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Test 2
second pg of notes
53
Anatomy
11th Grade
01/20/2016

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Term
no ribosomes, synthesis of phospholipids and cholesterol, synthesis of steroid hormones (androgens and estrogens),synthesis and storage of glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver cells
Definition
smooth ER
Term
covered by ribosomes "shipping depot" for proteins
Definition
rough ER
Term
packaging center of cell (esp glycoproteins and enzymes), Golgi consists of 5-6 flat membrane discs called cisternae
Definition
Golgi apparatus
Term
contain secretions for transport
Definition
vesicles
Term
"garbage disposals"- contain enzymes that help break down harmful or very large substances to prevent harm to cell, clean up and recycle (ex unused muscle)
Definition
lysosomes
Term
"powerhouse" of the cell, the membrane folds inside are crystal, here a phosphate group is added to ADP to form ATP, break down of ATP yields energy
Definition
mitochondria
Term
Where is one glucose broken down into to pyruvic acid molecules without the presence of oxygen- anaerobic portion of cellular respiration (2 ATP)
Definition
cytosol
Term
without the presence of oxygen
Definition
anaerobic
Term
What its it called when pyretic acids move into the mitochondria and CO2 is released leading to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and requires oxygen?
Definition
aerobic respiration
Term
How are ADP molecules are turned int 36 ATP molecules?
Definition
after aerobic respiration, these molecules are broken down and the leftover hydrogen atoms are delivered by carrier proteins to the crystal where the electrons are removed from the hydrogens (electron transport chain)
Term
How many ATP molecules can one glucose produce in cellular respiration?
Definition
38
Term
the electrons are removed from the hydrogens
Definition
electron transport train
Term
What are the other two names for the tricarboxylic acid cycle?
Definition
Kreb's Cycle or Citric Acid Cycle
Term
in the nucleus and synthesize ribosomal RNA and ribosomes, it is made of RNA, enzymes and proteins called histones
Definition
nucleoli
Term
What are strands of DNA called?
Definition
chromatin
Term
What do strands of DNA called chromatin coil around to form chromosomes during cell division?
Definition
histone proteins
Term
functional unit of heredity, contains all the DNA triplets needed to produce specific proteins
Definition
gene
Term
Since DNA cannot leave the cell's nucleus, how does it get to the cytoplasm where proteins are made?
Definition
a copy is carried as messenger RNA
Term
What is protein synthesis?
Definition
translation
Term
Where are proteins made?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
permanent changes in DNA that affects the nucleotide sequence of one or more gene
Definition
mutation
Term
movement of molecules from high to low concentrations
Definition
diffusion
Term
movement of water from high to low concentrations (no cellular energy required)
Definition
osmosis
Term
no net movement in or out of cell
Definition
isotonic
Term
too many particles in cell so water moves in (swell)
Definition
hypotonic
Term
too many particles outside, water out (shrink)
Definition
hypertonic
Term
occurs when large molecules are moved in or out of cell with help of carrier proteins when molecules bond to a receptor site on the protein (no cellular energy required)
Definition
facilitated diffusion
Term
What moves like facilitated diffusion?
Definition
glucose
Term
requires energy to move materials from low to high concentrations
Definition
active transport
Term
Cations (Na+0 excess outside cell and K+ in cell- requires energy to keep homeostasis (K+ that leaks out is brought back in and Na+ that comes in is pumped back out)
Definition
sodium-potassium pump
Term
movement into cell using saclike vesicles
Definition
endocytosis
Term
takes in fluid
Definition
pinocytosis
Term
takes in solids using extensions of cytoplasm called pseudopodia
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
What engulfs bacteria, cell debris, etc;
Definition
macrophages
Term
move out
Definition
exocytosis
Term
What does cell division produce?
Definition
two daughter cells
Term
genetically controlled death of cells
Definition
apoptosis
Term
duplication of cell;s genetic material
Definition
DNA replication
Term
division of nuclear material of somatic cells
Definition
mitosis
Term
cell division that produces sex cells with 23 chromosomes each
Definition
meiosis
Term
What is a growth period for a cell (g1, S, g2) and may take up to 21 hours then mitosis (PMAT)- about 1-3 hours then division of cytoplasm or cytokineses
Definition
interphase
Term
chromosomes appear, spindle fibers extend between two pairs of centrioles, nucleoli disappear
Definition
prophase
Term
chromosomes align in middle of cell
Definition
metaphase
Term
centromere of each chromatid pari splits and chromatids separate and got to each end of cell
Definition
anaphase
Term
nuclei enlarge, chromosomes uncoil, chromatin reappears
Definition
telophase
Term
abnormal "overgrowth" of cells
Definition
tumor
Term
remains in one place, not generally life threatening
Definition
benign
Term
cells spread or metastasis forming cancer
Definition
malignant
Term
modified genes that cause cells to grow uncontrollably
Definition
oncogenes
Term
where cells become specialized
Definition
differentiation
Term
collections of specialized cells that perform a specific function
Definition
tissues
Term
study of tissues
Definition
histology
Term
What are the four basic types of tissues?
Definition
epithelial, connective, muscle, neural or nerve
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