Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Test 3
Joints
74
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/12/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Synarthrotic
Definition
immovable joints. Ex. sutures in the skull
Term
Amphiarthrosis
Definition
slightly movable joints. Ex. pubic symphysis and ribs 2-7 attached to the sternum
Term
Diarthrosis
Definition
freely movable joints. Ex. Knees, the shoulders and the phalanges in the fingers
Term
Fibrous Joints
Definition
Bound by collagen fibers, no cavity
Term
Cartilagenous joints
Definition
Bound by cartilage, no cavity
Term
Synostoses Joints
Definition
Bound by bone, no cavity
Term
Synovial Joints
Definition
Separated by space called joint cavity, surrounded by a capsule lined with synovial membrane secreting synovial fluid. Some have a meniscus that absorbs shock, guides bone movements, and distributes forces
Term
Fibrous
Definition
All are synarthroses
Term
Cartilagenous
Definition
Synarthroses and amphiarthroses
Term
Synostoses
Definition
All are synarthroses
Term
Synovial
Definition
Most are diarthroses, except is gliding joint-amphiarthrosis
Term
Bursae
Definition
fibrous sacs filled with synovial fluid. They are located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a bone, They help tendons slide, and can enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which a tendon pulls
Term
Tendon sheaths
Definition
elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon. They are seen in hands and feet mainly. Help with fine motor movement and support muscle strength. Are a pathway which infections spread along.
Term
Ligaments
Definition
connective tissue that attach bone to bone. Reinforce the joints
Term
Tendons
Definition
connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Reinforce joints and help with movement
Term
Functions of the Muscle Tissue
Definition
Movement, Stabilize, Produce
Term
Movement
Definition
_______ of body parts and organ contents, maintain posture, communication: speech, expression, and writing
Term
Stabilize
Definition
_____ joints
Term
Produce
Definition
_____ body heat
Term
Characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue
Definition
1. Excitability/responsiveness
2. Conductivity
3. Contractility
4. Extensibility
5. Elasticity
Term
Excitability
Definition
ability to respond to signals
Term
Conductivity
Definition
ability to conduct AP/electrical signals
Term
Contractility
Definition
ability to shorten to exert force
Term
Extensibility
Definition
ability to stretch
Term
Elasticity
Definition
ability to return to original length
Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
-in muscles found attached to the skeleton
-comprised of long, cylindrical, unbranched cells with striated appearance, contain multiple peripheral nuclei and are voluntary(NEED A SIGNAL FROM NEURON TO CONTRACT), well developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, needs intracellular Ca for contraction, has 2 T-tubules per sarcomere
-functions: movement of body as whole and body parts, facial expressions, posture, breathing, speech, swallowing, and excretion
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
-in heart
-short branched cells with striated appearance, ONE nucleus per cell, changes volume of heart to move blood
-involuntary because it has pacemaker cells, so does not need voluntary signals
-function: pump blood throughout body
Term
Smooth Muscle
Definition
-in viscera (internal organs) like blood vessels, stomach, small intestine, ureters etc
-short fusiform cells with a nonstriated appearance and only ONE central nucleus per cell
-involuntary control due to pacemaker cells, less developed sarcoplasmic reticulum, Ca ions come intracellular and extracellular
-functions: move organ contents like food or urine or blood etc.
Term
cell/fiber
Definition
surrounded by the endomysium, a loose connective tissue
Term
fascile
Definition
surrounded by the perymysium, a thicker connective tissue sheath
Term
groups of muscles
Definition
deep fascia, a sheet of connective tissue is formed between adjacent muscles and surrounds them and the tendon each to separate other muscles
Term
superficial fascia
Definition
separates muscle from skin
Term
Transverse (T) tubules
Definition
tubular infoldings of the sarcolemna that penetrate through the cell and carry electrical signals(action potential) into the cells so that Ca channels on terminal cisternae can release Ca ions needed for contraction. Each T tubule is closely associated to the terminal cisternae running alongside the tubule on each side forming a TRIAD
Term
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
a smooth endoplasmic reticulum that forms a network around each myofibril and exhibits dilated end sacs called terminal cisternae that store Ca ions necessary for contraction
Term
Myofibrils
Definition
long protein bundles that are densely packed within the sarcoplasm. Consist of myosin and actin containing myofilaments
Term
Myosin
Definition
contractile protein of the thick filaments that serves as a binding site for actin. it binds to and can break down ATP
Term
Actin (G and F)
Definition
contractile protein of thin filaments that can bind to myosin (G actin has active sites for myosin head)
Term
Topomyosin
Definition
the regulatory protein that blocks the active sites of 6-7 G actins in a relaxing/resting cell
Term
Troponin
Definition
a regulatory protein that attaches to each tropomyosin. Binds Ca+ ions when they are available in sarcoplasm and changes its own shape and shape of tropomyosin. As a result, tropomyosin shifts away and exposes active sites on G actin in a stimulated cell
Term
Neuromuscular Junction
Definition
The synapse between a skeletal muscle cell and a motor neuron
Term
snyaptic knob
Definition
the swollen end of each telodendria
Term
Vesicles with neurotransmitter (chemical messengers)
Definition
The neurotransmitter in the NMJ is ACH
Term
synaptic cleft
Definition
the space between the synaptic knob and the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cell
Term
motor end plate
Definition
the depressions in the sarcolemma where the synaptic knob approaches the skeletal muscle cell
Term
Junctional folds
Definition
folds of the motor end plate increase surface area and are packed with ACH receptors. These ACH receptors are ligand gated Na channels
Term
permeability
Definition
the ability to pass solutes through a membrane. Some solutes pass easily, some need help and some do not pass at all
Term
ion channels affect neuron selective permeability
Definition
when an ion is open, it allows the passage of ions through, thus increasing the permeability of the plasma membrane
Term
Sodium
Definition
there is a much higher concentration of sodium ions in the ECF (outside of the cells membrane) compared to its concentration in the ICF (inside the cell's membrane)
Term
Potassium
Definition
ICF concentration > ECF concentration
Term
Chloride
Definition
ECF concentration > ICF concentration
Term
Concentration gradient
Definition
the difference in concentration of solutes/ions across the plasma membrane. It depends on the plasma membrane's permeability, which is based on the size of an ion
Term
Electrical potential
Definition
a difference in the concentration of charged particles across the cell's membrane. Seen in nervous and muscle cells
Term
constantly open channels
Definition
channels that are always open and allow ions to move in and out of the cell along the concentration gradient as long as the ion fits through the channel opening. They are specific, which means that each channel allows only one type of ions through the channel
Term
gated ion channel
Definition
these channels can open and close; they must be electrically (voltage gated) or chemically (ligand gated) to be open for ion transport
Term
threshold
Definition
a minimum change in voltage required to open voltage gated Na and K channels that can lead to an action potential. ______ is NECESSARY for muscle contraction to happen
Term
sliding filament theory of muscle contraction
Definition
during muscle contraction the myofilaments do not become shorterl instead the thin filaments somply slide along the thick filaments and pull Z discs with them. This causes the sarcomere as a whole to shorten. This process uses ATP and calcium
Term
Contraction cycle of a skeletal mucle
Definition
Excitation: AP in the nerve fiber leads to AP in muscle fiber
Excitation-contraction coupling: links the AP on the sarcolemma to the activation of the myofilaments
Contraction: THin filaments slide along thick filaments and pull on Z discs, causing the sarcomere to shorten
Relaxation: when work is done, muscle fiber relaxes and returns to original length
Term
Sources of energy stored in muscle fibers
Definition
ATP, glucose, fatty acids, craetine phosphate. During exercise the primary fuels used are fats and carbohtdrates
Term
Mechanisms muscle fibers use to obtain ATP for muscle contraction
Definition
1. Immediate energy. The phosagen system
2. Short term energy. Glycogen-lactic acid system or glycolysis
3. Long term energy. Aerobic respiration
Term
Muscle Twitch
Definition
the response of a single motor unit to a single AP. One muscle twitch is not enough to produce any work, but is a good example in the lab to study muscle contraction
Term
Latent period
Definition
part of the myogram where no muscle contraction happens dispite stimuli. This time is needed for excitation, excitation-contraction coupling, and tensing of the elastic components of the muscle to prepare it to twitch
Term
Contraction period
Definition
muscle produces external tension and moves a resisting load
Term
Relaxation period
Definition
falling Ca2+ levels in the cytoplasm signal myosin to release the actin of the thin filament and muscle tension begins to decline
Term
Tension
Definition
the force exerted by a contracting muscle
Term
Contraction
Definition
when the muscle fibers develop tension and may shorten or lengthen. A muscle contracts varying forces and for different periods of time in response to stimuli of varying frequencies and intensities
Term
motor unit
Definition
a motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates make up this. This is dispersed throughout the muscle and works in shifts, determining a muscle tone. There are two types: fine control and strength control
Term
recrutiment
Definition
engaging more motor units increases the strength of contraction
Term
treppe
Definition
"Staircase phenomenon"- SR does not have enough time to remove all Ca ions between twitches so the concentration of Ca in the sarcoplasm increases with each stimulus and causes stronger twitches
Term
summation
Definition
addition of successive twitches each new stimuli arrives before the last one recovers
Term
tetanus
Definition
there is no time for relaxation, will continue until stimulus is stopped or muscle fatigues
Term
isotonic (dynamic exercise)
Definition
the tension of the contraction is constant while length changes. Has concentric and eccentric types. ISO=stays the same. TONIC=tension
Term
isometric (static exercise)
Definition
the length of muscles stays the same while the tension is changing
Term
Concentric contracion
Definition
the muscle shortens as it maintains tension.Flexing the elbow joint by the biceps brachii in the lifting part of bicep curls
Term
Eccentric contraction
Definition
the muscle lengthens as it maintains tension. Extending the elbow joint by the biceps brachii in the relaxing part of bicep curls
Supporting users have an ad free experience!