Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Test 3
Arthropology
56
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
06/06/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Synarthrotic
Definition
immovable joints. Example suture in the skull
Term
Amphiarthosis
Definition
slightly movable joints. Example pubic symphysis and ribs 2-7 attached to the sternum
Term
Diarthrosis
Definition
freely movable joints. Example knees, shoulders and the phalanges in the fingers
Term
Bursae
Definition
fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid. They are located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over bone. They help tendons slide, and can enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle my modifying the direction in which a tendon pulls
Term
Tendon sheaths
Definition
elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon. They are seen in the hands and feet mainly. Help with fine motor movement and support of muscle strength. A pathway in which infection spreads along.
Term
Ligaments
Definition
connective tissue that attach bone to bone. Reinforce the joints
Term
Tendons
Definition
connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Reinforce the joints
Term
Functions of muscle tissue
Definition
Movement, Stabilize, Produce
Term
Characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle
Definition
Excitability/Responsiveness, Conductivity, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity
Term
Skeletal
Definition
in muscles found attached to the skeleton; comprised of long, cylindrical, unbranched cells with striated appearance, contain multiole peripheral nuclei, and vi=oluntary, well developed reticulum, needs intracellular Ca for contraction, has 2 T-tubules per sarcomere; functions: movement of body as whole and body parts, facial expressions, posture, breathing, speech, swallowing, and excretion
Term
Cardiac
Definition
in the heart; short branched cells with striated appearance, ONE nucleus per cell, changes volume of heart to move blood, less developed sarcoplasm reticulum, Ca ions come intracellular and extracellular; involuntary because it has a pacemaker cell, so does not need voluntary signal
Term
Smooth
Definition
in viscera (internal organs)like blood vessels, stomach, small intestine, ureters, etc.; short fusiform cells with a nonstriated appearance and only ONE central nucleus per cell; involuntary control due to pacemaker cells, less developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca ions come intracellular and extracellular; functions: move organ contents like food or urine or blood etc.
Term
Muscle Fiber
Definition
Each individual muscle cell
Term
individual muscle cells (fibers); fibers
Definition
Groups of ____ are grouped together into _____
Term
fasicles; whole muscles; group of muscles
Definition
These ____ can then work in conjunction with similar muscles to form a ____
Term
cell/fiber
Definition
surrounded by endomysium, a loose connective tissue
Term
fascicle; whole muscle
Definition
Many groups of ____ comprise the ______
Term
whole numbers; groups of muscles
Definition
These ____ can then work in conjunction with similar muscles to form a ______
Term
fascicle
Definition
surrounded by the perimysium, a thicker connective tissue sheath
Term
muscle
Definition
epimysium, a fibrous sheath
Term
group of muscles
Definition
deep fascia, a sheet of connective tissue, is found between adjacement muscles and surrounds them and the tendon each to separate from other muscles
Term
superficial fascia
Definition
separates muscles from skin
Term
Transverse (T) tubules
Definition
tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma that penetrate through thecell and carry electrical signals (action potentials) into the cells so that Ca channels on the terminal cisternae can release Ca ions needed for contraction. Each T tubule is closely associated to the two terminal cisternae running alongside the tubule on each side forming a TRIAD
Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
a smooth endoplasmic reticulum that forms a network around each myofibril and exhibits dilated end-sacs called terminal cisternae that store Ca ions necessary for contraction
Term
Myofibrils
Definition
long protein bundles that are densely packed within the sarcoplasm. Consist of myosin and actin containing myofilaments
Term
Myosin
Definition
contractile protein of the thick filaments that serves as a binding site for actin; it binds and can break down ATP
Term
Actin (G&F)
Definition
contractile protein of thin filaments that can bind to myosin (G actin has active sites for myosin head)
Term
Topomyosin
Definition
the regulatory protein that blocks
Term
Troponin
Definition
a regulatory protein that attaches to each tropomyosin. Binds Ca+ ions when they are available in sarcoplasm and changes its own shape and shape of tropomyosin. As a result, tropomyosin shifts away and exposes active sites on G actin in a stimulated cell
Term
Anatomy of neuromuscular junction
Definition
ONe nerve (consists of multiple axons of motor neurons) serves each muscle. Each axon within the nerve connects to a certain number of muscle fibers within the muscle. The site at which the neuron transmits the signal to another cell called the synapse
Term
neuromuscular junction
Definition
the synapse between a skeletal muscle cell and a motor neuron
Term
snyaptic knob
Definition
the swollen end of each telodendria. telodendria are the extensions of the axon
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
the space between the synaptic knob and the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cell
Term
motor end plate
Definition
the depressions in the sarcolemma where the synaptic knob approaches the skeletal muscle cell
Term
Junctional folds
Definition
folds of the motor end plate increase surface area and are packed with ACH receptors. These ACH receptors are ligand gated Na channels
Term
Permeability
Definition
the ability to pass solutes through a membrane. Some solutes pass easily, some need help and some do not pass at all.
Term
ion channels affect neuron selective permeability
Definition
when an ion is channel is open, it allows the passage of ions through, thus increasing the permeability of the plasma membrane
Term
Sodium
Definition
there is a much higher concentration of sodium ions in the ECF compared to its concentration in the ICF
Term
Potassium
Definition
ICF>ECF
Term
Chloride
Definition
ECF>ICF
Term
Concentration gradient
Definition
the difference in concentration of solutes. ions across the plasma membrane. It depends on the plasma membrane's permeability, which is based on the size/charge of an ion
Term
Electrical potential
Definition
a difference in the concentration of charged particles across the cell's membrane. Seen in muscle and nervous cells
Term
constantly open gated ion channels
Definition
channels that are always open and allow ions to move in and out of the cell along the concentration gradient as long as the ion fits through the channel opening. They are specific which means that each channel allows only one type of ions through the channel
Term
gated ion
Definition
these channels can open and close; they must be electrically or chemically stimulated to be open for ion transport
Term
threshold
Definition
a minimum change in voltage required to open voltage gated Na and K channels that can lead to an action potential. Necessary for muscle contraction
Term
Sources of energy stored in a typical muscle fiber
Definition
ATP, glucose, fatty acids, craetine phosphate
Term
Tension
Definition
the force exerted by a contracting muscle
Term
Contraction
Definition
when the muscle fibers develop tension and may shorten or lengthen. Amuscle does this with varying force and for different periods of time in response to stimuli
Term
recruitment
Definition
engaging more motor units increases the strength of contraction
Term
treppe
Definition
"Staircase phenomena" SR does not have enough time to remove all Ca ions between switches so the concentration of Ca in the sarcoplasm increases with each stimulus and causes stronger twitches
Term
summation
Definition
addition of successive twitches each new stimuli arrives before the last one recovers
Term
tetanus
Definition
there is no time for relaxation, will continue until stimulus is stopped or the muscle fatigues
Term
isotonic (dynamic)
Definition
the tension of the contraction is constant while length changes. Has concentric and eccentric types
Term
isometric (static)
Definition
the length of muscles stay the same while the tension is changing
Term
Concentric contraction
Definition
the muscle shortens as it maintains tension. Flexing the elbow joint by the biceps brachii in the lifting part of bicep weight curl
Term
Eccentric contraction
Definition
the muscle lengthens as it maintains tension. Extending the elbow joint by the biceps brachii in the relaxing part of bicep weight curl
Supporting users have an ad free experience!