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Details

Test 2
Skeletal and Muscular System
185
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/15/2008

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Maxillary Bones
Definition

Together make center of face

 

Hard palate (front of mouth)

Sockets for teeth

Nasal Cavity (medial side forms the sides)

Maxillary Sinuses (lightens bones/risk of sinus headaches)

Term
Palatine Bones
Definition

Posterior to maxillary bones

 

Posterior part of hard palate

Makes up posterior floor and part

of wall of nasal cavity

Term
Zygomatic Bones
Definition

"cheek bones"

 

Forms zygomatic arch with temporal bones

 

Part of eye socket (lateral edge)

Term
Lacrimal Bone
Definition
Thin bone along medial edge of eye socket (orbit)
Term
Nasal Bone
Definition
Bidge of Nose
Term
Vomer
Definition
Base of nasal septum
Term
Inferior Nasal Conchae
Definition

Curly then and fragile along

lateral nasal cavity-airway processing

Term
Mandible
Definition

Is the lower Jaw

Has sockets for teeth

 

Coronoid process for temporalis and

masseter muscles - chewing muscles

 

Mandibular Chondyle - Temporal - Mandibular Joint

Term

INFANT SKULL

 

Fontanels

Definition
Thin membranous connections between cranial bones - help cranium deform in birth canal
Term

INFANT SKULL

 

Anterior Fontanel

Definition

(parietal/frontal junction)

 

- visible until two years

 

Term

INFANT SKULL

 

Posterior Fontanel

Definition

(occipital/parietal junction)

 

- visible until two months

Term

INFANT SKULL

 

Sphenoid Fontanel

Definition

(sphenoid/frontal/temporal/parietal)

 

-visible until three months

Term

INFANT SKULL

 

Mastoid Fontanel

Definition

(temporal/occipital/parietal)

 

- Visible until one year

Term
Vertebral Column
Definition
Made of vertebrae and intervertebral disks
Term
Vertebral Canal
Definition
Spinal cord protection and carry mass to the hips
Term
Curvatures
Definition

Helps spring the back (with ligaments and muscle)

 

Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar Curvatures

Term
Each vertebrae has:
Definition
Thick body - carries the person's mass
Term
Vertebral Canal built from:
Definition

Pedicel - posteriorily connects body to laminae

 

Laminae - grows from pedicel to posterior spinous process

 

Transverse process - projects laterally for muscle attachment

 

Superior and inferior articulating facet - the joint between the vertebrae.

Term

Cervical Vertebrae

Definition

C1 - "atlas" - joint with base of skull on occipital

    condyles

C2 - "axis" - tooth-like dens - first rotational pivot

    of the spinal cord

C3 to C7 - have transverse foramina - arteries for

    brain

C2 to C7 - posterior process is bi-forked 

Term
Throacic vertebrae
Definition

T1 to T 12 (top to bottom)

 

Transverse processes exhibit an additional articulating set of facets for ribs

Term
Lumbar Vertebrae
Definition

L1 - L5

 

"moose head shaped"

Term
Sacrum
Definition
Five fused vertebrae - articulates with os coxa
Term
Coccyx
Definition

Tailbone

 

Four fused vertebrae

 

Easily broken

Term
Ribs
Definition

12 pairs (flattened and curved) - protect heart,

   lung, and kidneys

 

Ribs 1-7: articulates with sternum "true ribs"

 

Ribs 8-12: articulates with cartilage "false ribs"

Term
Each rib has:
Definition

Head (articulates with body of vertebrae)

 

Tubercle (T1-T7) (articulates with transverse process)

 

Costal Cartilages connects to sternum

Term

Sternum

Definition

Breastbone

 

Fused from three bones:

Manumbrium (top)

Body (middle)

Xyphoid Process (pointed tip-bottom)

 

Sternum acts as key site of blood

cell formation in adults.

Term
Shoulder Girdle is composed of:
Definition
Two Clavical and Two Scapulae
Term
Clavicle
Definition

stabilizes the shoulder with scapulae

 

weak - very breakable

Term
Scapulae
Definition

Posterior Surface: Spine

 

Supraspinus fossa / infraspinus fossa for muscle movement

 

Acromion process (tip of shoulder) articulates with clavicle

 

Glenoid fossa (cavity) - joint surface for humerus

 

Coracoid process - muscle attachment site

Term
Humerus
Definition

Head acts as part of shoulder joint

 

Condyles - contact site for elbow joint

 

Capitulum (lateral)

Trochlea (medial)

 

Epicondyles - med/lat = muscle attachment sites

Term

Humerus continued

 

Fossas and Necks

Definition

Olecrannon fossa - accepts olecrannon from ulna

 

Coronoid fossa - accepts point from ulna

 

Anatomical neck - between head and shaft

 

Surgical neck - common break point in kids

Term
Radius
Definition

Thumb side of forearm (anatomical position)

 

Allows roation of forearm

 

Head engages capitulum

 

Articulates with ulna for rotation

Term
Styloid Process of Radius
Definition

Articulates with wrist

 

Connects to wrist ligaments

Term

Ulna

 

 

Definition

Proximal end articulates with humerus

 

Trochlear notch

(mates with olecranon and coronoid processes)

 

Head end - articulates with wrist

 

Styloid process - ligament attachments

Term

Wrist

 

Metacarpal Bones

 

Phalanges

Definition

Carpal Bones (8)

 

Palm (5)

 

2 bones in polex (thumb)

3 bones in fingers 2-5

Term
Pelvis
Definition

Articulates with sacrum (Sarcoiliac joint)

 

Acetabulum - articulates with femur

 

Pubic Notch (Female > Male)

 

Lesser pelvis

(bowl from pelvis to sacroiliac joint

to coccyx larger in females)

 

Greater pelvis

(upper hip "wings" flatter in females)

Term
Pelvis is made of three fused embryonic bones:
Definition

Ilium

(with crest)

 

Ischium

Posterior obturator formane & ischial spine

 

Pubis

Anterior obturator foramen

Term
Femur
Definition

Head (ball that articulates with acetabulum)

Fovea capitis (ligament attachment and blood supply)

Neck Constriction between shaft and head

Greater & Lesser trochanters (muscle attachment sites)

Medial/Lateral condyles = joint surface

Medial/Lateral Epicondyles-muscles of thigh and foreleg attach

 

 

Term
Patella
Definition

A "sesamoid" bone

 

Assists quadriceps muscles

 

Term
Tibia
Definition

Medial/lateral condyles

Articulates with femur

 

Intercondylar eminence

ant/post cruciate ligaments

 

Distal end & medial malleolus

 Ankle Articulation and Ankle ligaments attach

Term
Fibula
Definition

Little toe side

 

Head articulates with tibia

 

Lateral malleolus ankle ligaments attach

Term
Ankle
Definition

Tarsus - (7 tarsal bones)

 

Talus

Articulates with tibia

 

Calcaneous

Heel bone - carries body weight

Term
Metatarsals and Phalanges
Definition

5 Metatarsals

 

Phalanges: 2 bones for halux (big toe)

3 for toes 2-5

Term
Break Repair Steps
Definition

1. Hematoma (clot) at break

 

2. Spongy bone forms around invading blood vessels and fibrocartilage forms

 

3. Massive bony callus replaces fibrocartilage

 

4. Osteoclasts remodel and remove excess bone

Term

Three Types of Joints

Definition

Fibrous

 

Cartilagenous

 

Synovial

Term
Fibrous
Definition

1. Syndesmosis - long fibrous sheet

    (amphiarthrotic = limited movement)

    Ex. Interosseus of radius/ulna or tibia/fibula

 

2. Suture - @ fusion of skull bones

    Synarthrotic = immobile

 

3. Gomphosis - tooth to socket

    Ex. Periodontal ligament (synarthrotic)

Term
Cartilagenous joints
Definition

1. Synchondrosis - hyaline cartilage attaches bones

    Ex. Growth plate and ribs to manubrium

 

2. Symphysis - hyaline with fibrocartilage coat

    (Amphiarthrotic)

    Ex. Intervetebral disk and symphysis pubis

 

Term

Synovial Joint

 

Five parts of the Joint

Definition

Diarthrotic (highly mobile) with hyaline cartilage

 

Parts

1. Articular Cartilage

2. Synovial fluid

3. Joint Capsule

4. Meniscus

5. Bursae 

Term

Articular Cartilage

 

Synovial fluid

Definition

Hyaline coat of both surfaces

 

Lubricant (0.5 ml)

Term
Joint Capsule
Definition

Inner - synovial membrane (forms inner seal for

          fluid)

 

Outer - tough fibrous capsule and embedded

           ligaments

Term

Meniscus

 

 

Bursae

Definition

Fibrocartilage pad (ex. Knee)

 

 

Pouch-like extensions of synovial membrane

under certain key tendons

Ex. Supra, pre-, and ingrapatellar bursae of knee

Term
Kinds of Synovial Joints
Definition

1. Ball & Socket (hip/shoulder) - rotate

2. Condyloid (oval/eliptic surface) - bend and rotate

3. Gliding (vertebral facets) - slide along each other

4. Hinge (elbow/knee) - rotates in one plane

5. Pivot (skull/atlas/axis) - rotates around one axis

6. Saddle (convex/concave surfaces - multiplanar

              motion: thumbs with tarsal

Term

Flexion

 

Extension

 

Hyperextension

Definition

Decrease Joint Angle (elbow curl)

 

Increase Joint Angle (straighten elbow)

 

Extend past anatomical position

(sometimes painful)

Term

Dorsiflexion

 

Plantar flexion

 

Abduction

Definition

lift foot

 

point foot downward

 

move away from midline

(lift arm sideways)

Term

Adduction

 

Rotation

 

Circumduction

Definition

Move toward midline

(let arm fall)

 

move around an axis

(twist arm)

 

move in a circular path

Term

Supination

 

Pronation

 

Eversion

Definition

Palms Up

 

Palms Down

 

Sole Outwards 

 

Term

Inversion

 

Protraction

 

Retraction

Definition

Sole inwards

(cause of sprained ankles)

 

Thrust Outward

(jaw)

 

Pull item back

(jaw)

Term

Depression

 

Elevation

Definition

Make Lower

 

Make Higher

Term
Problems in Joints
Definition

Sprains - torn ligaments in joints.  Usually also see damagaed cartilage in serious sprains.

 

Arthritis - painful inflamed joints

Term

Over _____ types of arthritis.

 

Two main types:

Definition

100 types

 

Osteoarthritis - degenrative disease of articular cartilage that cause weakening and disintegration

 

Rheumatoid arthritis - autoimmune condition whereby your immune system attacks your joints

Term

Synovial joint example:

 

The Knee

Definition

Complex design but poorly constructed (greater mobility = greater risk of injury)

 

Hinge joint (but rotates when bent)

 

Involves medial and lateral condyles of both tibia and femur

 

Term
Four Main Ligaments of Knee:
Definition

Two that prevent side to side flexing:

 

Tibial Collateral (medial)

Medial tibial condyle to medial femoral condyle

 

Fibular Collateral (lateral)

lateral fibular condyle to lateral femoral condyle

 

Two Stop Rotaion and Anterior-Posterior Slip

 

Anterior cruciate

anterior tibial intercondylar area to

 posterior lateral femoral condyle

 

Posterior Cruciate

posterior tibial intercondylar area to

medial femoral condyle

 

Term

Synovial Joint Example:

 

The Shoulder

Definition

Muscles hold shoulder together

(almost no major ligament)

 

Benefit=increased mobility (greater risk of damage)

 

Term
Ligaments of Shoulder
Definition

Coracohumeral ligament

(at top of shoulder)

 

Glenohumeral ligament

(in joint capsule wall)

 

Transverse humeral ligament

(forms passageway for biceps tendon)

 

 

Term
Glenoid labrum
Definition
cup-like rim of glenoid fossa
Term

Muscular System

 

Purpose

Definition
Apply Force to skeleton for motion
Term
Muscle
Definition
Constructed of connective tissue (transmits force to the bones) AND muscle fibers (contraction power)
Term
Fascia
Definition

OUtermost Layer

 

Dense Connective tissue

 

Collects connectives from muscle fibers to form tendon on to periosteum of a bone

 

Or contacts aponeurosis (fiber layer between muscles)

 

Covers muscle fibers and muscles

Term

Three Layers of Connective Tissue

 

From smallest to greatest

Definition

Endomysium

 

Perimysium

 

Epimysium

Term
Endomysium
Definition
Envelops individual muscle fibers (individual cells)
Term
Perimysium
Definition
penentrates into the muscle and envelops bundles of muscle fibers (creates fascicles)
Term
Epimysium
Definition

surrounds muscle (collection of fascicles and connected tissue)

 

- connects to fascia

Term
Muscle Fibers
Definition

Multi-nucleated

(cells fuse during development)

 

Membrane of cell = "sacrolemma"

 

Cytoplasm contains mitochondria and nuclei

 

 

Term

Each muscle fiber contains:

 

 

Definition

Myofibril = bundels of contractile elements

 

Myofibril constructed in short repeated structures (sacromeres) built of two proteins -

myosin and actin

Term
Anatomy of each sarcomere
Definition

1. Begins and ends with a zig-zagged "Z line"

2. I Bands and A Bands

3. H zone and M line

 

 

 

 

Term

I Bands

 

&

 

A Bands

Definition

I bands: thin actin filaments enter sacromere from

             each z line. Long and thread-like. Actin

             forms fromework for myosin to pull on

A bands: thick myosin fibers

 -Connect to Z with protein ("titin or connectin")

 -Myosin subunits have small protein regions that

  pull on actin.

 

I bands and A bands of sacromere

must overlap for contraction.

 

Term

H Zone

 

&

 

M Zone

Definition

H Zone: Central region of A band between ends of I bands = unused myosin

 

M Zone: Connection proteins between myosin fibers

Term
Additional Elements in Sacromere
Definition

Tropomyosin and Troponin

Regulate availability of actin binding sites for myosin in a Ca2+ dependent manner

 

In resting fibers, free cytoplasmic Ca2+ is very low

Troponin (globular) and tropomyosin (thread-like) block actin binding sites for myosin

Term
When Ca2+ levesl are elevated... 
Definition
Troponin changes its conformation and thus causes tropomyosin to move and exposes binding sites on actin for myosin
Term

 Sacroplastic reticulum

 

 

Transverse tubules (T-tubules)

Definition

Sacroplastric Reticulum:

 (related to ER) - membranous passageways that store calcium

 

Transverse tubules (T-tubules):

membrane passageways that extend in from sarcolemma (cell membrane) to the interior

 

Enlarged sarcoplastic reticulum (cisternae) touches T tubules.

Term

During Muscle Contraction..

 

 

 

Definition
Each sarcomere in the muscle contracts shortening whole muscle
Term
Sliding Theory
Definition

A band fibers pulls itself over

 I band fibers during contraction

 

So during contraction:

I bands get smaller (less unbound actin)

H zones get smaller (less bound myosin)

Term
Step 1 in Muscular Contraction
Definition

 Begins with electrical nerve impulse from central nervous system (spinal motor neurons)

Term
Step 2 in Muscular Contraction
Definition

Impulse reaches the axon terminal of the neuron across the synaptic cleft from the motor end plate (neuromuscular junction)

 

Motor end plate has massive sarcoplastic reticulum with mitochondira and nuclei

 

One muscle fiber gets input from one neuron

 

One neuron innervates multiple fibers (=motor unit)

Term
Step 3 in Muscular Contraction
Definition

Each neural impulse:

1. Causes exocytosis of thousands of vesicles that contain a small aqueous chemical cue, acetylcholine

2. Acetylcholine drifts across the synaptic clept and binds to receptors at the motor end plate

3. Receptors trigger an electrical impule in the muscle fiber triggering contraction

4. An extracellular enzyme (acetylcholinesterase) destroys the leftover acetylcholine thus stopping contraction.

5. Muscle impulse enters the T-tubules and cuases release of Ca2+ from sarcoplastic reticulum

  -Ca2+ pumps keeps cytoplasmic Ca2+

    concentration normally low.

Term

Step 4 of Muscle Contraction

 

Contraction of Sarcomere (+heat prod.)

Definition

A. Ca2+ causes the troponin-tropomyosin configuration change exposing actin.

B. Myosin head (pre-cocked) binds to actin via cross-bridges

C. Myosin head then changes its shape and pulls

D. ATPase site on myosin head uses energy from ATP to cause myosin cross-bridges to break when ATP binds to it

E. Then the ATP is hydrolyzed (ADP + Pi -> heat) and myosin recocks the heat

F. Myosin head then rebinds another actin subunit and repeats the process as long as Ca2+ levels are high and ATP is available.

G. Rigor mortis happens after death because no more ATP is made to break actin/myosin cross-bridges

Term
Muscle Relaxation
Definition

Starts with end of nerve impulse and acetylcholine destruction by acetylcholinesterase

 

Ca2+ levels fall (Ca2+ pumped into sarc reticulum)

 

ATP binds to myosin (but not used for energet yet- no Ca2+!)  Cross-bridges break and tropomyosin reblocks actin and ATP is cut and myosin gets recocked.

 

Actin and myosin fibers slide past each other and waits for next muscle impulse.

Term
Metabolic Energy Source for Contraction
Definition

Muscle has only limited free ATP from Mitochondria

 

ADP + PO4 (pi) ? ATP using PO4 from creatine phosphate storage pool as a short-term fix.

  During resting, mitochondria makes excess ATP

  The cell transfers a PO4 from ATP to creatine for

     later (via enzyme "creatine phosphokinase")

  

Term
Creatine storage pool is good for...
Definition

one minute of walking or 6 sec of sprinting.

 

Then depend on mitochondrial respiration

and/or glycolysis for ATP Production.

Term

Metabolism

Definition

Early steps of Kreb cycle are anaerobic.

 

Glucose => 2 pyruvate => 2 ATP

Then oxygen (aerobic) converts 2 pyruvate

 to 34 ATP more at mitochondria.

Term
Oxygen Sources of Metabolism
Definition

Hemoglobin in blood (oxygen from lungs)

 

Myoglobin in muscle - temporary oxygen

 

Term
Oxygen Debt
Definition

When metabolism uses up available oxygen the cell uses anaerobic metabolism to try to maintain ATP via lactic acid production

 

Pyruvate gets converted to - lactic acid so glycolysis can continue

 

Prolonged oxygen debt causes significant increase in lactic acid levels (lowered pH) = "the burn" or later muscle pain.

Term

Muscle Fatigue

Definition

Can occur psychologically

 

Ion imbalances (dehydration)

 

Reduced blood flow (muscle starvation)

 

Lactic acid build up (depends on physical conditioning of individual)

 

Often cramp - prolonged involuntary contraction

Term
Muscle Responses
Definition

Muscle fiber contracts only after the stimulating impulse reaches a minimum voltage = "threshold stimulus"

 

Muscle fiber either contracts or does not - ALL or NOTHING

 

Normal neuromuscular junction impulse is sufficient to trigger a contraction of the fiber.

 

Term

Measuring muscle responses

Definition

Myograms are used to study muscle contraction

 

Once stimulus exceeds threshold - fibers in the motor unit will contract and relax

Term
Twitch
Definition

the contraction and relaxtion

 

a delay between the stimulus and contraction = latent period

 

caused by diffusion of transmitters at cleft and diffusion of Ca2+ inside muscle

Term
Refractory Period
Definition
Interval after contraction during which the muscle fiber WILL NOT respond
Term
Staircase Effect
Definition

(treppe)

 

a muscle fiber can increase its contraction strength with successive stimuli

 

the effect may be due to incomplete calcium pumping out of cytoplasm

 

Example: Tossing pillows and then tossing books

Term
Summation
Definition
Incomplete relaxation between contractions allows one contraction to build on another into the contraction
Term
Recruitment
Definition

As the load is increase on a muscle, additional motor units can be brought

 

Power muscles (ex. quadriceps) have motor units with thousands of fibers

 

Finesse muscles (ex. superior rectus muscles) have comparatively few fibers per unit = more control

 (1 neuron per 10 mucle fibers)

Term
Sustained Contractions
Definition

Small motor units are active first

 

Larger power units become active a little later

 

Continuous muscle contraction consists of many motor units becoming active (some relaxing and contracting) but maintaining a summed force.

 

Muscle tone - resting contractions of a few fibers (posture)

Term
Contraction Types
Definition

Isotonic

Myofibrils shorten producing tension

 

Isometric

Produce tension without shortening

Term
Muscle Fiber Types
Definition

Slow Twitch: Myoglobin Rich = type I (red fiber)

Makes ATP fast enough to supply needs via oxidative metabolism for long term use (posture muscles)

 

Fast Twitch: Gylcolytic = type IIa (white fiber)

Consumes oxygen fast and switches to glycolysis making it easily fatigued (most muscles)

 

Intermediate: Type IIb, shares red and white fiber properties (fast twich with oxidative metabolism leading to ATP production)

Term

Smooth Muscle and Types of Smooth Muscle

Definition

fibers are thin and "randomly" oriented into the cell

 

Multiunit Smooth Muscle

Contracts after nervous system impulse

 

Visceral Smooth Muscle

Autorhythmic

Term
Smooth Muscle Contraction
Definition

Acetylcholine stimulates motor end plate

 

Ca2+ then released from sacroplastic reticulum

 

Ca2+ binds to the enzyme "calmodulin"

 

Calmodulin activates the actin/myosin system

Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition

Striated fiber with 1 nucleus, actin and myosin

 

Ends of fibers posses a special structure

   - Intercalcated disks: complex membrane

      junctions that function like gap junctions

   - Whole networ: syncytium (one tissue acting as

       a whole)

System contracts like skeletal muscle fiber except extracellular Ca2+ plays a key role in triggering contraction

Term

Skeletal Muscles

 

Origin

 

Insertion

Definition

Origin: the "immovable" connection - anchor

 

Insertion: movable connection

   - Muscles may have 1 origin and 1 insertion or

     more of both

Term

Agonist

 

Antagonist

Definition

Agonist: promise mover (one the predominately

             causes the motion)

 - Synergists: nearby muscles assisting with motion

 

Antagonist: opposes motion

Term
Scalp: Epicranius
Definition

Made of Two Muscles: Occipital and Frontalis

 

O: Occipital Bone.

I: Skin and muscles of forehead

A: Elevates eyebrows

Term

Eyes: Obicularis Oculi

Definition

O: Maxillary and Frontal bones

I: Skin around eye

A: closes eyelids

Term
Upper Lip: Zygomaticus
Definition

O: Zygomatic Bone

I: Orbicularis oris muscle

A: Elevates corners and draws

mouth laterally = smile!

Term
Buccinator
Definition

O: Outer surfaces of maxilla and mandible

I: Orbicularis oris muscle

A: Compresses cheek

Term

Platysma

Definition

O: Fascia of upper chest

I: Lower border of mandible

A: Depresses mandible, tenses neck skin

Term
Masseter
Definition

O: Lower border of zygomatic arch

I: lateral surface of mandible

A: elevates jaw (mastication)

Term
Temporalis
Definition

O: teporal bone

I: coronoid process of mandible

A: elevates jaw (mastication)

Term
Medial Pterygoids
Definition

O: Sphenoid, palatine, maxillary bones

I: Medial surface of mandible

A: Lateral motion of mandible

Term
Lateral pterygoids
Definition

O: Sphenoid

I: Anterior surface of mandibular chondyle

A: Lateral Motion of mandible and protracts jaw

Term
Sternocleidomastoid
Definition

O: Sternum and Clavicle

I: Mastoid process

A: One side rotates head,

both sides pull head forward and down

Term
Splenius Capitis
Definition

O: spinous processes of cervicle

and thoracic vertebrae

 

I: Occipital Bone

 

A: One side rotates head, both sides pulls head back and extend neck

Term
Semispinalis Captis
Definition

O: Cervical vertebrae processes

I: Occipital Bone

A: One side rotates; both sides extends neck

Term
Diaphragm
Definition

Causes negative pressure in chest when it contracts =inhale

 

O and I: left and right inferior ribs and vertebrae

Term

External Intercostals

 

Internal intercostals

Definition

lift and expand ribs (inhale)

 

compress ribs (active exhale)

 

Term
Rectus Abdominis
Definition

O: Pubic bone (and symphysis)

 

I: Xiphoid and costal cartilages

 

A: Flexes vertebral column

Term
External Abdominal Oblique
Definition

O: Outer surface of ribs

 

I: outer lip of iliac crest, linea alba

 

A: compresses abdomen and rotates lumbar region

Term
Internal Abdominal Oblique
Definition

O: Iliac crest

 

I: Costal cartilages, linea alba

 

A: Compresses abdomen and rotates lumbar region

Term
Transversus Abdominis
Definition

O: Costal Cartilages

 

I: Linea Alba and Pubis

 

A: Flexes vertebral colum and

increase abdominal pressure

Term
Pelvic Diaphragm
Definition

Levator Ani

 

O: Pubis and Ischial Spine

 

I: Coccyx

 

A: Prevents pelvic organs from descending under pressure

Term
Coccygeus
Definition

O: Ischial Spine

 

I: Sacrum and Coccyx

 

A: aids levator ani

Term
Sphincter Urethrae
Definition

Bladder Sphincter

 

O: Pubis and ischium margins

 

I: Meet with contralateral fibers (i.e. from other side)

 

A: Prevents urination

Term

External anal sphincter

Definition

Location: Rectum and anal canal

 

A: Prevents Defecation

 

O and I: Perineal body and coccygeal ligament

Term
Ischiocavernosus
Definition

O: Ischial Tuberosity

 

I: Pubic Arch

 

A: aids in penis or clitoris erection

Term
Bulbospongiosus
Definition

O: "central tendon" of urogenital diaphragm

 

I:

Males: Urogenital diaphragm and penlile fascia

Females: pubic arch and clitoral root

 

A:

Males: expels last urine and semen

Females: compresses vaginal orifice (keegle exercise)

Term
Serratus Anterior
Definition

O: Outer surface of upper ribs

 

I: Ventral surface of scapula

 

A: Pulls shoulder forward and down

Term
Trapezius
Definition

O: Occipital bone and spinous process of cervicle and thoracic vertebrae

 

I: clavicle and scapula

 

A: Elevates, depresses, adducts, and rotates scapula

Term
Levator Scapulae
Definition

O: Cervical Vertebral transverse process

 

I: Doral-medial margin of scapula

 

A: elevates scapula

Term
Rhomboideus Major
Definition

O: Thoracic vertebral spinous processes

 

I: Medial border of scapula

 

A: elevates and adducts shoulder

Term
Pectoralis Major
Definition

O: clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages

 

I: Intertubercular groove of humerus

 

A: flexes, adducts, rotates humerus medially, flexes shoulder (throwing)

Term
Latissimus Dorsi
Definition

O: Spines of sacral, lumbar and lower thoracic vertebrae, iliac crest, and lower ribs

 

I: Intertubersular groover of humerus

 

A: Extends shoulder, adducts and rotates humerus medially and down "swimming muscle"

Term
Deltoid
Definition

O: Acromium process, scapular spine, clavicle

(3 heads => different motions)

 

I: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

 

A: Abducts, extends, flexes humerus

Term
Bicep Brachii
Definition

(skips humerus)

 

O: coracoid process of scapula

 

I: radial tuberosity

 

Action: flex forearm at elbow

 

 

Term
Brachialis
Definition

O: Anterior shaft of humerus

 

I: Coronoid process of ulna

 

A: Flex forearm at elbow

Term
Brachioradialis
Definition

O: Distal lateral end of humerus

 

Insert: lateral surface of radius proximal to stylus

 

A: flex forearm at elbow

Term

Triceps brachii

 

Definition

O: Tubercle above glenoid cavity and lateral and medial surfaces of humerus

 

I: Olecrannon process of ulna

 

A: Extends forearm at elbow

Term
Pronator Teres
Definition

O: Medial epicondyle and coronoid process of ulna

 

I: Lateral surface of radius

 

A: Pronates forearm and hand

Term
Pronator Quadratus
Definition

O: Distal end of ulna

 

I: Distal end of radius

 

A: pronates forearm and hand

Term
Supinator
Definition

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and ulnar crest

 

I: Lateral surface of radius

 

A: rotates forearm laterally

Term
Flexors of the Wrist
Definition

Anterior Compartment of Forearm

 

Wrist flexors go through carpal tunnel between flexor reticulum and carpals

 

Superficial layer (most originate at humerus medial epicondyle)

Term
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Definition

O: Medial epicondyle of humerus

 

I: Base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpals

 

A: Flexes/abducts wrist

Term
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Definition

O: Medial epicondyle of humerus and olecranon

 

I: carpals (pisiform...???

 

A: Flexes/adducts wrist

Term
Extensors of the wrist
Definition
Superficial layer (most originate at epicondyle of humerus) - posterior compartment
Term
Extensor carpi radialis longus
Definition

O: Distal end of humerus

 

I: Base of 2nd metacarpel

 

A: Abducts/extends wrist

Term
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Definition

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

 

I: Base of 2nd and 3rd Metacarpals

 

A: Abducts/extends wrist

Term
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Definition

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

 

I: Base of 5th metacarpal

 

A: extends/adducts wrist

Term
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Definition

O: Medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid of ulna, radius

 

I: Tendons of Finger

 

A: Digits at Metacarpal, phalangeal and interphalangeal joint (also flexes wrist)

Term
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Definition

(Deep to FDS)

 

O: Anterior surface of ulna

 

I: Bases of distal phalanges of fingers 2-5

 

A: Flexes fingers

Term
Extensor Digitorum
Definition

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus

 

I: Posterior surface of phalanges 2-5

 

A: Extends fingers

Term
Gluteus Maximus
Definition

O: Sacrum, coccyx, and posterior surface of ilium

 

I: Posterior surface of femur and thigh fascia

 

A: Extends hip (stance and motion)

Term
Gluteus Medius (and minimus)
Definition

O: Lateral Surface of ilium

 

I: Greater trochanter of femur

 

A: Abducts, medially rotates

Term
Gracilis
Definition

O: Lower edge of symphysis pubis

 

I: Medial surface of tibia (skips femur)

 

A: Adducts thigh/flexes knee

Term
Adductor Magnus
Definition

adductor femoris in cats 

 

O: Ischial tuberosity

 

I: Posterior surface of femur

 

A: Adducts/flexes/laterally rotates thigh

Term
Sartorius
Definition

O: Anterior Superior Iliac Spine

 

I: Medial Surface of Tibia

 

A: Flexes Hip and Thigh, rotates thigh laterally

Term
Extensors of the leg
Definition

The quadriceps femoris

 

4 muscles all insert on patellar tendon to drive patellar ligament to tibia

Term
Rectus Femoris
Definition

O: Iliac Spine and acetabular margin

 

I: Patellar tendon

 

A: Extends leg

Term
Vastus Lateralis
Definition

O: Greater trochanter and posterior surface of femur

 

I: Patellar Tendon

 

A: Extends leg

 

 

Term
Vastus Medialis
Definition

O: Medial surface of femur

 

I: Patellar Tendon

 

A: Extends Leg

Term

Vastus Intermedius

 

Definition

Under rectus femoris

 

O: Anterior and Lateral surfaces of femur

 

I: Patellar Tendon

 

A: Extends Leg

Term
Biceps Femoris
Definition

Most Lateral

 

O: Ischial Tuberosity

 

I: Head of Fibular and Tibial Lateral condyle

 

A: Flexes and laterally rotates leg and extends thigh

Term
Semitendinosus
Definition

O: Ischial Tuberosity

 

I: Medial Surface of Tibia

 

A: Flexes and laterally rotates leg and extends thigh

Term
Tibialis Anterior
Definition

O: Lateral condyle and lateral tibial surface

 

I: Tarsal Bone and First Metatarsal

 

A: Dorsiflex ankle, inverts foot

Term
Gastrocnemius
Definition

O: Femoral medial and lateral condyles

 

I: Posterior edge of calcaneus

 

A: Plantar flex foot, flexes knee

Last push when running or jumping

Term
Soleus
Definition

O: Head and shaft of fibula, posterior surface of tibia

 

I: Posterior edge of calcaneus

 

A: Plantar flexes foot at ankle

Term
Two Nervous System Cell Types
Definition

Neurons - informations processing and transmission of electrical signals

    Nerve impulse: basic unit of information

                               = action potential 

 

Glia (neuroglia) - support, protects, and nurses the neurons

Term
Soma
Definition

Cell body or perikaryon

 

Houses Cellular Machinery

Nucleus, nucleolus, mitochondria, golgi bodies, Nissl body (ER), etc.

Term
Axon
Definition

Long slender cellular process from soma

 

Carries elctrical impulse away from cell ("transmitter")

 

Carries biochemicals from soma to synapse

 

Multiple collaterals branch off of axon

Term
Dendrite
Definition

One too many slender processes from soma

 

Receives information from sensory structure or other neuron ("receiver")

Term

Synapse

 

 

Synaptic Cleft

Definition

Specialized structure at end of axon

Chemically transmits nerve impulse to target tissue with neurotransmitters (smal mol wt. chemicals)

 

 

Gap between synaptic terminal and target tissue (approx. 20 nm in width)

Term
Neurofilaments
Definition
Actin fibrils of the cytoskeleton that allow movement of vesicles from soma to synapse
Term
Axon Hillock
Definition

Trigger Zone

 

Triggers nerve impulse if depolarized (must reach "threshold": minimum voltage needed to create a neural impulse [action potential])

Term

Schwann Cells (peripheral) and

Oligodendrocytes (central)

 

 

Definition

Glial cell that insulates axon (increases impulse velocity???)

 

"Conduction velocity" - speed at which impulse moves along axon

 

Wrap axon in insulation - looks like string of sausages ( 1 schwann cell/"sausage" )

 

Term

Myelinated vs. Un-myelinated

 

Node of Ranvier

Definition

Fast vs. Slow

 

Gaps between schwann cells are critical to increasing impulse conduction velocity

Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Brain and Spinal Cord
Term

Peripheral Nervous System

 

Division of PNS

Definition

Cranial Nerces (exit brain directly)

Spinal nerves from spinal cord to body

 

 

Somatic NS: runs voluntary motion

 Autonomic NS: Runs viscera

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