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Test 2
Human Structure and Function Test 2
60
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
11/03/2009

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Cards

Term
Other name for longitudinal fissure and what it separates
Definition

falx ceribri

separates left and right cerebrum

Term
Other name for Transverse Fissure and what it separates 
Definition

Tentorium cerebella

separates cerebrum & cerebellum

Term
What is the continuation of the Longitudinal fissure called?
Definition
falx cerebeli
Term
What is the journey of the CSF?
Definition
lateral ventricles-> interventricular foramina-> 3rd ventricle-> mesencephalic canal-> 4th ventricle-> medial & lateral apertures-> sub arachnoid space-> arachnoid villi of dural venous sinuses-> arachnoid granulations-> venous blood-> heart & lungs -> arterial blood-> choroid plexus
Term
What are the 3 points of continuity b/w the hemispheres?
Definition

corpus callosum

anterior commissure

posterior commissure

Term
What do Broca's rea and Wernicke's area control?
Definition

Broca's: speech

Wernickes: language comprehension

Term
Where are the basal nuclei located and what is their function?
Definition
deep w/n white matter.  involved with motor processing from primary cortex.  Inhibitory effect on motor function.  Parkinson's disease affects them.
Term
What are the 3 types of tracts in white matter and what do they connect?
Definition

commissural tracts- connect 2 hemispheres

association tracts- connect areas w/n same hemisphere

projection tracts- ascending/descending b/w brain and spinal cord

Term
What major structure is located in the mesencephalon and what is its function?
Definition

superior colliculi- visual reflexes

inferior colliculi- auditory reflexes

Term
What is another name for the pneumotaxic and apneustic centers.  Where are they and what is their function?
Definition

pontein nuclei.

in the pons.  control resp function.  smooth transition b/w inhale and exhale.

Term
Preganglionic vs. postganglionic neurons in the autonomic pathway
Definition

preganglionic is myelinated.  aka white fiber

postganglionic is unmyelinated.  aka gray fiber

Term
Axon lengths and ganglionic synapses for PARA and SYMP
Definition

SYMP-preganglionic neuron axon is short.  ganglion outside of effector

PARA- preganglionic axon is long.  ganglion inside wall of effector

Term
Where is ACH found?
Definition

all motor fibers to skeletal muscle

preganglionic neurons of SYMP and PARA

postganglionic neurons of PARA (some postganglionic neurons of SYMP)

Term
Where is NE found?
Definition
postganglionic neurons of SYMP
Term
What are the cholinergic receptor types?
Definition
nicotinic receptors and muscarinic receptors
Term
where are nicotinic receptors found?
Definition
autonomic ganglia of PARA and SYMP
Term
What blocks the effects of nicotinic receptors?
Definition
curare
Term
Where are muscarinic receptors found?
Definition

neuro effector ganglion in PARA

 

Term
What blocks the effects of muscarinic receptors?
Definition
atropine
Term
What are the adrenergic receptor types and where are they found and what are they excited by?
Definition

alpha- SYMP excited by NE and E.

beta- SYMP. excited by E

Term
Which system has more divergence? PARA or SYMP
Definition
SYMP
Term
Some visceral afferents are located in the cranial nerves.  What is the area of the brain where they lie and where do they project to?
Definition
lie in nodose ganglion and project (via vagus nerve) to tractus solitarius ( solitary nucleus)
Term
What are the 2 out puts of the hypothalamus?
Definition
neural signals to autonomic system and endocrine signals to/ thru pituitary
Term
Where is the PARA system localized?
Definition
sacral segments 2, 3, 4 and brain: CN 3, 7, 9, and 10
Term
What are the names of the special ganglia in the PARA system and what CN do they correspond to?
Definition

CN2: cilliary ganglion

CN7: pterygopalatine ganglion and submandibular ganglion

CN 9: otic ganglion

Term
What are pelvic splanchnic nerves?
Definition
PARA fibers from the sacral segments
Term
What spinal segments do chain ganglia originate from?
Definition
T1 to L2
Term
where do the pre/post ganglionic fibers in chain ganglia enter/leave?
Definition

preganglionic enter chain ganglia thru the white ramus

postganglionic fibers leave thru the gray ramus

Term
What are thoracic splanchinic nerves?
Definition
they go thru chain ganglia but make their own pathway to the heart and lungs.  they are preganglionic
Term
what are cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves?
Definition
they are postganglionic.  they go to the 3 cervical chain ganglia and innervate the heart
Term
What do the collateral ganglia innervate?
Definition
organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.  esp. large blood vessels
Term
Name the 3 main collateral ganglia 
Definition
celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric
Term
What type of cells are in the adrenal medulla and are they cholinergic or adrenergic?
Definition

chromafin cells

adrenergic

Term
Name the 3 types of local hormones and what they are
Definition

cytokines- most general

paracrines- fairly close (neighbor cell)

autocrines- very close.  (own cell)

Term
What are the 3 structural groups of hormones?
Definition

aa derivatives

peptide hormones * most common

lipid derivatives

Term
What are the types of aa derivatives?
Definition

thyroid hormones-derivatives of tyrosine

catecholamines- derivatives of tryptophan

Term
What are the types of peptide hormones?
Definition

glycoproteins

short polypeptides and small proteins

Term
what are the types of lipid derivatives?
Definition

eicosanoids- derivatives ofarachindonic acid

steroids- similar to cholesterol

Term
what are the binding effects of catecholamines and peptide hormones?
Definition
affects cAMP, cGMP, and Ca ions.  cause 2nd messengers
Term
What are the 2 pathways for eicosanoids and what do they produce?
Definition

cyclooxygenase pathway- prostaglandins, prostacyclines, thromboxanes

lipowygenase pathway: leukotrienes

Term
What do prostaglandins do?
Definition
regulate almost everything via cAMP
Term
What do thromboxanes do?
Definition
regulate blood clot formation
Term
what do leukotrienes do?
Definition
asthma and airways.  contraction of smooth muscle
Term
What are the 2 types of cells in the pineal gland?
Definition

astrocyte like neuroglial cells

neuron like pinealcytes

Term
Where does the pineal gland develop from?
Definition
diencephalon
Term
what is the most important substance that the pineal gland produces?
Definition
melatonin
Term
Where does the pituitary gland develop from?
Definition

post- diencephalon

ant- roof of mouth

Term
Where are the hormones of the nat and post pituitary made?
Definition

post- made in hypothal

ant- made in ant pituitary

Term
The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei carry hormones to the post pituitary.  What hormones does each nucleus produce and what is their function?
Definition

paraventricular- oxytocin->contraction of mammilary glands and uterus

supraoptic nucleus-vasopressin/ADH-> water balance 

Term
What is the tract called that contains the paravent. and supraoptic nuclei?
Definition
hypothalamic/hypophyseal tracts
Term
the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system goes to what part of the pituitary?
Definition
anterior
Term
What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?
Definition

thyroid hormones

ACTH- adrenocorticotropic

Growth hormone

Gonadotrophins

Prolactin

Term
In addition to T3 and T4, what hormones does the thyroid release and what is their function?
Definition

calcitonin- decreases blood Ca levels by depositing Ca back into bone and increasing Ca excretion

PTH- increases blood Ca levels by extracting Ca from bones and preventing Ca excretion

Term
What area does ACTH target?
Definition
zona fciculata of adrenal cortex
Term
What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and what do they do?
Definition

zona glomerulosa-outer layer.  secretes aldosterone and regulates NA and K levels

zona faciculata- middle layer.  produces glucocorticoids like cortisol

zona reticularis- inner layer.  produces gonadocorticoids

Term
what is another name for growth hormone?
Definition
somatostatin
Term
What hormones are included in the gonadotrophins?
Definition

LH- make gonads release sex hormones

FSH- maintain and release of gametes

Term
What is the function of prolactin?
Definition
milk production.  corregulated by oxytocin
Term
What are the types of cells in the pancreas?
Definition

alpha- excrete glucagon

beta- excrete insulin

delta & gamma- regulate internal secretion of alpha and beta cells

Term
what do the prosencephalon and rombincephalon develop into?
Definition

prosencephalon- talencephalon ( cerebral hemispheres) and diencephalon (hypothalamus and thalamus)

Rhombincephalon- metencephalon ( cerebellum and pons) and myelincephalon (medulla oblongatta)

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