androgen-binding proteins and testosterone

graafian (Mature) follicle

primary follicle -> secondary follicle -> graafian follicle

Primary oocyte completes meiosis I producing the first polar body and secondary oocyte in this follicle. The mature follicle will release the secondary oocyte eventually resulting in ovulation

what the mature follicle becomes after expelling the secondary oocyte

produced progesterone, estrogen, relaxin and inhibin until it becomes corpus albican

HCG

Human Chroionic Gonadatropin- zygote will immediately begin releasing this

stimulates corpus luteum to continue secreting estrogen and progesterone

function is to maintain the zygote and uterus for 8-9 weeks

Juxtaglomuerular Cells

Releases renin into the blood

powerful vasoconstrictor

also stimulates the adrenal cortex to release Aldosterone (adresses LBP problems)

Antidiuretic Hormone- released from posterior pituitary gland in response to low blood pressure (stimulate aquapores to allow water to run through cells and out of the filtrate)

inhibitted by caffiene and alcohol

NFP=GBHP-CHP-BCOP

GBHP-Glomerular blood hydrostatic pressure (BP in glomerular capillaries)

CHP- Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure (pressure exerted against filtration membrane by fluid in the capsular space and renal tubule)

BCOP-Blood colloid osmotic pressure (due to presence of proteins)

inorganic compounds that dissolve into ions

1 conducts osmosis between body compartments

2 maintain acid-base balance

3 create electrical currents

4 cofactors for enzymes

What 3 processes does the body have to attempt to maintain the pH level?

1 Buffer System

2 Lungs exhaling CO2

3 Intercollated cells in the kidneys release hydrogen molecules into the urine as needed

Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate

Protein Buffer System (cytosol and Plasma)

Phosphate Buffer System (cytosol)

when the body cannot protect itself and it becomes acidic

CNS is depressed

When body cannot protect itself and it becomes alkaline (basic)

CNS is overstimulated

Respiratory Alkalosis

mineralocorticoids- affect mineral homeostasis (aldosterone)

glucocorticoids-affect glucose homesostasis

androgens- synthesizing steroid hormones that have masculinizing effects (gonadicorticoids)

Glucagon (raises blood glucose levels)

Insulin (loswers blood glucose levels)

Pituitary Gland Disorder

growth plates remain open in children; hypersecretion of HGH in children

Pituitary Gland Disorder

hypersecretion of HGH in adults (mandible continues to grow along iwth hands, feet, cheeks, and the jaws while other tissues enlarge)

Congenital Hypothyroidism

most common form of hypothyroidism (thyroid gland disorder)

autoimmune disorder  where person pridyces abtubidues tagt nunuc TSH producing an enlarged thyroid

Adrenal Gland Disorder

benign tumors of adrenal medulla; causes oversecretion of norepinephrin and epinephrin; prolonged fight or flight

Adrenal Gland Disorder

redistribution of fats (spindly arms)

poor wound healing

Adrenal Gland Disorder

hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone

hypoglycemia, muscle weakness, LBP, looks bronzed, dehydration due to low sodium levels

Type I- due to autoimmune illness; pancreas cannot produce insulin (usually found in children or young adults)

Type II-receptors are not functioning correctly, usually in overweight older adults

Cortical Nephron- in Loop of Henle; only extends  slightly into pyramid (80%)

Juxtamedullary Nephron- Loop of Henle; extends much further down (20%)

Visceral Layer-made of podocytes on the glomerulus (inside)

Parietal Layer- makes up Bowman's Capsul

regulate volume and composition of blood

rids body of urea, creatinine, uric acid (wastes)

glomerular filtration of plasma

tubular reabsorption

tubular secretion

Principal cells- have specific receptor sites for aldosterone and ADH

intercollated cells-last opportunity to fine tune the pH of blood; can remove or add hydrogen ions to urine

Once you pass the specialized cells, the fluid becomes liquid

applies to the Loop of Henle

ions are actiely pumped out in the ascending loop (water will want to follow but cannot leave)

this creates a greater concentration of solutes that draw water out of the descending loop

Forwards Process Affects Previous Process

transported by a protein in the blood

receptor site is located in the cytoplasm or nucleus

alters the DNA which will then transcribe new proteins that change the cell's function

Receptor Site is located on the cell membrane

converts ATP to cAMP (occurs in cytosol)

causes a series of events that add phosphate to proteins and change their structure

humoral-levels of substances in the fluids or blood cause a gland to secrete a hormone

nerual- nervous tissue stimulates the gland

hormonal- hormones from one gland stimulate another gland to release hormones

bloodyish area connecting pituitary to hypothalamus

capillary bed to capillary bed

corticotropin releasing hormone (hypothalamus)

to ACTH (adrenal corticotropin hormone) (anterior pituitary)

to Adrenal Cortext

growth horomone releasing hormone (hypothalamus)

to HGH (human growth hormone) in anterior pituitary gland

 to all over your body

thyrotropin releasing hormone (hypothalamus)

 to TSH (thryoid stimulating hormone) anterior pituitary

to Thyroid

gonatotropin releasing hormone (hypothalamus)

to FSH/LH (follicle stimulating hormone and lutinizing hormone) anterior pituitary gland

 to ovaries and testes

polactin releasing hormone (hypothalamus)

to prolactin (anterior pituitary)

to mammory glands

made of nervous tissue

does not make any hormones of its own

stores 2 hormones from hypothalamus

1 ADH

2 Oxytocin (stimulates pregnancy contractions)