1 Filter Blood

2 Protect against disease

3 Produce maintain and distribute lymphocytes.

4 Maintain blood volume, eliminate local variation in the interstitial fluid.

5 Return protein and tissue fluid to blood (venous blood)

6 Alternate routes for transport of hormones nutrients and waste products. 

*Accompany superficials veins in the subcutaneous layer of skin

*Mucous membranes of respiratory, digestive, and reproductive tracts.

*Associated with Serous membranes (Pleural, Pericardial, and Peritoneal) 

Larger vessels that accompany the deep vascular system vessels.

*Gather lymph from skeletal muscles, and other organs in the neck, limbs and trunk, as well as visceral organs in the thoracic and abdomino pelvic cavities. 

Inferior to diaphragm, collects lymph from both sides of body.

Superior collects from left side.

Includes the cysterna chyli 

1 Invading organisms

2 Abnormal cells, such as virus infected cells, or cancer cells

3 Foreign toxins and proteins released by bacteria. 

for bacteria Antigen Presentation --> Activation of cytoxic T cells or Activation of helper T cells > Activation of B cells.

for viruses Antigen presentation > Stimulation of NK cells or activation of cytoxic t cells. Activation of t cells>> b cell activation

B cells(10-15%)

Plasma cells- produce and secrete antibodies

Memory B cells- Produced by division of activated T cells following exposure to antigen 

Thymus gland 

Lateral border of the stomach

1 removal of abnormal blood cells

2 storage of iron from RBC

3 Initiation of immune response by B and T cells in response to antigens in circulating blood 

1 pharyngeal (adenoid)

2 palatine

2 lingual

Function: filter out invading organisms. 

*T cells become less responsive

*Helper T cells reduced

*B cells less responsive

*Antibody count does not rise as quickly after antigen exposure

- Increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infection. 

1 Fast acting control system

2 Responds to internal and external change

3 Activates muscles and glands. 

Motor efferent division

SNS

ANS 

Somatic Nervous system = voluntary (controls muscular contraction invol and vol)

Autonomous Nervous system- involuntary. 

Sympathetic- fight or flight

Parasympathetic- vegetative functions. 

1 Neurons - processing and transportation of nervous information throught the Nervous system

2 Neuroglia cells- supporting cells 

PNS: satellite cells, schwann cells

CNS: Ependymal, Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes, Microglia 

1 dura mater

2 subarachnoid arachnoid space

3 pia mater

4 lumbar cistern csf 

Posterior median sulcus- shallow groove that is on the posterior side of the cord.

Anterior median fissure- deep groove that lies anterior on the cord. 

Dorsal root and ventral root. dorsal root ganglion 

join to form a single spinal nerve. 

Gray matter- H shape ventral dorsal and lateral horn

White matter- ventral dorsal and lateral column 

spinal nerve splits, dorsal ramus provides sensory and motor innervation to the dorsal regions to the body.

ventral ramus- provides " to the body wall and the limbs.

1-stimulus

2 activation of sensory neuron

3 interpretation of CNS

4 motor neuron activation

5 response 

Ventral, Dorsal

Anterior, Posterior

Motor, Sensory

Descending, Ascending

Efferent, Afferent

Outgoing, Incoming 

More complex then SC

10's of billions of neurons

Excitatory and inhibitory activators in order to guide the body to react to different situation in a seperate manner. 

Embryology of the brain

Telencephalon

Diencephelon 

Mesencephelon

Metencephelon

Myelincephelon 

Cerebrum

"

"

Cerebrum and Pons

Medulla Oblongata 

1 skin

2 skull

3 cranial meninges

*dura mater

*arachnoid mater

*subarachnoid space filled with CSF

*pia mater 

a periosteal layer- attached to surface of the skull

b meningeal layer- outer covering of the brain

gap between has blood vessels called dural sinuses

folds inward in some place. division between the cerebral hemispheres called the falx cerebri 

Maintained by astrocytes,

Excluded many potentially harmful water soluble substance from the brain. regulates glucose, ions, vitamins.

Useless against fats, alcohol, nicotine, anesthetics, respiratory gasses 

sends impulses to skeletal muscles 

12 pairs

i- olfactory sense of smell

ii optic

viii- vestibulocochlear cochlear branch for hearing, vestibular for branches

X vagus nerve sensory and motor fibers for pharanx larynx, heart and viscera.