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Test 3
chs 9-12
59
Management
Undergraduate 3
04/03/2014

Additional Management Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Motivation
Definition
psychological forces that determine the direction of a person's behavior in an organization, a person's level of effort, and a person's level of persistence
Term
Intrinsically Motivated Behavior
Definition
behavior that is performed for its own sake
Term
Extrinsically Motivated Behavior
Definition
behaving that is performed to acquire material or social material or social rewards or to avoid punishment
Term
Prosocially Motivated Behavior
Definition
behavior that is performed to benefit or help others
Term
Outcome
Definition
anything a person gets from a job or organization
Term
Input
Definition
anything a person contributes to his or her job or organization
Term
Expectancy Theory
Definition
the theory that motivation will be high when workers believe that high levels of effort lead to high performance and high performance leads to the attainment of desired outcome
Term
Expectancy
Definition
in expectancy theory, a perception about the extent to which effort results in a certain level of performance
Term
Instrumentality
Definition
in expectancy theory, a perception about the extent to which performance results in the attainment of outcomes
Term
Valence
Definition
in expectancy theory, how desirable each of the outcomes available from a job or organization is to a person
Term
Need
Definition
a requirement or necessity for survival and well being
Term
Need Theories
Definition
theories of motivation that focus on what needs people are trying to satisfy at work and what outcome will satisfy those needs
Term
Maslow's Hierarchy Of Needs
Definition
an arrangement of five basic needs that, according to Maslow, motivate behavior. Maslow proposed that the lowest level of unmet needs is the prime motivator and that only one level of needs is motivated at a time
Term
Herzberg's Motivator-Hygiene Theory
Definition
a need theory that distinguishes between motivator needs (related to the nature of the work itself) and hygiene needs (related to the physical and psychological context in which the work is performed) and propose that motivation needs must be met for motivation and job satisfaction to be high
Term
Need For Achievement
Definition
the extent to which an individual has a strong desire to perform challenging tasks well and to meet personal standards for excellence
Term
Need for Affiliation
Definition
the extent to which an individual is concerned about establishing and maintaining good interpersonal relations, being liked, and having the people around him or her get alone with each other
Term
Need For Power
Definition
the extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others
Term
Equity Theory
Definition
a theory of motivation that focuses on people's perceptions of the fairness of their work outcomes relative to their work inputs
Term
Equity
Definition
the justice, impartiality, and fairness to which all organizational members are entitled
Term
Inequity
Definition
lack of fairness
Term
Underpayment Inequity
Definition
the inequity that exists when a person perceives that his or her own outcome-input ratio is less than the ratio of a referent
Term
Overpayment Inequity
Definition
the inequity that exist when a person perceives that his or her own outcome-input ratio is grater than the ratio of a referent
Term
Goal-Setting Theory
Definition
a theory that focuses on identifying the types of goals that are most effective in producing high levels of motivation and performance and explaining why goals have these effects
Term
Learning Theories
Definition
theories that focus on increasing employee motivation and performance by linking the outcomes that employees receive to the performance of desired behavior and the attainment of goals
Term
Learning
Definition
a relatively permanent change in knowledge or behavior that results from practice or experience
Term
Operant Conditioning Theory
Definition
the theory that people learn to perform behaviors that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences
Term
Positive Reinforcement
Definition
giving people outcomes they desire when they perform organizationally functional behaviors
Term
Negative Reinforcement
Definition
eliminating or removing undesired outcomes when people perform organizationally functional behaviors
Term
Extinction
Definition
curtailing the performance of dysfunctional behaviors by eliminating whatever is reinforcing them
Term
Punishment
Definition
administering and undesired or negative consequence when dysfunctional behavior occurs
Term
Social Learning Theory
Definition
a theory that takes into account how learning and motivation are influenced by people's thoughts and beliefs and their observations of other people's behavior
Term
Vicarious Learning
Definition
Learning that occurs when the learner becomes motivated to perform a behavior by watching another person perform it and be reinforced for doing so; also called observational learning
Term
Self- Reinforcer
Definition
any desired or attractive outcome or reward that a person gives to himself or herself for good performance
Term
Self- Efficacy
Definition
a person's belief about his or her ability to perform a behavior successfully
Term
Merit Pay Plan
Definition
compensation plan that bases pay on performance
Term
Employee Stock Option
Definition
a financial instrument that entitles the bearer to buy shares of an organization's stock at certain price during a certain period of time or under certain conditions
Term
Leadership
Definition
the process by which an individual exerts influence over other people and inspires, motivate, and directs their activities to help achieve group or organizational goals
Term
Leader
Definition
an individual who is able to exert influence over other people to help achieve group or organizational goals
Term
Servant Leader
Definition
a leader who has a strong desire to serve and work for the benefit of others
Term
Legitimate Power
Definition
the authority that a manager has by virtue of his or her position in an organization's hierarchy
Term
Reward Power
Definition
the ability of a manager to give or withhold tangible and intangible rewards
Term
Coercive Power
Definition
the ability of a manager to punish others
Term
Expert Power
Definition
power that is based on the special knowledge, skills, and expertise that a leader possesses
Term
Referent Power
Definition
power that comes from subordinates' and coworkers' respect, admiration, and loyalty
Term
Empowerment
Definition
the expansion of employees' knowledge, tasks, and decision-making responsibilities
Term
Consideration
Definition
behavior indicating that a manager trusts, respects, and cares about subordinates
Term
Initiating Structure
Definition
behavior that managers engage in to ensure that work gets done, subordinates perform their jobs acceptable, and the organization is efficient and effective
Term
Relationship-Oriented Leaders
Definition
leaders whose primary concern is to develop good relationships with their subordinates and to be liked by them
Term
Task-Oriented Leaders
Definition
leaders whose primary concern is to ensure that subordinates perform at a high level
Term
Leader-Member Relations
Definition
the extent to which followers like, trust, and are loyal to their leader; a determinant of how favorable a situation is for leading
Term
Task Structure
Definition
the extent to which the work to be performed is clear-cut so that a leader's subordinates know what needs to be accomplished and how to go about doing it; a determinant of how favorable a situation is for leading
Term
Position Power
Definition
the amount of legitimate, reward, and coercive power that a leader has by virtue of his or her position in an organization; a determinant of how favorable a situation is for leading
Term
Path-Goal Theory
Definition
a contingency model of leadership proposing that leaders can motivate subordinates by identifying their desired outcomes, rewarding them for high performance and the attainment of work goals with these desired outcomes, and clarifying for them the paths leading to the attainment of work goals
Term
Leadership Substitute
Definition
a characteristic of a subordinate or of a situation or context that acts in place of the influence of a leader and makes leadership unnecessary
Term
Transformational Leadership
Definition
leadership that makes subordinates aware of the importance of their jobs and performance to the organization and aware of their own needs for personal growth and that motivates subordinates to work for the good of the organization
Term
Charismatic Leader
Definition
an enthusiastic, self-confident leader who is able to clearly communicate his or her vision of how good things could be
Term
Intellectual Stimulation
Definition
behavior a leader engages in to make followers be aware of problems and view these problems in new ways, consistent with the leader's vision
Term
Developmental Consideration
Definition
behavior a leader engages in to support and encourage followers and help them develop and grow on the job
Term
Transactional Leadership
Definition
leadership that motivates subordinates by rewarding them for high performance and reprimanding them for low performance
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