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Test 3
Chapter 12- Learning Objectives
134
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/31/2011

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Term
Anatomical Name for Forebrain
Definition
Prosencephalon
Term
Anatomical name for Midbrain
Definition
Mesencephalon
Term
Anatomical Name for Hindbrain
Definition
Rhombencephalon
Term
What two secondary brain vesicles does the Prosencephalon (forebrain) divide into?
Definition
Telencephalon
Diencephalon
Term
What does the mesencephalon (midbrain) develop into the Secondary brain vesicle?
Definition
It doesn't. It remains the same. (Mesencephalon)
Term
What two secondary brain vesicles does the Rhombencephalon (hindbrain) divide into?
Definition
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
Term
What adult brain structures does the Telencephalon produce?
Definition
Cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
Term
What adult brain structures does the Diencephalon produce?
Definition
Diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), retina
Term
What adult brain structures does the Mesencephalon produce?
Definition
Brain stem: midbrain
Term
What Adult brain structures does the Metencephalon produce?
Definition
Brain stem: pons

Cerebellum
Term
What adult brain structures does the Myelencephalon produce?
Definition
Brain stem: medulla oblongata
Term
Arise from expansions of the lumen (vacity) of the embryonic neural tube. They are continuous with one another and with the central canal of the spinal cord.
Definition
Ventricles
Term
What are teh hollow ventricular chambers filled with>?
Definition
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Term
Large C-Shaped chambers that reflect the pattern of cerebral growth.
Definition
Lateral Ventricles
Term
Anteriorly, the lateral ventricles lie close together, separated only by a thin median membrane called the....
Definition
Septum Pellucidum
Term
Each lateral ventricle communicates with the narrow third venticle in the diencephalon via a channel called
Definition
Interventricular foramen
Term
The third venticle is continuous with the fourth ventricle via the canal-like _______ that runs through the midbrain.
Definition
Cerebral aqueduct
Term
lies in the hindbrain dorsal to the pons and superior medulla. It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord inferiorly.
Definition
Fourth ventricle
Term
Which ventricle is surrounded by the diencephalon?
Definition
The third ventricle is surrounded by the diencephalon.
Term
Which two areas of the adult brain have an outside layer of gray matter in addition to ventral gray matter and surrounding white matter?
Definition
The cerebral hemishperes and the cerebellum have an outside layer of gray matter in addition to ventral gray matter and its surrounding white matter.
Term
What is the function of convolutions of the brain?
Definition
Convolutions increase surface area of the cortex, which allows more neurons to occupy the limited space within the skull.
Term
Forms the superior parts of the brain. Together they account for about 83% of total brain mass and are the most conspicuous parts of an intact brain.
Definition
Cerebral Hemispheres
Term
Control voluntary movement, lie in the posterior part of the frontal lobes: primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, Broca's area, and the frontal eye field.
Definition
Motor areas of the Cortex
Term
located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe of each hemisphere. Large neurons, called pyramidal cells, in these gyri allows us to consciously control the precise or skilled voluntary movements of our skeletal muscles.
Definition
Primary (somatic) motor Cortex
Term
Just anterior to the precentral gyrus in the frontal lobe. This region controls learned motor skills of a repetitious or patterned nature, such as playing a musical instrument and typing. This region is also known as the memory bank for skilled motor activities.
Definition
Premotor cortex
Term
Lies anterior to the inferior region of the premotor areal It has long been considered to be :
- present in one hemisphere only (usually the left)
- a special motor speech area that directs the muscles involved in speech production.
Definition
Broca's Area
Term
Located partially in and anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to Broca's area. This cortical region controls voluntary movement of the eyes.
Definition
Frontal Eye Field
Term
Areas concerned with conscious awareness of sensation; occurs in the parietal insular, temporal, and occipital lobes.
Definition
Sensory Areas
Term
Resides in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, just posterior to the primary motor cortex. Neurons in this gyrus receive information from the general (somatic) sensory receptors in the skin and from proprioceptors (position sense receptors) in skeletal muscles, joints, and tendons.
Definition
Primary Somatosensory cortex
Term
lies just posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex and has many connetions with it. The major function of this area is to integrate sensory inputs (temperature, pressure, and so forth) relayed to it via the primary somatosensory cortex to produce an understanding of an object being felt: its size, texture, and the relationship of its parts. Example: when you reach into your pocket.
Definition
Somatosensory Association cortex
Term
is seen on the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe, but most of it is buried deep in the calcarine sulcus in the medial aspect of the occipital lobe. The largest of all cortical sensory areas; receives visual information that originates on the retina of the eye.
Definition
Primary Visual (striate) cortex
Term
surrounds the primary visual cortex and covers much of the occipital lobe. Uses past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli (color, form, and movement), enabling us to recognize a flower or a person's face and appreciate what we are seeing.
Definition
Visual Association Area
Term
Smell
Definition
Olfactory Cortex
Term
Taste
Definition
Gustatory Cortex
Term
Conscious perception of visceral sensations. These include upset stomach, full bladder, and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long.
Definition
Visceral Sensory area
Term
allows us to give meaning to the information that we receive, store it in memory if need, tie it to previous experience and knowledge, and decide what action to take. This seems to be where sensations, thoughts, ad emotions become conscious.
Definition
Multimodal Association Areas
Term
involved with intellect, complex learning abilities, recall, and personality.
Definition
Anterior Association Area
Term
encompasses parts of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lones. This area plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces, localizing us and our surroundings in space, and in binding different sensory inputs into a coherent whole. Many parts of this area including Wernicke's area are also involved in understanding written and spoken language.
Definition
Posterior Association Area
Term
includes the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, and the hippocampus. Provides the emotional impact that makes a scene important to us.
Definition
Limbic Association Area.
Term
Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
Definition
Motor Functions
Term
Postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
Definition
Sensory Functions
Term
Broca's area
Definition
Speech
Term
Occipital lobe
Definition
Visual Sensation
Term
Shortage of ACh and structural changes in the brain
Definition
Alzheimer's disease
Term
Degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the basal nuclei
Definition
Parkinson's Disease
Term
Hereditary disease associated with massive degeneration in the basal nuclei and cerebral cortex
Definition
Huntington's Disease
Term
Absence of closure of the cephalic end of the neural tube
Definition
Anencephaly
Term
Failure to close the caudal end of the neural tube during embryonic development
Definition
Spina bifida
Term
Twisters
Definition
Gyrus
Term
Furrows
Definition
Sulcus
Term
Group of Axons in the CNS
Definition
White Matter
Term
Neuron cell bodies
Definition
Gray Matter
Term
Hollow space filled with fluid inside the CNS tissue
Definition
Ventricle
Term
Connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres, enabling them to function as a coordinated whole (includes the corpus callosum)
Definition
Commissural Fibers
Term
Connect different parts of the same hemisphere
Definition
Association Fibers
Term
Enter the cerebral hemispheres from lower brain or cord centers; those that leave the cortex to travel to lower areas
Definition
Projection Fibers
Term
Important in starting, stopping, and monitoring the intensity of movements executed by the cortex
Definition
Basal Nuclei
Term
The "executive suite" of the nervous system where our conscious mind is found
Definition
Cerebral Cortex
Term
Receives information from the general sensory receptors in the skin and from proprioceptors in skeletal muscles
Definition
Primary somatosensory cortex
Term
D. Integrates sensory inputs (temperature, pressure, etc.) relayed to it to produce an understanding of an object being felt
Definition
Somatosensory association cortex
Term
B. Involved in the perception of taste stimuli
Definition
Gustatory Cortex
Term
A. Responsible for conscious awareness of balance (position of the head in space)
Definition
Vestibular Cortex
Term
Permits the perception of the sound stimulus
Definition
Auditory Areas
Term
Sorts and "edits" information from sensory areas ascending to the cerebral cortex
Definition
Thalamus
Term
The main visceral control center of the body responsible for maintaining homeostasis
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
Associated with the pineal gland; secretes melatonin to induce sleep
Definition
Epithalamus
Term
Controls visual reflexes that coordinate head and eye movements when we follow a moving object
Definition
Midbrain
Term
Contains the pneumotaxic center to maintain the normal rhythm of breathing
Definition
Pons
Term
An autonomic reflex center involved in maintaining body homeostasis (cardiovascular center; respiratory centers; centers for sneezing, vomiting, hiccupping, swallowing, and coughing)
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Term
Provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction, allowing smooth, coordinated movements and agility
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
Integrates sensory information with emotional response
Definition
Limbic System
Term
Keeps the cerebral cortex alert and conscious and enhances its excitability
Definition
Reticular Formation
Term
Includes prefrontal cortex, posterior association areas, and limbic association area
Definition
Multimodal Association Areas
Term
Indicate a brain that is "idling"; a calm, relaxed state of wakefulness
Definition
Alpha Waves
Term
B. Occur when we are mentally alert, as when concentrating on some problem or visual stimulus
Definition
Beta Waves
Term
D. Common in children; abnormal in awake adults
Definition
Theta Waves
Term
A. Seen during deep sleep, during anesthesia; indicate brain damage in awake adults
Definition
Delta Waves
Term
Commissure
Definition
Corpus Callosum
Term
Projection
Definition
Internal Capsule
Term
B. Central gray matter
Definition
Basal Nuclei
Term
Outer gray matter
Definition
Cerebral Cortex
Term
Smell
Definition
Piriform Lobe
Term
In which of the following areas does sorting and editing of impulses take place?
Definition
Thalamic Nuclei
Term
Which of the following is a function of the pons?
Definition
Contains nuclei that relay information from the cerebrum to cerebellum
The pons is a "bridge" carrying info to/from the cerebellum.
Term
function in visual reflexes.
Definition
Superior colliculi
Term
area of the brain is involved in maintaining the body's homeostasis?
Definition
Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus is the main visceral control center in the body and important to overall body homeostasis. Few tissues in the body escape its influence.
Term
Where is the center for central balance located?
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
are visual reflex centers that coordinate head and eye movements when we visually follow a moving object.
Definition
Superior colliculi
Term
Starting, stopping, and monitoring arm swinging and gait are functions of the...
Definition
basal nuclei
Term
_____ is the largest commissure in the cerebral cortex and is composed of white matter.
Definition
Corpus Callosum
Term
______ is the control center for the autonomic nervous system.
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
Which type of brain waves are seen when a person is concentrating on solving a problem?
Definition
Beta Waves

(awake and alert)
Term
Which part of the brain is involved in thirst sensations?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
Which part of the brain produces dopamine?
Definition
Substantia Nigra
Term
Which of the following is the central layer of the meninges?
Definition
Arachnoid mater
Term
The average weight of the adult brain is:
Definition
3-3.5 lb.
Term
The CNS can be differentiated in the developing embryo by week:
Definition
4
Term
Which of the following landmarks separates the cerebral hemispheres?
Definition
Longitudinal Fissure
Term
is composed of gray mater.
Definition
Cerebral Cortex
Term
_________________________ processes the conscious sensation of a full bladder.
Definition
The visceral sensory area of the cerebral cortex
Term
In which part of the cerebral cortex do sensations, emotions, and thoughts come together and make us who we are?
Definition
The multimodal associate areas
Term
Which part of the cerebellum is involved in planning, rather that executing, movement?
Definition
The lateral part of each hemisphere
Term
coordinates body movement.
Definition
The posterior lobe of the cerebellum
Term
is a function of the cingulated gyrus.
Definition
Resolving mental conflict
Term
sensory hallucinations experienced by epileptic patients that proceed a seizure.
Definition
The aura
Term
All the associated areas on the right side of the cerebral cortex are involved in ....
Definition
language
Term
is limited to seven or eight chunks of information.
Definition
Working Memory
Term
stores only 5% of the sensory input to the cerebral cortex.
Definition
Long Term Memory
Term
Which of the following neurotransmitters is thought to prime the prefrontal cortex and the medial temporal lobes to form memories?
Definition
Acetylcholine
Term
If you are having a conversation with a person, excuse yourself for five minutes, and come back and the person no longer knows you, the person would be suffering from:
Definition
anterograde amnesia.
Term
The main culprit in the damage caused by a cerebral vascular accident (CVA) is:
Definition
glutamate.
Term
All of the following features can be seen in the brain tissue of patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease, except:
Definition
increased levels of acetylcholine
Term
Deep brain stimulation via implanted electrodes has been used to treat some of the symptoms of:
Definition
Parkinson's Disease
Term
T or F

Each of the primary sensory areas in the brain has an association area where integration takes place.
Definition
True
Term
T or F

Males have larger brains than females.
Definition
False
Term
Because the skull is membranous during embryonic development, the brain has plenty of room to grow.
Definition
False
Term
T or F

The amygdala is functionally part of the limbic system.
Definition
True
Term
T or F

The basic pattern of the CNS in the spinal cord is a central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core and a white matter layer lying outside of that.
Definition
True
Term
T or F

The creases and folds allow more neurons to occupy a limited amount of space.
Definition
True
Term
T or F

The CSF is produced in the choroid plexus.
Definition
True
Term
T or F

The entire body is represented by somatotopy in the primary motor cortex of each hemisphere.
Definition
False
Term
t/f
The left cerebral hemisphere is mainly involved with visual spatial skills.
Definition
false
Term
t/f

The relay stations for the olfactory pathways are located in the hypothalamus.
Definition
True
Term
t/f
The adult rhinencephalon is only involved in the processing of olfactory information.
Definition
false
Term
t/f
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep alternate through most of the sleep cycle. During REM, most of the body's skeletal muscles are inactive.
Definition
True
Term
t/f
REM sleep declines from infancy until death.
Definition
false
Term
t/f
The limbic system functions as our emotional brain.
Definition
True
Term
t/f
The "heart" of the limbic system is the medulla oblongata.
Definition
false
Term
t/f
The hypothalamus lies at the "heart" of the limbic system because it directs the physical responses to emotions.
Definition
true
Term
Regulation of food intake is a function of the hypothalamus.
Definition
True
Term
t/f
Regulation of temperature is a function of the thalamus.
Definition
false
Term
t/f
The hypothalamus regulates temperature.
Definition
true
Term
t/f
Dura mater is the innermost layer of the meninges.
Definition
false
Term
t/f
The dura mater is the outer layer of the meninges.
Definition
True
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