
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Definition
| alcohol, nicotine, anesthetics, tylenol, aspirin, some illicit drugs |
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Term
| Name the substances, listed on the powerpoint slide, that cannot pass through the blood-brain barrier. |
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Definition
| metabolic wastes, proteins, certain toxins, most drugs |
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Term
| Name two areas in the brain where there is no blood-brain barrier. |
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Definition
vomiting center of the brain
hypothalamus |
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Term
| The blood-brain barrier is __________ developed in newborn children. For what potential does that create. |
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Definition
incompletely formed
potential toxic substances can readily enter the CNS and cause problems |
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Term
| Describe the symptoms in the three stages of Alzheimer's Disease. |
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Definition
Early-no symptoms or mild memory loss
Mid-Stage-can't remember address, telephone number, etc.
end stage-Trouble maintaining posture, trouble swallowing, incontinence |
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Term
| What does acetylcholinesterase inhibitors do to treat Alzheimers? |
|
Definition
| keeps levels of acetylcholine high, which helps keep some level of communication going in early stages |
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|
Term
| What causes the memory loss in Alzheimer's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the neuron's to die in Alzheimer's Disease? |
|
Definition
| Beta Amyloid protein becomes tangled and cuts off blood supply to the neurons |
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Term
| What causes a concussion? |
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Definition
| the brain bleeds and the trapped blood presses against healthy brain tissue |
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|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a concussion? |
|
Definition
| drowsiness, headache, weakness on one side of the body, symptoms may not appear until weeks or months later |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammation of the brain |
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|
Term
| What are the treatments for encephalitis? |
|
Definition
| antivirals and support treatments for symptoms (like a ventilator) |
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|
Term
| What are the symptoms of encephalitis? |
|
Definition
| headache, fever, fatigue, hallucinations, confusion, disturbances of sleep, memory and behavior |
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Term
| What is a "primary" cause of encephalitis? What does it mean by primary? |
|
Definition
a mosquito-borne virus (west nile virus)
primary is a direct infection of the brain |
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|
Term
Name some "secondary" causes of encephalitis?
What does "secondary" cause mean? |
|
Definition
herpes simplex virus, rabies, syphillis
secondary means encephalitis results from another infection |
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|
Term
| How does encephalitis effect the brain? |
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Definition
| it causes neuronal degeneration and necrosis |
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Term
| Name some common events that can lead to a coma. |
|
Definition
Traumatic Brain Injury
severe whiplash
concussions
shaken baby syndrome
diabetes
drugs and alcohol |
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|
Term
| In a regular coma people come out of it what length of time? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a state of unconsciousness whereby a patient cannot react with the surrounding environment. The patient cannot be wakened with outside physical or auditory stimulation. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| coma is commonly a result of trauma, bleeding and/or swelling affecting the brain. Inadequate oxygen or blood sugar (glucose) and various poisons can also directly injure the brain to cause coma. Brain inflammation and infection are also causes of altered mental status and coma. |
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Term
| What is a coma that lasts over four weeks called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ask Mamie about wakefullness and awareness in relation to comas... |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of disease is rabies? What does it do to the brain? |
|
Definition
| a viral infection that kills the brain cells? |
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|
Term
| Name some mammals commonly infected with rabies? |
|
Definition
| dogs, cats, wolves, bats skunks, foxes, raccoons |
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|
Term
| How is rabies transmitted to humans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rabies is a retrograde transmission disease. What does that mean? |
|
Definition
| the axons get infected first then it spreads to the soma |
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Term
| Complete the chain of how the rabies virus goes through the body: sensory neurons--> ________ --> brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of rabies? |
|
Definition
swollen lymph glands
choking
spasms of the throat
fever
mental problems |
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|
Term
| Why do people with rabies die? |
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Definition
| it puts the body in tentanus |
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|
Term
| IN what time frame do rabies symptoms present after initial infection? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| After symptoms occur death occurs in what time frame? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
postexposure propholaxis-
1 dose of immunoglobulin
and
5 doses of rabies vaccine within 28 days of exposure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| a disorder causing sudden, massive discharge of neurons (seizures) |
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|
Term
| What are some things that can cause a seizure? |
|
Definition
fatigue
stress
patterns of flashing lights |
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|
Term
| What are the symptoms of epileptic seizures? |
|
Definition
motor convulsions
sensory and psychic disturbances
impaired consciousness
In varying degrees from mild to severe |
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|
Term
| What are the treatments for epilepsy? |
|
Definition
anti-seizure medications
surgery |
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|
Term
| By what is Parkinson's disease caused? |
|
Definition
| degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons in the area of the midbrain |
|
|
Term
| By what is Parkinson's disease caused? |
|
Definition
| degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons in the area of the midbrain |
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|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
stiff joints
muscle tremors in the hands and feet
eventually loose mobility |
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|
Term
| How does levodopa work in treating Parkinson's? |
|
Definition
| it is converted to dopamine by an enzyme and stimulates receptors like regular dopamine |
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|
Term
| How do dopamine agonists work? |
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Definition
| Dopamine agonists directly stimulate the receptors in nerves in the brain that normally would be stimulated by dopamine. Unlike levodopa, a dopamine agonist is not changed (converted) into dopamine when it enters the body, but it behaves like dopamine. |
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|
Term
| What is gamma-knife surgery? |
|
Definition
| a non-invasive neurosurgical procedure that uses powerful doses of radiation to target and treat diseased brain tissue while leaving surrounding tissue intact. (not really a knife) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| an abnormal growth in or on the brain |
|
|
Term
| How can brain tumors be treated? |
|
Definition
surgery
radiation
chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
| How can non-cancerous brain tumors cause problems? |
|
Definition
| they can press against neighboring tissue and increase pressure within the skull. |
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|
Term
| Some brain tumors originate from the brain itself, most come from |
|
Definition
| spreading from other parts of the body |
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|
Term
| What is the congenital problem in which the skull below the cerebellum is too small? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A chiari malformation can push down what areas of the brain. |
|
Definition
| cerebellum and lower brain |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Chiari Malformation? |
|
Definition
| headache, dizziness, up to severe neurological problems including the cerebellum not forming normally |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Chiari Malformation? |
|
Definition
| surgery where the bones are removed and a dura patch is put in place |
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