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Test 3
Dr Adamchack A&P 1 Test 3
189
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/30/2008

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Term
The negative and positive side of a cell are separated, this is called?
Definition
Charge Separation
Term
The difference between the positive side and the negative side of a cell is call?
Definition
Potential
Term
Charge separation on a call is done by the?
Definition
Cell membrane
Term
What is the major protien inside the cell that carries the negative charge?
Definition
Potassium Ka+
Term
The charge difference between the outside and inside of a cell at rest is called the?
Definition
Resting membrane potential
Term
Why does Potassium leak out of the cell and Sodium leak into the cell?
Definition
Diffusion
Term
What type of active transport is the sodium/potasium pump?
Definition
counter-transport
Term
Counter-Transport of muscle cells moves _____ sodium ions and _____ Potassium ions.
Definition
3 and 2
Term
Define a cell at rest.
Definition
A cell not being stimulated and is at -70mv
Term
What type of cells are electrically excitable?
Definition
Muscle and Nerve cells
Term
What determines how much permeability to ions a cell has?
Definition
the size of the stimuli
Term
Weak stimuli will give rise to _______ potential.
Definition
Local
Term
What is another phrase for local potential?
Definition
Graded Potential
Term
What type of stimuli are long duration?
Definition
Strong Stimuli
Term
Durring Action potential the cell becomes more permeable to _______ first, then ______ second.
Definition
Sodium (Na+), Potassium (K+)
Term
strong stimuli causes depolarization to -55mv, this voltage is called the _________.
Definition
threshold
Term
What brings the cell back to the resting potential after hyperpolarization?
Definition
The sodium-potassium pump
Term
At what voltage do the sodium gates close and the potassium gates open?
Definition
+30mv
Term
What type of stimuli is required to produce an action potential durring the relative refractory period.
Definition
Stronger stimuli then the original stimuli.
Term
At what voltage do the sodium channels open?
Definition
-55mv
Term
Name 4 functions of muscles.
Definition
Movement, Heat production, maintain posture, guards body organs not protected by bone
Term
Fascia is?
Definition
fibrous connective tissue wrapped around the outside of a muscle
Term
A fascicle is wrapped by the?
Definition
Perimysium
Term
Many fascicles are wrapped by the?
Definition
Epimysium
Term
What is the sarcolemma?
Definition
Muscle cell membrane
Term
A myofibril contains what two proteins?
Definition
Myosin and Actin
Term
Name the components of the Actin Protein.
Definition
Troponin complex, Tropomyosin, F-Actin
Term
What are the three things the troponin molecules have an affinity for.
Definition
Calcium, Tropomyacin, G-actin
Term
When the myosin head attaches to the actin, this is called _______________.
Definition
Cross bridge attachment
Term
At full muscle contraction, what part of the sarcomere is gone?
Definition
H Zone
Term
To relax a muscle, what has to happen?
Definition
Calcium is pumped back into the terminal cisterna
Term
When does Rigor mortis begin?
Definition
3-4 hours after death
Term
What are the steps of rigor mortis?
Definition
Death, no further ATP production, Calcium leaks out of terminal systerna, muscle contraction occurs, No ATP to release
Term
A chemical that causes and action potential on a cell membrane is called a?
Definition
neurotransmitter
Term
The axon and all the muscle cells that it attaches to is called?
Definition
Motor Unit
Term
What is the individual muscle rule?
Definition
All or none, motor unit is either fully contracted or not at all
Term
Everything up the myosin head piviting is called the ________ phase.
Definition
Lag
Term
Tension is dependant on?
Definition
How many motor units are contracted.
Term
In multiple wave stimulation what causes higher and higher tension?
Definition
Faster and faster frequency
Term
why can't complete tetany be sustained?
Definition
unavailability of ATP (fatigue)
Term
When does the insertion point of a muscle move?
Definition
When the muscle contracts
Term
What are the two ways the amount of muscle tension is controlled?
Definition
Multiple motor sumation, multiple wave stimulation
Term
A warmup phenomenon of muscles is called?
Definition
Treppe
Term
When do muscles loose tone?
Definition
When then nerve is severed.
Term
________________ means no change in muscle length when it is contracted.
Definition
Isometric
Term
What is the energy stored as when ATP is broken down to ADP for energy storage?
Definition
Creatin Phosphate
Term
When is Creatin Phosphate broken down by the muscle?
Definition
Durring peak activity
Term
Slow twitch fibers are more _________________ and can maintain thier contraction _______________.
Definition
Aerobic, longer
Term
Are slow twitch muscles redder or whiter than fast twitch muscles?
Definition
Redder
Term
What are 2 functions of the nervous system?
Definition
Maintain homeostasis, Monitor internal and external sensory input
Term
What two systems maintain homeostasis?
Definition
nervous system and endocrine system
Term
What are groups of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system called?
Definition
ganglia
Term
What are groups of nerve cell bodies in the central nervous system called?
Definition
Neucleous
Term
conscious control of muscles is called _____________ system?
Definition
Somatic
Term
Dendtrites direct information ___________________ the cell body?
Definition
Toward
Term
What part of a dendrite is the dentritic spine?
Definition
The branches
Term
the Axon hillock is the?
Definition
The attachment part of the Axon to the nerve cell body.
Term
what directs information toward the nerve cell body?
Definition
Dendrites
Term
A terminal bouton is also called?
Definition
synaptic bulb or axon terminals
Term
A dendrite can recieve an action potential from?
Definition
A synapse, or an axon
Term
Can an axon synapse with an axon of another neuron?
Definition
yes
Term
Unipolar neurons are used for what type of information?
Definition
Sensory (heat, cold, touch)
Term
What type of cell produces Cerebral spinal fluid?
Definition
ependymal cells
Term
What type of cell holds up an holds axons and blood vessels?
Definition
Astrocytes
Term
What type of cells are the phagocytes of the CNS?
Definition
Microglia
Term
What type of cells form the myelin sheath in the PNS?
Definition
Schwann Cells
Term
What are two functions of the myelin sheath?
Definition
Increases the speed (150x), insulates axons from axons
Term
Neurotransmitters are released by?
Definition
Pre synaptic terminal
Term
What breaks down acetycholin?
Definition
Acetycholinesterace
Term
What part of Actin is not present in smooth muscle?
Definition
Troponin
Term
In smooth muscle, contraction is initiated by?
Definition
calcium activated phosphorylation of myosin
Term
What is the mechanism of smooth muscle contraction?
Definition
rapidly cycling crossbridges form between activated actin and phosphorylated myosin
Term
What is a neuromodulator?
Definition
Substance that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters
Term
What does a neurmodulator influence?
Definition
Speed
Term
Something that causes pre synaptic facilitation and pre synaptic inhabition is called a?
Definition
neuromodulator
Term
What are the parts of the central nervous system?
Definition
Brain, Spinal Cord, Neuclei
Term
What are the lobes of the cerebrum?
Definition
Frontal, Parietal (2), temporal (2), occipital
Term
What are three types of structures of the cerebrum?
Definition
fold (gyrus), groove (sulcus), Fissure
Term
A very deep groove in the cerebrum is called a?
Definition
fissure
Term
The lateral Sulcus seperates?
Definition
The temporal from parietal, frontal
Term
the Central sulcus connects?
Definition
Longitudinal fissure to lateral sulcus (frontal/parietal)
Term
What term describes the warm up of terminal cisternae to release full calcium levels and for that calscium to spread out in the muscle?
Definition
Treppe
Term
What is atrophy?
Definition
Decreased muscle tone that can lead to decreased muscle cell size
Term
What is hypertrophy?
Definition
The growth of muscle size from use due to more myofibrals.
Term
What is energetics?
Definition
The breakdown of ATP into ADP and the storage of that energy as Creatin Phosphate
Term
When is creatin phosphate broken down to convert ADP to ATP to use the stored energy?
Definition
Durring peak activity (aerobic activity)
Term
Name two differences between fast twitch and slow twitch muscles.
Definition
Contraction speed, slow twitch is more aerobic and fast is more anaerobic
Term
When you strengthen muscles and they become more effective oxygen users, this is called?
Definition
conditioning
Term
Why are slow twitch muscles redder than fast twitch?
Definition
Myoglobin helping to store oxygen in muscle
Term
Skeletal muscles are somatic, while cardiac, smooth muscle and glands are?
Definition
autonomic
Term
Neurons cannot divide because they have no?
Definition
Centrioles
Term
What is the difference between Neuclei and Ganglia?
Definition
Neuclei are in the CNS and Ganglia are in the PNS
Term
Which way do dendrites direct information?
Definition
Toward the cell body
Term
What functional classification of neuron has no myelin sheath?
Definition
Bipolar Neuron
Term
What neuron helper cell provides structure to the axons and blood vessels?
Definition
Astrocyte
Term
What type of helper cell makes myelin sheaths in the CNS?
Definition
Oligodendricytes
Term
What type of helper cell makes myelin sheaths in the PNS?
Definition
Schwann Cells
Term
What type of cell makes a "jelly roll" around the axon?
Definition
Oligodendricytes
Term
What are two functions of a neuromodulator?
Definition
Influence speed, and sensitivity
Term
Name the six lobes of the cerebrum.
Definition
Frontal, L&R parietal, L&R temporal, occipital
Term
A fold in the cerebrum is called?
Definition
a Gyrus
Term
What sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the parietal, frontal?
Definition
Lateral sulcus
Term
What sulcus divides the frontal and parietal?
Definition
Central Sulcus
Term
A deep groove ,in the brain is called?
Definition
A fissure
Term
Where is our conscious mind located in the brain?
Definition
Cerebral cortex
Term
What part of the cerebral cortex is gray matter?
Definition
Outer 1/8th of an inch
Term
What part of the brain is associated with motivation, mood, emotional control, and behavior?
Definition
PreFrontal area
Term
Where is the pre-motor area of the brain located?
Definition
just anterior to the precentral gyrus
Term
The precentral gyrus area performs what functions?
Definition
controls voluntary movement especially fine motor control
Term
The primary sensory are part of the cerebrl cortex is located in what area of the brain?
Definition
Post central gyrus of the parietal lobe, Just posterior to the central sulcus
Term
What part of the brain analyses sensory input with past exerience?
Definition
Sensory association area, posterior to the post central gyrus
Term
The cerebral medulla is mainly what type of brain matter? Why?
Definition
White matter, myolenated axons for rapid information movement.
Term
If a person's wernicke's area was damaged, what would be effected?
Definition
The ability to understand speech.
Term
The Diencephalon consists of what structures?
Definition
Thalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus
Term
The Thalamus is described as?
Definition
Two egg shaped structures connected by the intermediate mass
Term
What part of the brain routes sensory information to the proper areas of the brain?
Definition
Thalamus
Term
The #1 regulator of the sleep/wake cycle is the?
Definition
Pineal body
Term
The pineal body is on what?
Definition
Epithalamus
Term
What part of the Diencephalon plays a roll in puberty?
Definition
Pineal body
Term
What gland is the #2 regulator of the sleep/wake cycle?
Definition
Pituitary gland
Term
What gland sits in the sella tercica?
Definition
Pituitary gland
Term
What gland is refered to as the "master endocrine gland"?
Definition
Pituitary gland
Term
What is the smallest part of the brainstem?
Definition
Midbrain
Term
Visual reflexes are controlled by?
Definition
2 superior colliculus of the Corpora quadrigemini
Term
What is a triad?
Definition
2 Terminal cisternae and a t-tubule (where they all connect)
Term
What are the two parts of a muscle fascicle?
Definition
The perimycium and the Endomycium
Term
Neuroglia are also called?
Definition
Glial cells (helper cells)
Term
Name the four parts of the brain that control the sleep-wake cycle, in order of importance.
Definition
Epithalamus(Pineal), Pituitary(hypothalamus), Pons, Reticular formation
Term
Sternocleidomastoid Origin?
Definition
manubrium and clavical
Term
Sternocleidomastoid Insertion?
Definition
Mastoid process
Term
Sternocleidomastoid Action?
Definition
Rotate and flexion
Term
Rectus abdominus origin?
Definition
Pubic Synphysis
Term
Rectus abdominus insertion?
Definition
xiphoid process and ribs
Term
REctus abdominus action?
Definition
flexes vertebral column
Term
External oblique Origin? Insertion?
Definition
Ribs 5-12, Linea Alba and iliac crest
Term
Internal oblique origin? Insertion?
Definition
Iliac crest, Ribs 10-12
Term
Internal oblique action?
Definition
flexes and rotates vertebral column
Term
Transverse abdominus origin? Insertion?
Definition
Ribs 7-12 and iliac crest, Inserts at Linea Alba and pubis
Term
Transverse abdominus action?
Definition
compresses abdomen
Term
Levator scapulae origin? insertion?
Definition
C1-C4, Scapula
Term
Levator scapulae action?
Definition
elevates scapula
Term
Trapezius origin? insertion?
Definition
Occipital bone and C7-12, insertion clavicle and scapula
Term
Trapezius action?
Definition
extend head and neck, elevate and depress scapula
Term
Deltoid origin, insertion?
Definition
Origin Clavicle and scapula, insertion deltoid tuberosity
Term
Deltoid action?
Definition
abducts shoulder
Term
Latissimus dorsi origin? Insertion?
Definition
Origin T7-L5, sacrum and iliac crest, Ins Humerus
Term
Latissimus dorsi action?
Definition
adducts and extends shoulder
Term
Serratus anterior origin? Insertion?
Definition
Origin Ribs 1-9, Insertion Scapula
Term
Serratus anterior action?
Definition
fixes scapula, elevates ribs
Term
Pectoralis Major Origin ? Insertion?
Definition
Origin Calvicle, sternum and ribs 1-7, Insertion Humerus
Term
Pectoralis major action?
Definition
Adducts and flexes shoulder
Term
Pectoralis MINOR origin? Insertion?
Definition
Origin ribs 3-5, Insertion coracoid of scapula
Term
Pecroralis minor action?
Definition
Depress scapula, elevate ribs
Term
Biceps Brachii origin? Insertion?
Definition
Origin scapula, Insertion Radial tuberosity
Term
Biceps Brachii action?
Definition
Flexes elbow and shoulder
Term
Brachialis origin? Insertion?
Definition
Origin Humerus, Insertion Ulna
Term
Brachialis action?
Definition
flexes elbow
Term
Triceps Brachii long head
Definition
Origin scapula, Insertion olecranon process
Term
Triceps Brachii medial
Definition
Origin humerus, Insertion olecranon process
Term
Triceps brachii lateral
Definition
Origin humerus, Insertion olecranan process
Term
Triceps brachii action?
Definition
extends elbow (all of them)
Term
Gluteus maximus
Definition
Origin ilium, sacrum and coccyx, Insertion femur
Term
gluteus maximus action?
Definition
extend and abducts hip
Term
gluteus medius?
Definition
Origin ilium, Insertion greater trochanter
Term
gluteus medius action?
Definition
abducts hip
Term
Tensor fasciae latae?
Definition
Origin ilium, insertion lateral thigh fascia(iliotibial band)
Term
Tensor fasciae latae action?
Definition
abducts hip and flexes
Term
Rectus femoris?
Definition
Origin Asis, Insertion Tibial tuberosity, patella
Term
Rectus Femoris action?
Definition
extends knee, flexes hip
Term
Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis and vastus intermedius?
Definition
Origin Femur, Insertion Tibial tuberosity and patella
Term
Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and vastus intermedius Action?
Definition
extends knee
Term
Adductor Brevis and Adductor longus?
Definition
Origin Pubis, Insertion Femur
Term
Adductor Brevis and Adductor Longus action?
Definition
adducts and flexes hip
Term
Adductor magnus?
Definition
Origin ischium, Insertion Femur
Term
Adductor magnus action?
Definition
adducts and extends hip
Term
Sartorius?
Definition
Origin Asis, Insertion tibial tuberosity
Term
sartorius action?
Definition
flexes knee, flexes and rotates hip
Term
Gracilis?
Definition
Origin pubis, Insertion Tibia
Term
Gracilis action?
Definition
Adducts hip, flexes knee
Term
Biceps femoris?
Definition
Origin ischial tuberosity, linea aspera, Insertion head of fibula
Term
Biceps femoris action?
Definition
Flexes Knee, extends hip
Term
Semimembranosus and Semitendenosis?
Definition
Origin Ischial tuberosity, Insertion Tibia
Term
Semimembranosus and semitendenosis action?
Definition
flexes knee, extends hip
Term
Tibialis anterior?
Definition
Origin tibia, insertion metatarsal
Term
Tibialis anterior action?
Definition
Dorsi flexes ankle
Term
Gastrocnemius?
Definition
Origin Femur, Insertion Achilles Tendon to Tarsal (calcaneus)
Term
Gastrocnemius action?
Definition
Plantar flexes ankle, flexes knee
Term
Soleus?
Definition
Origin Fibula and Tibia, Insertion Achilles Tendon to tarsal (calcaneus)
Term
soleus action?
Definition
Plantar flexes ankle
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