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test 3
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137
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
11/05/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
connect the brain to the skin and skeletal muscle fibers
Definition
cranial somatic fibers
Term
connect the brain to the viscera
Definition
cranial autonomic fibers
Term
connect the spinal cord to the skin and skeletal muscle fibers
Definition
spinal somatic fibers
Term
connect the spinal cord to the viscera
Definition
spinal autonomic fibers
Term
controls gland secretion and smooth/cardiac muscle contraction
Definition
autonomic nervous system
Term
1. nerve cell bodies found in the CNS
2. The processes of these cells form ___ and are found in the PNS
Definition
1. sympathetic (thoracolumbar); parasympathetic (cranio-sacral)
2. nerves
Term
functions of the nervous system
Definition
sensory = afferent
integrative = association neurons
motor = efferent
Term
CNS -> PNS -> effector (muscles and glands)
Definition
motor = efferent
Term
___ is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system
Definition
neuron (nerve cell)
Term
___ of the CNS are supporting cells of the neuron and act as physiological environment controllers as well as the CT of the CNS.
Definition
neuroglial cells
Term
there is no ___ in the CNS
Definition
CT proper
Term
the neurons communicate by receiving chemical signals called ___, these then stimulate muscle or other nerve cells
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
molecules that neurons take up from surrounding neurons or supporting cells
Definition
neurotrophic factors
Term
neuron composed of:
1. __ or perikaryon/ soma exhibits a prominent nucleus and numerous organelles

2. a single __ carrying impulses away from the body

3. one or more ___ bringing impulses in to the cell body
Definition
1. cell body
2. axon
3. dendrites
Term
___ are found filling the majority of the cell body. They are membraneous sacs of rER and associated free ribosomes.
Definition
nissl substance (bodies)
Term
the ___ is the entryway into the axon. it acts as a funnel for cytoskeletal elements entering the axon, thus keeping nissl substance out
Definition
axon hillock
Term
nissl substance is found in the __ but not in the ___
Definition
dendrites; axon
Term
neuron organelle that is very large and well developed; produces synaptic (neurotransmitter) vesicles; and is the site of membrane recycling
Definition
golgi apparatus
Term
the __ is a single, small diameter process that can extend great distances.
- branches are called ___
Definition
axon; collaterals
Term
dendrites branch, giving the appearance of a tree, which is why they are referred to as ___
Definition
dendritic arborizations
Term
meeting point between a neuron and any other cell
Definition
synapse
Term
found in organs of special sense; each nerve cell body has 2 process at opposite ends of the cell - one axon and one dendrite
Definition
bipolar neuron
Term
large star shaped cells characteristic of motor neurons. There is only one axon and numerous tree like branching dendrites
Definition
multipolar neurons
Term
neurons that were originally bipolar, but the processes fused during development to form a single process
Definition
pseudounipolar neurons
Term
___ neurons are in the PNS ganglia. They take sensory stimuli from the periphery in to the CNS (brain/spinal cord)
Definition
sensory (afferent)
Term
___ are multipolar in morphology and relay the sensory message either up or down the spinal cord for interpretation
Definition
interneurons
Term
____ are also multipolar and take the action message from the CNS to the effector organ
Definition
motor (efferent) neurons
Term
___ acts as an electrical insulator and increases the velocity of impulse conduction along the axon
Definition
myelin
Term
____ involves the wrapping of the supporting cell around the neuronal process (normally the axon)
Definition
myelination
Term
in the CNS, myelin is formed by the ___
Definition
oligodendrocyte
Term
in the PNS, myelin is formed by the ___
Definition
schwann cell
Term
interruption (gaps) of the myelin sheath at intervals along the length of the axon
Definition
nodes of ranvier
Term
that portion of the process between nodes of ranvier, myelinated by a schwann cell or an oligodendrocyte
Definition
internode
Term
during myelination in the PNS, thw wrapping squeezes the cytoplasm out of the wrap leaving only concentric layers of empty cell membrane called the ___
Definition
myelin sheath
Term
one schwann cell wraps (__) one segment (__) of one ___
Definition
myelinates; internode; neuronal process
Term
a single oligodendrocyte myelinates a single portion of ___
Definition
numerous neuronal processes
Term
not all fibers are ___, yet they all have to be ___
Definition
myelinated, supported
Term
in the PNS, a single schwann cell can support ____ in the unmyelinated state, but only a ___ myelinated internode
Definition
many axons; single
Term
the CT that surrounds each individual nerve fiber, or axon
Definition
endoneurium
Term
the CT that wraps groups of nerve fibers (axons) into bundles or fascicles
Definition
perineurium
Term
the thick layer of CT that wraps the entire nerve (collection of axons)
Definition
epineurium
Term
support cells in the PNS
1. ___ - myelinate fibers but may also support them in the unmyelinated state; only associated with the nerve cell processes.
2. __ and __ cells support the cell body of a neuron in a ganglion of the PNS. These two cells are only associated with the neuron cell body
Definition
1. schwann cells
2. satellite and capsule
Term
neuroglial cell types
1. ___ - structural support between capillaries and neurons; form blood brain barrier
2. ___ - CNS myelin forming cells that guide development of neurons
3. ___ - phagocytose pathogens and cellular debris; protective cells doing the job of macrophages in the PNS
4. __ - columnar like cells that line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord; associated with the CSF.
Definition
1. astrocytes
2. oligodendrocytes
3. microglia
4. ependymal cells
Term
connective tissue membranes that wrap the brain and spinal cord
Definition
meninges
Term
the outermost and toughest CT membrane; double layered (what are the two layers?)
Definition
dura mater
1. periosteal layer
2. meningeal layer
Term
a delicate non-vascular layer between the dura mater and pia mater. it exhibits spider web like extensions that cross the subarachnoid space.
Definition
arachnoid mater
Term
evaginations of arachnoid into a dural (venous) sinus
Definition
arachnoid granulations
Term
a delicate, highly vascularized layer that is intimately applied to the surface of the brain and spinal cord; connected to arachnoid by the web like trabeculae
Definition
pia mater
Term
___ within the brain are responsible for the production and circulation of CSF
Definition
four ventricles or cavities
Lateral ventricles = 1st and 2nd
third ventricle
4th ventricle
Term
the brain has interconnected cavities (__) located deep within it that are continuous with the subarachnoid space and the central canal of the spinal cord - all these areas are filled with ___
Definition
ventricles; cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Term
the structure responsible for secreting CSF - the ___ - is located within the ventricular system
Definition
choroid plexus
Term
CSF is constantly secreted within the ventricles, escapes into the surrounding subarachnoid space and central canal of the spinal cord, and then leaks into the dural venous sinuses via the ___
Definition
arachnoid granulations.
Term
___ ventricles extend into the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes. they each empty via an ___ into a median, unpaired __ found beneath the corpus callosum. The cerebral aqueduct leads down to the ____
Definition
lateral; interventricular foramen; third ventricle; fourth ventricle
Term
the 4th ventricle is continuous with the ___
Definition
central canal of the spinal cord
Term
the majority of the choroid plexus if located in the ___, but small amounts found in the __ and __ as well
Definition
lateral ventricles; 3rd; 4th ventricles
Term
csf escapes that ventricular system via the __ and __ of the 4th ventricles. the majority will enter the ___ via these large openings. some will trickle down into the ___ - a continuation from the 4th ventricle
Definition
lateral; median apertures; subarachnoid space; central canal of the spinal cord
Term
the csf that enters the subarachnoid space must also escape this region via ___ which allows it to enter the ___ system of the skull and be eventually filtered from the body in the urine.
Definition
arachnoid granulations; venous dural sinus
Term
folds formed from two layers of meningeal dura
Definition
dural folds
Term
venous channels formed by the separation of the periosteal dura form the meningeal dura mater.
Definition
venous (dural) sinuses
Term
___ are designed to seperate and support the various lobes of the brain
Definition
dural folds
Term
two main sources of blood supply to the brain
Definition
vertebral arteries and internal carotid arteries
Term
on the inferior surface of the brain is an anastomotic circle of arteries referred to as the ___ or the ___
Definition
arterial circle of willis; cerebral arterial circle
Term
Macroscopic organization of the brain:
___ - sensory & motor functions; higher memory; reasoning
___ - coordination of voluntary movements
___ - visceral activities, interconnections
Definition
1. cerebrum
2. cerebellum
3. brain stem
Term
the surface are of the brain is increased by _____
Definition
bumps (gyri) and grooves (sulci)
Term
the cerebral cortex is composed of ___
Definition
gray matter
Term
___ lies deep to the cortex
Definition
white matter (fiber tracts_
Term
collections of neuronal cell bodies within the central nervous system are called ___
Definition
nuclei
Term
collections of neuronal cell bodies located outside the central nervous system are called ___
Definition
ganglia
Term
two cerebral hemispheres are connected by the ___
Definition
corpus callosum
Term
3 main types of tracts
1. ___; connect neurons in the same area
2. ___; connect neurons in one hemisphere with neurons in the opposite hemisphere
3. ___- tranmit impulses from cerebrum to other areas of the brian and spinal cord
Definition
1. association tracts
2. commissural tracts
3. projection tracts
Term
4 lobes of the cerebrum and functions
Definition
1. Frontal lobe: voluntary control of skeletal muscle; higher learning processes

2. parietal lobe - sensory recognition
3. temporal lobe - hearing
4. occipital - vision
Term
what does the diencephalon consist of
Definition
the thalamus and hypothalamus
Term
receives almost all incoming sensory info
Definition
thalamus
Term
regulates hormonal secretions of the pituitary gland
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
what does the brain stem consist of? functions?
Definition
midbrain: audio/visual reflex centers
pons: communications between cerebrum and cerebellum
medulla: cardiac and respiratory centers
Term
main functions of the cerebellum
Definition
maintain posture and balance; maintain muscle tone; coordinate muscle activity
Term
where does the spinal cord begin and end
Definition
begins: at the foramen magnum
ends: between the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae
Term
the spinal cord has the same ___ as the brain
Definition
3 meninges
Term
name the segments of the spinal cord in order
Definition
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
Term
the ___ gives rise to the brachial plexus and the ___ forms the ___
Definition
cervical enlargement (C5-T1); lumbar enlargement (L1-S5); lumbosacral plexus
Term
gray matter in the spinal cord is located ___
Definition
internally in an H shaped configuration
Term
the white matter of the spinal cord is divided into areas or ___:
Definition
funiculi: posterior, anterior, lateral
Term
functions of the spinal cord
Definition
conduct impulses up/down
center for reflexes
Term
tracts of the spinal cord
Definition
ascending: sensory
- taking sensory info to the brain for interpretation

descending: motor
- taking motor info down to spinal cord
Term
the spinal cord periphery is composed of white matter and is divided into ___. These contain vertical columns of fibers called ___ or ___ tracts
Definition
funiculi; ascending; descending
Term
ascending spinal tract makeup
Definition
these tracts contain 3 successive neurons
1st order neuron: a sensory neuron with its dendrite in the spinal nerve and cell body in the dorsal root ganglion
2nd order neuron: cell body located in the spinal cord; transmits the nerve impulse from the 1st order neuron to the 3rd order neuron
3rd order neuron: cell body located in the thalamus and transmits the impulse to the cerebral cortex where it reaches the conscious level
Term
descinding (motor) spinal tracts
Definition
all tracts cross from one side to the other and consist of two or three consecutive neurons in a chain.
Term
spinal nerves exit the spinal cord at each vertebral level via the ____
Definition
intervertebral foramen
Term
how many pairs of spinal nerves are their
Definition
31 pairs
Term
the dorsal root carries ___ from the periphery back to the spinal cord and is therefore an incoming route, or afferent pathway
Definition
sensory fibers
Term
the ventral root carries ___ from the CNS out to the peripheral aspects of the body. There fore it is an outgoing route referred to as efferent.
Definition
motor fibers
Term
dorsal and ventral rami carry ___ fibers to and from the body wall - referred to as being ___.
Definition
motor and sensory; mixed fibers
Term
each spinal nerve innervates a typical body segment, or __, with motor and sensory info
Definition
dermatome
Term
spinal nerves from spinal cord levels T2 through T12 remain ___ in nature and the ventral rami do not ____
Definition
segmental; form a plexus
Term
the ___ are never involved in plexus formation
Definition
dorsal rami
Term
3 main plexuses
Definition
cervical plexus (C1-C4)
brachial Plexus (C5-T1)
lumbosacral plexus (L1-S4)
Term
Cranial nerves do not contain ___ fibers
Definition
sympathetic
Term
spinal nerves carry ____
Definition
both motor and sensory info
Term
sympathetic division arises from ___
Definition
thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord segments (T1-L2)
Term
parasympathetic division arises from ____
Definition
nuclei in the brain stem and the sacral regions of the spinal cord (s2-s4)
Term
neurotransmitters in the ans
Definition
postganglionic sympathetic - norepin.
preganglionic sympathetic - ach
postganglionic parasymp - ach
preganglionic parasymp - ach
Term
both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems involve a __ neuron chain - unlike the single neurons for motor and sensory
Definition
2
Term
autonomic ganglia contain the cell bodies of the ____
Definition
postganglionic neurons
Term
3 types of ANS ganglia
Definition
1. sympathetic trunk
2. prevertebral
3. intramural
Term
each true spinal nerve contain ___ and ___ fibers
Definition
somatic (body wall); visceral (hollow organ)
Term
visceral motor division = ___
Definition
ANS
Term
___: motor to skeletal muscle
Definition
somatic efferents
Term
_____: peripheral sensory receptors into CNS
Definition
somatic afferents
Term
___: preganglionic sympathetic visceral fibers enter the sympathetic truck by white rami communicans. postganglionic sympathetic fibers project to the target organ.
Definition
visceral efferents
Term
___: come back through white rami and travel up or down the sympathetic trunck prior to synapsing in the spinal cord
Definition
visceral afferents
Term
in this form of pain, the injury or insult is proximal to the cns but the pain is felt distal to the injury site
Definition
proximal distal referred pain
Term
pain is felt far from injury site due to movement of structures during embryological development
Definition
embryologically - derived referred pain
Term
pain coming back from the spinal cord levels is referred to the dermatomes on the body wall they innervate
Definition
visceral/somatic referred pain
Term
body senses are classified as general or special based on:
Definition
general: widespread, throughout the body, simple in structure, ex are touch & pain.
special: localized to specific structures/areas of the body, complex. ex are taste, sight, hearing, balance, and smell
Term
chemoreceptors for olfaction are best stimulated by: ___
Definition
chemicals dissolved in liquid
Term
olfactory receptor cells are located ___, and neurons are surrounded by ___
Definition
on the upper aspect of the nasal cavity; columnar epithelial
Term
taste buds are located on the ___
Definition
papillae, tongue, roof of mouth, and pharynx
Term
taste buds are made up of ___
Definition
gustatory cells surrounded by supporting cells
Term
opening on free surface of papillae through which taste hairs project
Definition
taste pore
Term
dendritic ending of gustatory cells, project out of taste pore, are the sensory portion of receptor cells
Definition
taste hairs
Term
external ear consists of
Definition
auricle and pinna = funnel that collects sound waves
Term
middle ear contains
Definition
tympanic cavity: air filled space in temporal bone
tympanic membrane:eardrum
Term
vibrate in a chain; purpose is to increase force of sound while decreasing amplitude
Definition
auditory ossicles
Term
connects middle ear to throat; equalizes pressure between middle ear and atmosphere for optimal hearing
Definition
auditory tube
Term
sensory organ responsible for hearing
Definition
organ of corti, located in cochlear duct
Term
detects vertical or horizontal equilibrium
Definition
static equilibrium
Term
detects rotational movement
Definition
dynamic equilibrium
Term
the organs that detect static equilibrium are located in the ___
Definition
vestibule
Term
the vestible contains the membraneous ___ and ___, each contains a sensory organ called the ___ that detects linear acceleration
Definition
utricle, saccule, macula
Term
sensory area that detects rotation in the semicircular canal
Definition
crista ampullaris
Term
both of these abduct the eye
Definition
superior and inferior oblique
Term
depression of the eye (pupil); makes you look down
Definition
superior oblique or inferior rectus
Term
elevation (pupil); makes you look up
Definition
inferior oblique or superior rectus
Term
both of these adduct the eye
Definition
superior and inferior rectus
Term
adduction of the eye; makes you look inward toward your nose
Definition
medial rectus
Term
abduction of eye; makes you look away from your nose
Definition
lateral rectus
Term
elevates the upper eyelid
Definition
levator palpebrae superioris
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