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Test 2 Pathologies
Pathologies from Chapters 17 and 18
84
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/19/2018

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Term
Sickle Cell Disease/Anemia
Definition
Genetic disease where one of the amino acids is missing. This causes the hemoglobin to become sharp and spiky. This makes the red blood cells get less oxygen, rupture more easily, and could block blood vessels
Term
Hemoglobin-Based Oxygen Carriers
Definition
Lab made oxygen carriers. They have a long shelf life, very small so they can get past tiny and/or partially blocked blood vessels. They don't contain marker molecules so there is no risk of an immune reaction.
Term
Recombinant (Synthetic) Erythropoietin
Definition
Therapy for anemics to increase the red blood cells which will result in a higher oxygen intake.
Term
Jaundice
Definition
Occurs from the buildup of bilirubin. Skin and sclera in the eyes turn yellow due to buildup in the blood circulation and interstitial spaces.
Term
How is Jaundice treated?
Definition
Phototherapy aka light exposure
Term
Anemia
Definition
Blood carrying oxygen is too low to support normal metabolism
Term
Iron-Deficient Anemia
Definition
Deficient intake/absorption of iron or excessive iron loss
Term
Pernicious Anemia
Definition
Deficient intake/absorption of iron or lack of intrinsic factor (IF is needed for the absorption of Vitamin B12)
Term
Hemorrhagic Anemia
Definition
Blood loss from trauma, etc.
Term
Hemolytic Anemia
Definition
Red Blood Cells lyse(rupture) prematurely. Usually from inherited defects, snake venom, parasites, etc.
Term
Aplastic Anemia
Definition
Pathology of the red bone marrow that prevents the formation of new blood cells
Term
Which blood cells does Aplastic Anemia affect?
Definition
Red and White blood cells and Platelets
Term
Blood Doping
Definition
A person injects more red blood cells into their body. With more red blood cells, their oxygen intake increases. Cellular Respiration requires oxygen to create ATP. This ultimately results in having more energy.
Term
Leukopenia
Definition
Lower than normal white blood cell count due to depression/destruction of the red bone marrow. Usually less than 5000 per nanometer
Term
Leukocytosis
Definition
Abnormally high white blood cell count. Usually due to leukemia. Count is usually more than 10,000 per nanometer
Term
Leukemia
Definition
Malignant cancer of the red bone marrow. This creates an increase in abnormal white blood cells and reduction in red blood cell and platelet count.
Term
Acute Leukemia
Definition
Leukemia that starts from the hemopoietic stem cell (earliest stage of blood cell formation).
Term
Chronic Leukemia
Definition
Leukemia that starts from a later stage of white blood cell formation(Hematopiesis).
Term
How many different kinds of Leukemia exist and what are they?
Definition
2, Acute and Chronic
Term
What does Blood Doping result in?
Definition
Erythrocytosis
Term
What are some possible treatments for Leukemia
Definition
- Radiation
- Chemotherapy
- Bone Marrow Transplants
- Umbilical Cord Blood Transplant(rich in stem cells)
Term
Lymphoma
Definition
Group of cancers where masses of malignant T and/or B lymphocytes accumulate in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and other tissues.
Term
How many kinds of Lymphoma are there and what are they?
Definition
Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's.
Term
Infectious Mononucleosis
Definition
Common contagious illness caused by the Epstein Barr virus.
Term
What is the famous name for Infectious Mononucleosis?
Definition
The Kissing Disease or Mono.
Term
What is the main symptom of Infectious Mononucleosis?
Definition
Increase in Lymphocytes. Not Monocytes like the name suggests.
Term
Anticoagulants
Definition
Components that prevent clot formation at non-injured areas by diluting coagulation factors.
Term
Where would Anticoagulants not be effective and why wouldn't they be effective?
Definition
Sites of injuries because there is a high concentration of coagulation factors there.
Term
What is a popular Anticoagulant that can be easily purchased in just about any place?
Definition
Aspirin
Term
Hemophelia
Definition
X-linked genetic disorder. Results in deficiencies in clotting factors. This causes abnormal to no blood clotting.
Term
Thrombocytopenia
Definition
Great reduction in the number of platelets. Usually results in chronic bleeding through small blood vessels
Term
Impaired Liver Function
Definition
Inability to synthesize(create) pro-coagulants, even if Vitamin K is present
Term
What would a likely symptom be from Impaired Liver Function be?
Definition
No formation of blood clotting.
Term
Why would Vitamin K Deficiency be bad?
Definition
Vitamin K is required for the production of 4 of the factors in the clotting process
Term
Thrombosis
Definition
The condition in which a clot develops and persists on a wall of an undamaged blood vessel.
Term
Coronary Thrombosis
Definition
Blockage occurring in small vessels of the heart which could lead to a heart attack
Term
Thrombus
Definition
The actual blood clot attached to an undamaged blood vessel
Term
Embolus
Definition
Detached blood clot flowing the blood circulation.
Term
Embolism
Definition
The condition in which an Embolus causes blockage in a vessel.
Term
what could cause Thrombolytic Disease?
Definition
Constant roughening o the blood vessel walls caused by vessel disease or inflammation (usually from burns or smoking).
Term
What is another name for Thrombosis?
Definition
Thrombolytic Disease
Term
Transfusion Reaction
Definition
Occurs when incompatible bloods are mixed together. The antibodies of the recipient interact with the antigen molecules on the donor's cells resulting in agglutination or hemolysis. This leads to hemoglobin being released into the blood.
Term
Disease of the Newborn
Definition
Occurs when the mother's anti-RH antibodies in her blood crosses the placenta into her fetus's blood which will result in the fetus's red blood cells undergoing hemolysis
Term
Septicemia
Definition
The spread of microbes and their toxins by the blood. Often occurs as a result of a medical procedure such as an IV tube.
Could lead to septic shock
Term
Septic Shock
Definition
A widespread infection causing organ failure and dangerously low blood pressure
Term
RhoGAM
Definition
A medication that contains antibodies that bind to Rh antigens on fetal cells that have entered the mother's blood. This inactivates the antigens so mom wont become sensitized.
Term
Epicarditis
Definition
Inflammation of the Epicardium
Term
Myocarditis
Definition
Inflammation of the Myocardium
Term
Endocarditis
Definition
Inflammation of the Endocardium
Term
Ischemia
Definition
Decreased blood flow, generally caused by factors affecting blood vessels such as a blockage.
Term
What does Ischemia produce?
Definition
Angina Pectoris
Term
Angina Pectoris
Definition
Pain resulting from a reduction in blood supply to cardiac muscle
Term
Nitroglycerin
Definition
Vasodilator(drug that opens up the blood vessel) used to treat heart conditions. Usually administered sublingually (below the tongue) because the skin is thin and the drug can get into the blood vessels quickly
Term
Myocardial Infarction
Definition
Cardiac cell death in a cardiac muscle (myocardium) with prolonged lack of blood supply.
Term
What is another name for the Myocardial Infarction?
Definition
Heart Attack
Term
What happens to the damaged tissue from heart attacks?
Definition
The damaged tissue is replaced by scar tissue. The scar tissue is not contractile because it has functional changes.
Term
Mitral Valve Prolapse
Definition
1 or both cusps(flaps) from the Mitral Valve(Bicuspid Valve) bulge into the left atrium during ventricular Systole. This will allow some blood to leak back into the atrium and result in a decreased cardiac output
Term
What might be the most common cardiac problem ?
Definition
Mitral Valve Prolapse. About 5-25% of the population have it. Most common in women due to genetic disposition
Term
Arrhythmia
Definition
Irregular heart rhythm which leads to uncoordinated heart contractions
Term
Ectopic Pacemaker/Foci
Definition
A site other than the Sinoatrial(SA) node that becomes the pacemaker and sets up the impulse (Action Potential). This could result in extra irregular heart beats.
Term
What are some popularly known Ectopic Pacemaker/Foci?
Definition
Caffeine and Nicotine
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
High, rapid, irregular heart beats; Heart rate is above 100 beats per minute
Term
Bradycardia
Definition
Heart rate is below 60 beats per minute
Term
Arrhythmias
Definition
Irregular heart beats
Term
Silent Heart Attack
Definition
Produces no symptoms or patient doesn't associate symptoms with a heart attack
Term
Congestive Heart Failure
Definition
The heart cannot pump enough blood to oxygenate the body. This results in a decrease in the cardiac output.
Term
Pulmonary Congestion
Definition
Accumulation of fluid in the lungs
Term
Peripheral Congestion
Definition
Another name for Congestive Heart Failure
Term
Heart Transplant
Definition
The diseased heart is removed and replaced by one from an immunocompatible donor. Immuno-suppression drugs must be taken to avoid rejection.
Term
Artificial Heart
Definition
Mechanical pump that replaces the heart. It is experimental and temporary until the donor heart is found
Term
Cardiac Assistance Device
Definition
A temporary implanted device that assists the heart in pumping
Term
Angioplasty
Definition
A medical procedure where a balloon is threaded through the aorta and into a blocked coronary artery and inflated. This will flatten the deposits against the vessel wall.
Term
Coronary Bypass
Definition
A medical procedure where healthy segments of blood vessels are taken from other parts of the body and are used to bypass the occlusion and re-route the blood to the cardiac tissue.
Term
Enzymatic Treatment
Definition
Special enzymes administered ASAP to people suffering from a heart attack.
Term
Stenosed Valve
Definition
The narrowing of the valve in the large blood vessel that branches off the heart (aorta)
Term
Incompetent Valve
Definition
A back flow of blood caused by failure of the heart's mitral (bicuspid) valve to close tightly.
Term
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Definition
Condition in which the heart valves are damaged from Rheumatic Fever.
Term
Rheumatic Fever
Definition
An inflammatory disease that involves the heart, joints, skin, and brain. The disease targets the heart which will damage the valves if the disease is not dealt with.
Term
Cardiac Enzymes
Definition
Several Enzymes that are released when heart cells are damaged.
Term
Heart Disease
Definition
Any disorder that affects the heart's ability to function normally
Term
What machine is used during the procedure and what does it due?
Definition
The surgeons stopped the patients heartbeat and use the Heart-Lung machine to run the patient's blood through the machine where it will exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Term
What are Enzymatic Treatments used for?
Definition
Used to break down blood clots that form in coronary arteries.
Term
What are some risk factors that could lead to Heart Disease?
Definition
- High blood cholesterol
- High blood pressure
- Cigarette smoking
- Obesity
- Lack of Exercise
- Genetics
- Gender (male)
- Stress
Term
Blood Regurgitation
Definition
Blood that flows back from the Aorta due to bicuspid valve not closing properly.
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