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Test 4 Lombrana notes onLecture 14 Spinal
spinal nerve & cord questions (9)
148
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/06/2009

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Term
Name 2 main functions of the spinal cord
Definition
nerve impulse propagation & information integration
Term
How do spinal the spinal cord and spinal nerves contribute to homeostats?
Definition
by providing quick reflexive responses t many stimuli
Term
The ______ is the pathway for sensory input to the brain and motor putput from the brain
Definition
spinal cord
Term
What does the white matter contain?
Definition
a dozen major sensory and motor tracts
Term
which is the ascending and the descending of the major sensory, and motor tracts?
Definition
major sensory (ascending), and motor (descending) tracts
Term
the function of white matter tracts is?
Definition
'highways' for ner impulse propagation
Term
(in homeostasis) white matter tracts make up different regions called?
Definition
columns of white matter that surround the gray matter
Term
what are the bundles of ascending adescending white matter tracts?
Definition
myelinated axons
Term
each column contains bundles of axons (tracts) that have a common _____ or ____
Definition
origin or destination
Term
what are the three columns ?
Definition
ventral white columns (right and left anterior), dorsal righ and left posterior, and right and left lateral white columns
Term
what does the gray matter procxesses?
Definition
reflexes
Term
(still homeostastis) gray matter of the spinal cord is also a site for EPSPs which is ?
Definition
integration (summing) of excitatory postsynaptic potentials
Term
and the gray matter is also a site for IPSPs which is?
Definition
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
Term
Gray matter of the spinal cord receives?
Definition
receives and integrates incoming and out outgoing information
Term
gray matter of the spinal cord consists of ?
Definition
cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, and axon terminals
Term
The spinal cord- provides?
Definition
protection
Term
what 2 types of coverings provide the protection to the spinal cord
Definition
bony vertebrae and meninges
Term
what is CSF?
Definition
cerebral spnal fluid, produced in the brain
Term
what does CSF do?
Definition
surrounds and protes the spinal cord, produced in the brain
Term
what are the meninges?(singular is meninx)
Definition
3 connective tissue coverings that encircle the brain and spinal cord
Term
what is spinal meninges
Definition
surround the spinal cord
Term
what is cranial meninges
Definition
surround and encircle the brain
Term
name the 3 meninges
Definition
dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
Term
the most superficial mininx
Definition
dura mater
Term
a sac of dense irregular connective tissue, extends from the foramen magnum to the second sacral vert
Definition
dura mater
Term
epidural space
Definition
space between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal
Term
______ contains a cushion of fat and connective tissue
Definition
epidural space
Term
______ is continuous with the dura mater of the brain
Definition
dura mater
Term
Arachnoid mater is the _______ meninx, an _____ covering, a spider webarrangement of delicate ______fivers and some ______fibers
Definition
middle meninx, avascular covering, spider web, delicate collage fibers elastic fibers,
Term
_________ is continuous with the arachnoid mater of the brain
Definition
arachnoid mater
Term
________, the thin space between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
Definition
subdural space
Term
Arachnoid mater contains______fluid
Definition
interstitial fluid
Term
Pia mater is the ______ meninx
Definition
inner most
Term
a thin transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the brain and spinal cord
Definition
pia mater
Term
contains interlacing bundles of collagens fivers and some fine elastic fibers
Definition
pia mater
Term
Subarachnoid space is contained in the
Definition
pia mater
Term
The subarachnoid space contains which fluid
Definition
csp
Term
the subarachnoid space containing csp is in which
Definition
pia mater
Term
external anantomy
Definition
of the spinal cord
Term
the spinal cord stops growing at what age?
Definition
age 4-5
Term
when the spinal cord stops growing it continues to?
Definition
elongate
Term
The cervical enlargement is from?
Definition
the c-4 to t-1
Term
The lumbar enlargement is from?
Definition
t-9 to t-12 where nerves to and from the lower limbs arise
Term
The conus mdullaris is
Definition
the tapered portion of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement
Term
the filum terminale is
Definition
delicate filament about 20 cm extends downward from the apex of the conus medullaris
Term
The definition of filum terminale
Definition
anchors the spinal cord to the cocccyx
Term
The cauda equina 'horses tail'
Definition
roots of the spinal cord
Term
external anatomy of the
Definition
spinal cord
Term
spinal nerves are part of which system?
Definition
part of the PNS
Term
the spinal nerves are part of the PNS and connect to the
Definition
CNS
Term
From the CNS the spinal nerves connect the cns to
Definition
sensory receptors, muscles, and glandds
Term
how many pairs of spinal nerves
Definition
31 pairs
Term
where do the spinal nerves originate
Definition
from the spinal cord from the posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) roots
Term
what are roots
Definition
bundles of axons
Term
______ connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the spinal cord
Definition
roots
Term
what are two roots
Definition
posterior (dorsal)and anterior (ventral)
Term
________ contain only sennsory axons
Definition
posterior (dorsal) roots
Term
posterior (dorsal) roots conduct impulses from ______ receptors to the ___
Definition
CNS
Term
________ contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons, in each posterior (dorsal) root
Definition
ganglion
Term
Anterior (ventral) roots contain axons of ____ ,
Definition
motor neurons
Term
These neurons(of the anterior roots) conduct impulses fromt the _____ to the _____ or ______
Definition
cns to the effector organs /cells
Term
internal anatomy
Definition
of the spinal cord
Term
which matter surrounds which
Definition
white matter surrounds gray
Term
Which grooves divide the cord into righ and left sides
Definition
anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
Term
the ______ is the deep wide median fissure,
Definition
anterior median fissure
Term
the ________ is the shallower narrow furrow
Definition
posterior median sulcus
Term
_______ is shaped like an H or a butterfly
Definition
gray matter
Term
Gray matter consists of
Definition
cell bodies of neurons, neurolglia, unmyelinated axons, dendrites of interneurons and motor neurons
Term
what does the gray matter do
Definition
receives and integrate incomeing and outgoing info
Term
_____ are association neurons
Definition
interneurons
Term
interneurons or association neurons
Definition
help with the integration of sensory information in the CNS, allows the initiaiation of motor responses
Term
_____ surrounds the gray matter
Definition
Term
what does white matter consist primarily of
Definition
myelinated axons of neurons
Term
What forms the crossbar of the H
Definition
gray commissure
Term
The central canal is located in the ?
Definition
center of the gray commmissure
Term
The________ extends the entire lengthe of the spinal cord
Definition
central canal
Term
where is the 4th ventricle?
Definition
in the medulla oblongata
Term
What does the central canal contain
Definition
Csf, cerebral spinal fluid
Term
The central canal is continuous with
Definition
the fourth ventriclin the medulla oblongata
Term
What is the purpose of the anterior (ventral) white commissure
Definition
connects the white matter of the r and l sides of the spinal cord
Term
clusters of cell bodies in the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord ___
Definition
nuclei
Term
______ receive input from receptors via sensory neurons
Definition
sensory nuclei
Term
______ provide output to effector tissue via motor neurons
Definition
motor nuclei
Term
the region of gray matter on each side of the spinal cord is called _____
Definition
gray horns
Term
the _______ contain cell bodies of somatic motor neurons going to skeletal muscle
Definition
anterior gray horns
Term
Anterior gray horn the _____ provid ____ for contraction of skeletal muscles
Definition
neurons provide impulses for contraction
Term
posterior gray horns contain_______ and ____ of interneurons as well as axons of incoming sensory neurons
Definition
cell bodies and axons of interneurons
Term
lateral gray horns are present only in _____ , _____, and ______ of the spinal cord
Definition
thoracic upper lumbar and sacral segments
Term
lateral gray horns contain cell bodies of
Definition
autonomic motor neurons
Term
lateral gray horns regulate
Definition
the activity of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
Term
the cord's white matter is organized into regions called
Definition
columns
Term
How many columns of the spinal cord
Definition
three
Term
what are the three
Definition
anterior ventral, posterior dorsal, lateral -all white columns
Term
Each column contains bundles of
Definition
axons
Term
The axons are called ____ and are divided into 2 types
Definition
tracts, sensory (ascending) and motor (descending)
Term
The sensory (ascending)tracts consist of axons that conduct impulses
Definition
toward the brain that are sensory
Term
the motor or descending tract consist of
Definition
axons that carry impulses down the spinal cord motor
Term
How does the spinal cord promote homeostatsis
Definition
by conducting impulses along tracts
Term
how is the name of the tract descriptive
Definition
indicates position and where it begins and ends
Term
all _______ and their branches are part of th PNS
Definition
spinal nerves
Term
All spinal nerves are part of the cns and connect to the cns to sensory receptor muscles and glands in that order, are part of 31 pairs of _______
Definition
mixed pairs
Term
the 31 pairs of mixed nerves are _____ and ______ fibers
Definition
have both motor and sensory fibers
Term
How are spinal nerves named and numbered
Definition
according to region and level
Term
how many pairs of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccyteal
Definition
8p cervical c1-c8, 12p thor t1-t12, 5p lumb l1-l5, 5psac, s1-s5, 1pair coccy
Term
how many connections does a typical spinal nerve have
Definition
2 connections to the cord, posterior, anterior
Term
a posterior root contains?
Definition
unipolar sensory axon and posterior root ganglion
Term
where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons?
Definition
posterior root gangllion
Term
what are the 3 connective tissues of the spinal nerves
Definition
endoneurium, perneurium and epineurium
Term
the _____ is the innermost layer, wraps individual axon whether myelinated or not
Definition
endoneurium
Term
the _____wraps fasicles, bundles of axons
Definition
perineurium
Term
the ____ the superficial covering of the entire nerve
Definition
epineurium
Term
the ______ fuses with the dura mater of the spinal meninges as the spinal nerve passes through the intervebral foramen
Definition
epineurium
Term
the ______serves deep muscle and skin of the dorsal surface of the trunk
Definition
posterior (dorsal) ramus
Term
rami=branches
Definition
spinal nerves branch
Term
the _______ serve the muscles and structurers of the limbs and skin of the lateral and ventral surfaces of the trunk
Definition
anterior ramus
Term
the ____ supplies the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments blood vessels of the spinal cord and meninges
Definition
meningeal branch
Term
the meningeal branch supplies the
Definition
vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, bl vessels of the spinal cord and meninges
Term
Rami are components of the _____ nervous system
Definition
autonomic
Term
a _______ is a network of nerves veins or lymphatic vessels
Definition
plexus
Term
a plexus is
Definition
network of nerves veins or lymphtic vessels
Term
the ancterior rami of the spinal nerves do not go directly to body structures they form
Definition
plexus
Term
Most spinal nerves are arranged in ___-
Definition
plexuses
Term
a network of axons, fibers join and resort
Definition
plexus
Term
principal plexuses
Definition
cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral coccygeal
Term
_____ supplies the skin and musclesof the head neck and superior parts of the shoulders and chest
Definition
cervical plexus
Term
the phrenic nerves arise from the cervical plexuses and supply ______ to the diaphram
Definition
motor fibers
Term
the _____ provide the entire nerve supply of the shoulders and upper limbs
Definition
brachial plexus
Term
5 important nerves arise in this plexus, the axillary musculocutaneous radial median and ulnar nerve.. what plexus am I?
Definition
brachial plexus
Term
now name all 5 important nerves that arise from the brachial plexus
Definition
axillary, musculocutaneous, radial, median ulnar
Term
the ______ supplies the deltoid and teres mminor muscles
Definition
axillary nerve
Term
the _______ nerve supplies the flexors of the arm
Definition
musculocutaneous nerve
Term
the _______ nerve supplies the muscles of the posterior aspect of the arma nd forearm
Definition
radial arm
Term
the _______nerve supplies most of the muscles of the anterior forearma nd some of the muscle of the hand
Definition
median nerve
Term
the ______ nerve supplies the anteromedial muscles of the forearma and most of the muscles of the hand
Definition
ulnar nerve
Term
an injury to the ______ would affect the sensations and movement to the upper limb
Definition
brachial plexus
Term
the ________ supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall, external denital and lower limbs
Definition
lumbar plexus
Term
the largeest nerve arising in the lumbar plexus is the
Definition
femoral nerve
Term
whre does the femoral nerve extend
Definition
flexor muscles of thigh to extensor of leg
Term
the _______ supllies the buttocks perineum and lower limbs
Definition
sacral plexus
Term
the largest nerve in the body
Definition
sciatic nerve
Term
where does the sciatic nerve arise from
Definition
sacral plexus
Term
what nerve arises from all genital areas
Definition
pudendal nerve
Term
where are there no plexus formations
Definition
in the thorax, due to there are no limbs
Term
what are thoracic nerves known as?
Definition
intercostal nerves, directly innervate intercostal muscle and skin
Term
an area of the skin that provides sensory input to the cns via pair of spinal nerves
Definition
dermatome
Term
what does knowledge of the dermatomes give a physician
Definition
where damage to the spinal cord is
Term
what are the 2 principal functions of the spinal cord
Definition
nerve impulse propagation, integration of information
Term
what is the white matter tracts of the spinal cord?
Definition
highways for nerv impules generation
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