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Test 2
Chapters 6 & 7
82
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/05/2006

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Term
Name the 3 types of connective tissue.
Definition
1. Tendons and Ligaments
2. Cartilages
3. Bones
Term
Explain tendons and ligaments.
Definition
Tendons connects muscles to bones.
Ligaments connect bone to bone.
Cell types are Fibroblasts and Fibrocytes.
Term
Explain cartilages.
Definition
For example in between vertebrae.
Made of chondroblasts and chondrocytes.
Term
Explain Osseous (bone) tissue.
Definition
There are two structures... compact and spongy.
Term
Name and explain 4 bone shapes.
Definition
Long Bone- longer than wide
Short Bone- length and width similar
Flat Bone- Thin and flat
Irregular- other random shapes that don't fit other categories.
Term
What is endosteum and where is it located?
Definition
Made of thin connective tissue and lines the medullary cavity.
Term
What is the diaphysis?
Definition
The shaft of the bone, or central area.
Term
What is epiphysis?
Definition
Located at the proximal and distal ends of the long bone.
Term
What is the periosteum and where is it located?
Definition
The outer later of bone made of dense connective tissue.
Term
What is the medullary cavity?
Definition
Large cavity located in the diaphysis of the long bone and is filled with marrow.
Term
What are the two kinds of Marrow?
Definition
Red Marrow which produces blood cells and Yellow Marrow which which stores fat.
Term
What is lacunae?
Definition
Small spaces in the bone where osteocytes are located.
Term
What are canaliculi?
Definition
Minute canals for osteocyte processes.
Term
What is the Volkmans canal?
Definition
Passageways for blood vessels and nerves from the periosteum (outside) and the endoesteum.(Inside)
Term
What is the haversian canal?
Definition
aka. osteon, the central canal.
Term
What is trabeculae?
Definition
Rods or plates that resemble beams that make up the spongy tissue and add strength to the bone.
Term
What is ossification?
Definition
The growth and development of bone.
Term
What cells are responsible for osteoblasts?
Definition
Epiphysial?
Term
What are osteoblasts?
Definition
In the periosteum and endosteum, and forms the bone as well as remodels broken and fractured bones.
Term
What is endochondrial growth?
Definition
Occurs the epiphyseal plates and increases bones length.
Term
What is appositional growth?
Definition
When osteoblasts that are on the surface of the bone and divide.
Term
The modeling and reshaping of bones.
Definition
1. the process; formation and resorption.
2. end of bone growth.
3. remodeling: osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
Term
How does Calcitonin (CT) effect calcium?
Definition
The more calcitonin there is the more that calcium decreases.
Term
How does the parathyroid hormone (PH) effect calcium?
Definition
The more of this hormone there is the more calcium increases.
Term
How does vitamin D effect calcium?
Definition
The more vitamin D there is the more calcium increases.
Term
What are synovial joints?
Definition
The joint vacity lining with synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid.
Term
What is an articulation?
Definition
AKA joint. A place where two bones come together.
Term
Many joints exhibit limited movement, and others are completely or almost completely immovable.
Definition
Many joints exhibit limited movement, and others are completely or almost completely immovable.
Term
What is synarthrosis?
Definition
an immovable joint.
Term
What is amphiarthrosis?
Definition
A slightly movable joint.
Term
What are diarthrosis?
Definition
A freely movable joint.
Term
What are fibrous joints?
Definition
Two bones that are united by fibrous tissue and have little or no movement.
Term
What are sutures?
Definition
Fibrous joints between the bones of the skull.
Term
What are fontonels?
Definition
soft spots that allow for flexibility in the skull during birth.
Term
What is syndesmoses?
Definition
Fibrous joints in which the bones are separated by some distance and are held together by ligaments.
Term
What is Gomphoses?
Definition
Pegs fitted into sockets and held into place by ligaments.
Term
What are cartilaginous joints?
Definition
Two bones united by means of cartilage.
Term
What is fibrocartilage?
Definition
Forms joints such as the intervertebral disks.
Term
What are synovial joints?
Definition
Freely movable joints that contain synovial fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones.
Term
What is articular cartilage?
Definition
Provides a smooth surface where the bones meet.
Term
What is a joint Cavity?
Definition
Filled with synovial fluid, and is enclosed by a joint capsule.
Term
What is pronation?
Definition
ex. when the palm faces down.
Term
What is supination?
Definition
ex. when the palm faces up.
Term
What is eversian?
Definition
ex. to turn the botton of the foot faces laterally.
Term
What is inversion?
Definition
Ex. When the bottom of the foot faces in.
Term
What is rotation?
Definition
ex. when the head shakes no.
Term
What is protraction?
Definition
ex. when the mandible moves anteriorly.
Term
What is retraction?
Definition
ex. whenthe manible moves posteriorly.
Term
What is elevation?
Definition
ex. movement of a superior direction.
Term
What is depression?
Definition
movement in an inferior direction. ex. when the mouth opens.
Term
What is excursion?
Definition
when the structure moves side to side. Like the mandible.
Term
What is opposition?
Definition
ex. when the tip of thumb and tip of pinky finger reach together to touch.
Term
What is reposition?
Definition
Returns digits to anatomic position.
Term
What is circumduction?
Definition
Occurs at freely movable joints such as the shoulder.
Term
What is the epimysium?
Definition
The connective tissue sheath that covers all skeletal muscles.
AKA fascia
Term
What are muscle fasciculi?
Definition
bundles in a muscle that are surrounded by the perimysium.
Term
What is the perimysium?
Definition
Loose connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fasciculi.
Term
What is the endomysium?
Definition
Loose connective tissue that surrounds the muscle fibers.
Term
What is sarcoplasm?
Definition
The cytoplasm of each muscle fiber.
Term
What are myofibril?
Definition
A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the muscle fiber to the other.
Term
What are troponin?
Definition
Molecules are attached at specific intercals along the actin myofilaments and provide calcuim ninding sites on the actin myofilament.
Term
What is tropomyosin?
Definition
Filaments located along the groove between the twisted strands of actin myofilament subunits.
Term
What are the two major factors that effect that charge difference that develops?
Definition
1. The concentration of potassium (K+) inside the cell membrane is higher than that outside the cell membrane.
2. The cell membrane is more permeable to potassium than it is to other ions, including negatinely charged molecues such as proteins, located inside the cell.
Term
What are the names of the thick and thn filaments in a muscle?
Definition
Actin myofilament is the thin.
Myosin myofilament is the thick.
Term
What is depolarization?
Definition
The decrease in the difference in potential charge between the inside and outside of the cell membrane.
Term
What is repolarization?
Definition
The change back to the resting membrane potential.
Term
Neuromuscular junction/synapse.
Definition
When axons branch out to muscle fibers for form a junction.
Term
What is the resting membrane potential?
Definition
the charge difference on either side of the cell membrane.
Term
What is acetylchoinesterase?
Definition
An enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, to ensure that one action potential in the neruon yields only one action potential in the skeletal muscle fibers of the motor unit. (also
Term
What is the sarcomere?
Definition
The smallest unit of the muscle that is able to contract. made of actin myofilament, myosin myofilament, and the Z disks.
Term
What is tetanus?
Definition
A sustained contraction that occurs when the frequency of stimulation is so rapid that there is no relaxation.
Term
What is creatine phosphate?
Definition
A high energy molecule that provides a means of storing energy that can be used rapidly to help maintain an adequate amount of ATP in the contracting muscle fiber.
Term
What is anaerobic respiration?
Definition
Does not require oxygen, and results in the breakdown of glucose to yield ATP and lactic acid. (2 ATP)
Term
What is aerobic respiration?
Definition
Requires oxygen and breaks down glucose to produce ATP and oxygen, and water. (38 ATP)
Term
Explain slow twitch.
Definition
fatigue resistent and involved in aerobic.
Term
Explain fast twitch.
Definition
Easily fatigued and invovled in anaerobic.
Term
Explain intermedial fast twitch.
Definition
Fatigue resistent and aerobic.
Term
What are isometric contractions?
Definition
Tension increases during the contraction process but the length does not change.
Term
What are isotonic contractions?
Definition
Tension is constant during contraction and length decreases.
Term
Explain muscle tone.
Definition
The constant tension produced by muscles of thebody over long periods of time.
Term
Explain myoglobin.
Definition
Hemoglobin carries oxygen into the muscle and also transports oxygen.
Term
What is a neurotransmitter?
Definition
transmits electricity (ligand) receptor needs to be fired.
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