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test 3 hw 7
hw 7
50
Anatomy
Kindergarten
03/17/2014

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Term
ion
Definition
An atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge is called a/an
Term
chemically
Definition
These gated channels are located on the dendrites and cell body of a neuron.
Term
voltage
Definition
These gated channels are located on the axon hillock, and all along a non-myelinated axon or at the nodes of Ranvier on myelinated axons.
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
When this neurotransmitter attached to the receptor channel in the example, both sodium and potassium were able to pass through the channel.
Term
chemically
Definition
Neurotransmitters binding to a channel causing it to open is an example of a ___ gated channel
Term
chemically
Definition
These gated channels are involved in synaptic potentials (IPSP, EPSP).
Term
ion
Definition
An atom or molecule with a positive or negative charge is called a/an:
Term
voltage
Definition
These gated channels are involved in action potentials.
Term
non-gated
Definition
Open channels are referred to as __ channels on the CD.
Term
GABA
Definition
When this neurotransmitter attached to the receptor channel in the example, chloride ions were able to pass through the ion channel.
Term
Chloride
Definition
In the illustration of chemically gated channels, when GABA binds to the receptor, this ion moves through the channel
Term
g-coupled protein receptor
Definition
Norepinephrine binds to this type of membrane receptor
Term
potassium
Definition
The cell activated by norepinephrine in the animation depolarized when channels for these ions were altered
Term
indirectly
Definition
The catecholamines act (directly or indirectly) on ion channels.
Term
sodium
Definition
During an EPSP, there is a stronger electrochemical gradient for (sodium or potassium)
Term
inhibitory
Definition
GABA binding leads to this type of post-synaptic potential
Term
potassium
Definition
When an excitatory post-synaptic potential is generated, both sodium and __ pass through the channel
Term
beta-1
Definition
These specific receptors for norepinephrine are found on the heart and can stimulate an increase in the rate and strength of contractions.
Term
cholinergic
Definition
The general name for receptors that bind acetylcholine is:
Term
beta-2
Definition
Norepinephrine and epinephrine are inhibitory on target cells where this specific adrenergic receptor is located.
Term
voltage
Definition
When the action potential reaches the axon terminal, it stimulates this type of gated channel to open.
Term
muscarinic
Definition
This type of cholinergic receptor is a G-protein coupled receptor
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
he space between two cells at a chemical synapse.
Term
alpha-1
Definition
This specific type of adrenergic receptor causes slow contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels, causing them to constrict.
Term
calcium
Definition
The channels that open at the axon terminal are for this ion.
Term
adrenergic
Definition
The general name for receptors that bind norepinephrine (or epinephrine- not mentioned here on the CD) is
Term
receptor
Definition
The response of a post-synaptic cell depends on 1) the specific neurotransmitter that binds and 2) the specific ___ on the post-synaptic membrane.
Term
nicotinic
Definition
This type of cholinergic receptor is a receptor channel.
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
The pre-ganglionic cells for the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems release this neurotransmitter to the post-ganglionic cells.
Term
slow
Definition
Indirect-acting neurotransmitters are associated with ___ synaptic actions
Term
adrenergic
Definition
The post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system are called ___ because they release norepinephrine at the target cells.
Term
inhibitory
Definition
Glycine and GABA are ___ neurotransmitters in the CNS
Term
fast
Definition
Athletic performance, playing musical instruments, and communication all require __ synaptic actions.
Term
cholinergic
Definition
The post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system are called ___ because they release acetylcholine at the target cells.
Term
monoamine oxidase
Definition
The inactivating enzyme for norepinephrine is called:
Term
demyelinating
Definition
Guillain-Barre syndrome and multiple sclerosis are ___ diseases.
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
Amphetamines and ephedrine have their effects on the body by increasing the release of this neurotransmitter.
Term
beta-1 adrenergic
Definition
The drug propranolol lowers heart rate by blocking these specific receptors.
Term
beta-2 adrenergic
Definition
These specific receptors have a higher affinity for epinephrine than for norepinephrine.
Term
acetylcholinesterase
Definition
The inactivating enzyme for acetylcholine is called:
Term
norepinephrine
Definition
Cocaine has its effect by preventing the reuptake of this neurotransmitter.
Term
alzheimers
Definition
This disease, marked by b-amyloid protein plaques in the brain, is treated with acetylcholine (ACh) agonists or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) antagonists.
Term
channelopathies
Definition
Mutations in the genes for protein channels are called:
Term
sodium channels
Definition
Some local anesthetics work by blocking these along axons.
Term
latrotoxin
Definition
his toxin leads to an increase in ACh release, causing a constant contraction (spastic paralysis) of large skeletal muscles, such as the abdominal muscles. We have to be careful around here because this toxin is what Black Widows release into their victims.
Term
tetrodotoxin
Definition
If you eat sushi, be careful that your fugu sushi no longer contains this fatal neurotoxin that blocks sodium channels on axons. Blocking these channels will prevent signal propagation
Term
fasciculin
Definition
This toxin, found in the Eastern Green Mamba snake, blocks acetylcholinesterase.
Term
alpha-bungarotoxin
Definition
This neurotoxin, which comes from the Asian Krait snake, binds irreversibly to nicotinic receptors, preventing ACh from binding there. If it can’t bind, skeletal muscle cannot contract (flaccid paralysis)
Term
holocyclotoxin
Definition
If you get bitten by a certain Australian tick, this toxin will prevent the release of acetylcholine from the axon terminal. What effect would this have on skeletal muscle?
Term
botulinum toxin
Definition
his bacterial neurotoxin prevents acetylcholine release from a neuron. Some people pay to have this substance injected into their foreheads.
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