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Test 3-Moulder
Chapters 22.5-25
66
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/16/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Respiration
Definition
The process of gas exchange within the body
Term
Pulmonary ventilation=Breathing
Definition
The flow of air in and out of the lungs.
Term
External respiration
Definition
The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between alveoli and the circulatory system.
Term
Internal respiration
Definition
The exchange if oxygen and carbon dioxide between the capillaries and cells.
Term
Cellular respiration (definition? requires? produces?)
Definition
The breakdown of glucose to produce ATP. Reuires oxygen, produces carbon dioxide.
Term
Inspiration= inhalation
Definition
The process of bringing air into the lungs
Term

Boyle's law: The ____of a gas is inversely proportional to the ____of the conatiner (lungs), at a constant____.

 

Definition
  • Pressure
  • volume
  • Temperature
Term
Normal inspiration is initiated by the contraction of the ___( along with the ___ ___ muscles) which decreases the _____ space.
Definition
  • Diaphragm
  • External intercostal
  • Intrathoracic
Term
Alveolar (____) pressur eis decreased (to __mmHg), atmospheric pressure at __mmHg rushes into the lungs.
Definition
  • Intrapulmonic
  • 758
  • 760
Term
Muscles that can enlarge in the _______space will increase inspiration, they originate ____ to the rib cage.
Definition
  • Intrathoracic
  • Superiorly
Term

Expiration=exhalation

 

Definition

Movement of air out of the lungs

 

Term
exhalation is usually a ____ process caused by muscle _____ and elastic recoil of the chest wall.
Definition
  • Passive
  • Relaxation
Term
When the intrathoracic space decreases, this puts pressure on the available ___ in the lungs. This causes the alvelar pressure to increase to __mmHg. Air then rushes out of the lung and into the atmosphere; __mmHg.
Definition
  • air
  • 762
  • 760
Term
Sruface tension results from the natural attraction of ___ molecules to one another. This force ___ alveoli. Sufactant released from __ __ __ __ reduce this surface tension and decreases the constricting force.
Definition
  • water
  • constricts
  • type II alveolar cells

 

Term
Compliance
Definition
The ease with which the lungs and thoracic wall can be expanded.
Term
Airway resistance
Definition
the hindrance encountered by air as it moves through the respiratory passages, especially the bronchioles.
Term
Tidal volume
Definition
Normal, quiet breathing. The volume of each breath is about 500mL.
Term
Inspiratory reserve volume
Definition
The amount of air an adult can forcefully inhale after tidal volume≈3100mL
Term
Expiratory reserve volume
Definition
The amount of air an adult can forcefully exhale after tidal volume≈1200mL
Term
Residual volume
Definition
The air that remains in the lungs after fiull expiration. This air helps keep the alveoli inflated≈1200mL
Term
Vital capacity=inspiratory reserve volume+expiratory reserve volume+tidal volume
Definition
The maximum amount of air that can be moved out of the lung after maximum inspiration.
Term
Total lung capacity=
Definition

Vital capacity+residual volume (6000mL)

 

Term

anatomical dead space

 

Definition
the amount of air in the passageways that carry into the lings. areas where oxygen and carbon dioxide are not excnahged. approximately 150mL of air.
Term
Approximately ___mL of a normal breath (about 70%of tidal volume) that reaches the alveoli is the source of fresh oxygen to the ___.
Definition
  • 350
  • lungs
Term
Dalton's law: each gas in a mixture of gases exerts it's own pressure (called __ __) as id all the other gases were not present
Definition
partial pressure
Term
Partial pressure=
Definition
%of gas in mixture x total pressure of a mixture
Term
% or oxygen in atmospheric air is
Definition
20.9
Term
partial pressure of oxygen=
Definition
.2009 x 760 mmHg= 158.8mmHg
Term
Henry;s law: the quantity of gas that will dissolve in a___ (blood) is proportional to the partial pressure of gas and its solubility coefficient (how well it mixes with water), at a constant ___.
Definition
liquid
temperature
Term
over __% of oxygen in the blood is carried by hemoglobin as ____. approximately __% is dissolved in blood plasma. Only th dissolved oxygen can diffuse into the capillaries
Definition
  • 98
  • oxyhemoglobin
  • 1.5
Term

lower pH leads to (less/more) oxygen hemoglobi binding? called what effect?

 

Definition
Less; Bohr effect: denaturing of globin due to acidity
Term
The pH of blood (decreases/increases) as CO2 accumulates
Definition
decreases
Term

Less oxygen-hemoglobin binding occurs when temperature___.

 

Definition
rises
Term
Increased levels of BPG decreases oxygen-hemoglobin binding and is formed in RBCs from ___. Associated with higher ___.
Definition
  • glycolysis
  • altitudes
Term
 Carbon dioxide is transported in 3 forms:
Definition
  • Dissolved in blood plasma
  • carbino compounds
  • bicarbonate ions
Term

Carbino compounds: compounds formed when Co2 binds to various ___ ___ and proteins in the blood plasma. Most of this is in the form of carbinohemoglobins.

 

Definition
Amino acids
Term

CO2 +H2O <-->_____<-->H+ + HCO3-

 

Definition
H2CO3
Term
Respiratory center are clusters of neurons located in the ___ and ___. Discharge impulses to the diaphragm (through the ___ ___) and intercostal muscles. The basic respiratory rate is established by ___ neurons.
Definition
  • pons
  • medulla
  • phrenic nerve
  • autorhythmic
Term
Chemoreceptors located in the ___ ___ and common carotid arteries are stimulated by changing hydrogen ions, ___ and __ levels.
Definition
  • aortic arch
  • CO2
  • O2
Term

Cortical stimulation: The respiratory pattern can be altered by the act of will of ____ stimulation.

 

Definition
emotional
Term
proprioceptor stimulation: Stimulation of these cause (increase/decrease) respiratory activity.
Definition
Increase
Term

Inflation reflex: When respiratory tissues are overstretched, ____ is temporarily inhibited so ___ will bring the tissue fibers to a proper length.

 

Definition
  • Inhalation
  • exhalation
Term

Asthma: a chronic inflammation disorder that causes sporadic narrowing (spasms) in the airways (primarily the ____).

 

Definition
Bronchioles
Term
Chronic bronchitis: productive cough with sputum for __ months out of the year for __ years in a row. Causes excess mucous, SOB, and wheezing.
Definition
  • 3
  • 2
Term

emphysema: desctruction of ___ walls causing the air space to become increased (causes the surface area of alveoli to ____) Barrel-like chest

 

Definition
  • alveolar
  • decrease
Term
Lung cancer: often caused by chronic ___. has a high rate of metastisis. ___ is the most common cause. Leads to chronic cough, bloody sputum, SOB, chest pain, hoarse throat, difficulty swallowing, weight loss, anorexia, fatigue.
Definition
  • irritation
  • smoking
Term
pneumonia: accute inflammation of the ___ which fill with fluid causing poor gas exchange. Caused by __. leads to fever, chills, cough, alaise, chest pain, and difficulty breathing. often a secondary infection.
Definition
  • alveoli
  • microbes
Term

tuberculosis: caused by ___ ___. primarily affects the lungs. leads to fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, anorexia, night sweats, cough, difficulty breathing, chest pain, coughing up blood. High association with ___.

 

Definition
  • mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • AIDS
Term
Common cold (coryza): ___ origin. over ___ types. Causes rhinitis, rhinorrhea, sneezing, dry cough, congestion. Can lead to secondary infection
Definition
  • viral
  • 200
Term
cystic fibrosis: a genetic disorder that leads to the production of thickened __ that blocks the passageway of the body. Causes early__. mortality is often due to respiratory failure.
Definition
  • mucous
  • death
Term
lipoprotein: a ___ soluble molecule made up of __ and __ which allows for transport in the blood.
Definition
  • water
  • protein
  • lipids
Term
chilomicron: formed in the ___ cells of the ___ intestine, which transport dietary lipids to hepatocytes and adipocytes.
Definition
  • mucosal
  • small
Term
very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL): formed in ___. have low __ content. key fuction is to transport triglycerides to adipocytes for storage, and to muscle for ___ production. Becomes LDLs after depositing TG in adipocytes
Definition
  • hepatocytes
  • protein
  • ATP
Term
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): these are approx _% cholesterol, These deliver cholesterol and other lipids to body cells (for cell membrane repair, hormone production, bile salts production)
Definition
50
Term
excess LDLs are depostied in arteries forming ___ plaques. LDLs known as "bad" cholesterol.
Definition
atherosclerotic
Term
high-density lipoprotein (HDL): have high __ content. these remove excess cholesterol from cells then transport it to the __. known as the good cholesterol
Definition
  • protein
  • liver
Term
adipocytes store ___ that make up 98% of the body's energy reserve.
Definition
triglycerides
Term
Lipolysis: the breakdown of triglycerides into ___ __ and cholesterol. glycerol is incorporated into glycolysis.
Definition
fatty acids
Term
Beta oxidation: occurs in the matrix of the ___, 2 carbons are removed at a time the attached to coenzyme A to form Acetyl CoA. This is fed into the __ cycle.
Definition
  • mitochondria
  • Krebs
Term
in hepatocytes, 2 acetyl CoA molecules can combine which leads to the formation of __ bodies which then diffuse into the blood stream. Other cells can use these (by reforming Acetyl CoA) in the Krebs cycle.
Definition
ketone
Term
ketosis: increased ketone bodies in the __. Caused by excess __ __.
Definition
  • blood
  • beta oxidation
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