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Test 2
Muscular System (Contraction), Nervous System, Special Senses, Endocrine System
67
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/22/2015

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Term
Three Types of Muscle
Definition
Smooth, Skeletal, Muscular
Term
Name some characteristics of a smooth muscle
Definition
involuntary, non-striated, passageway
Term
Name some characteristics of a skeletal muscle
Definition
voluntary, striated, movement, heat, posture
Term
Name some characteristics of a skeletal muscle
Definition
involuntary, striated, pumping blood
Term
Macroscopic Muscle Composition
Definition
1. Epimysium
2. Fascicle
i. Perimysium surrounds it
3. Muscle Fiber
i. endomysium surrounds it
Term
Microscopic Muscle Composition
Definition
Sarcolemma, Myofibril, Sarcomere
Term
Parts of a Sarcomere
Definition
Z Discs, A-band, t-band, m-line, h zone, SR, t-tubles, Myosin, Actin
Term
Muscle Activity
Definition
interaction of muscular system and nervous system
Term
Motor Unit Nerve cell
Definition
motor neuron and al of the muscle fibers it stimulates
Term
Atrophy
Definition
decrease in size of muscle fibers from lack of exercise
Term
Neuromuscular Junction
Definition
Composed of axonal terminal of a motor neuron, sarcolemma of a muscle cell, and the gap in-between the two (synapse/synaptic cleft)
Term
Ach
Definition
muscle contraction neurotransmitter
Term
Nerve Impulse
Definition
1. signal comes from brown down moor neuron and finally axonal terminal
2. Ach released from vesicles in axonal terminal
3. Migrates across synapse, contacts receptors on sarcolemma
4. Sodium gates open, ions rush into muscle cell
5. electrical disturbance--> depolarization --> AP, goes into muscle cell, SR --> Calcitonin
Term
Muscle Contraction
Definition
*Needs ATP for this whole process)
1. Actin in resting state (troponin and tropomyosin)
2. When Calcitonin present--> blocking protein moves, actin exposed
3. Myosin heads attach to actin = "cross bridge"
4. pivots, attaches, detaches, reattaches, etc. = shortening=contraction
Term
Types of Energy for Muscle Contraction
Definition
1. Creatine Phosphate
2. Aerobic Respiration
3. Anaerobic Respiration/Metabolism
Term
Creatine Phosphate
Definition
Type of energy for muscle contraction, creates ATP from ADP very quickly, but runs out quickly
Term
Aerobic Respiration
Definition
In mitochondria, need O2, 1 molecule of glucose --> 36 ATp's, slow, last longer
Term
Anaerobic Respiration
Definition
occurs w/in cytoplasm, 1 molecule of glucose = 2 ATPs, not efficient, by-product = lactic acid
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Brain and spinal cord
- motor function
- efferent division
- ouptut
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
nerves extending from CNS that extends to rest of body
- sensory function
- afferent division
- input
Term
Neuron
Definition
Nerve Cell
Term
Dendrites
Definition
Projections from cell body that receive signals conduct impulse to cell body
Term
Cell Body
Definition
contains nucleus and organelles
Term
Axon
Definition
projection that carries nerve impulse away from cell body to axonal terminals
Term
For every neuron, how many axons are there?
Definition
One
Term
Neurilemma
Definition
membrane of neuron
Term
Gray Matter
Definition
unmyelinated axons (no sheath) and cell bodies
Term
White Matter
Definition
myelinated axons
Term
Types of Neurons
Definition
Sensory (afferent)- input
Motor (efferent)- output
Interneurons- connect sensory and motor neurons to each other
Term
Multipolar Neuron
Definition
structural classification; many dendrites (most motor neurons)
Term
Bipolar Neurons
Definition
One dendrite and ONE axon (rare sensory nerves)
Term
Unipolar neurons
Definition
one projection in cell body; axon conducts nerve impulses both into and out of cell body
- (mostly sensory neurons)
Term
Depolarization
Definition
a change in cell's membrane potential, making it more positive or less negative, may result in generation of an action potential
Term
Saltatory Conduction
Definition
the propagation of action potentials along a myelinated axon from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of AP's,
Term
Action Potentional
Definition
short term change in electrical potential that travels along a cell such as a nerve or muscle fiber
Term
Node of Ranvier
Definition
a small constriction in the myelin sheath of axons
Term
Resting Cell Membrane Potential
Definition
Difference in electrical charge between the inside of neuron's cell membrane and outside membrane
Term
Sodium Potassium Pump
Definition
pumps sodium and potassium against the gradient ; active transport
Term
Refractory Period
Definition
recovery period of neuron (must reset itself before another nerve impulse can take place)
Term
Neurotransmitters are either...
Definition
Excitatory or Inhibitory
Term
Excitatory Neurotransmitter
Definition
(Ach) more likely to get to threshold and cause AP (depolarization)
Term
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
Definition
Less likely to reach threshold and cause AP
- causes hyperpolarization= membrane becomes more negative
Term
Four Regions of the Brain
Definition
1. Cerebrum
2. Diencephalon
3. Brainstem
4. Cerebellum
Term
Four Lobes of Cerebrum
Definition
1. Frontal
2. Parietal
3. Occipital
4. Temporal
Term
What does the Frontal lobe control?
Definition
Primary motor functions, language, reasoning, intelligence, learning
Term
What does the Parietal Lobe control?
Definition
Somatosensory
Term
What does the Occipital Lobe control?
Definition
Vision
Term
What does the Temporal Lobe control?
Definition
memory, audition, olfaction
Term
Pineal Gland
Definition
Responsible for day/night cycle
Term
Dorsal Root
Definition
(input) sensory information
Term
Ventral Root (of Spinal Cord)
Definition
(output) motor information
Term
Brainstem
Definition
1. Pons
2. Midbrain
3. Medulla oblongata
4. Reticular Formation
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
1. Thalamus (sensory relay)
2. Hypothalamus (autonomic, pituitary gland)
3. Epithalamus (Pineal Gland- day/night cycle)
4. Limbic System
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
left and right hemisphere connected by the corpus colossum.
- 2 hemispheres
- longitudinal fissures
- cerebral cortex ( fissure, sulcus, gyrus)
Term
Contralateral Control
Definition
The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and vise versa
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Posture, Balance, Equilibrium, Motor Coordination
Term
Nerve
Definition
bundle of axons found outside cans that extends to peripheral structures
Term
______ nerves are mixed, and the three that are purely sensory include: ____,_____, and _____.
Definition
Cranial nerves are mixed, and the three that are purely sensory include: vestibulocochlear, optic, olfactory.
Term
Efferent Motor Divisions
Definition
Somatic and Autonomic
Term
Somatic
Definition
Division of Efferent Motor Neurons;
- Voluntary
-Mostly skeletal
1 motor neuron releases Ach
Term
Autonomic
Definition
Division of Efferent Motor Neurons;
- Involuntary
- smooth, cardiac muscles, and glands
- chain of 2 motor neurons
-- preganglionic motor neuron
--postganglionic motor neuron
split into two parts
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
Term
2 parts of the autonomic system & functions
Definition
Sympathetic:
- "Fight or Flight"
- 2nd motor neuron releases either 1. epinephrine or 2. epinephrine (ne)
Parasympathetic
- "rest and digest"
- 2nd motor neuron releases Ach
Term
Effects of 1. Sympathetic and 2. Parasympathetic
Definition
HR 1. up 2. down
BP 1. up 2. down
Digestion 1. down 2. up
Sex drive 1. down 2. up
Blood to Skeletal Muscles 1. up 2. down
Pupils 1. dilate 2. constrict
Term
Parts of an Eye & Functions
Definition
Pupil- opening/hole
Iris- color in the eye
Lens- focuses
Cornea- transparent covering of eye
Retina- back of eye, visual receptors located here
Rods- light/dark concentrated on edge of retina
Cones- color, concentrated in middle "fovea centralus"
Vitreous Body- gel like substance that fills eyeball
Term
Sight Path
Definition
1. rods and cones carry info to bipolar neurons
2. optic nerve
3. optic chiasm
4. optic tracts
5. thalamus
6. occipital lobe
Term
Sound Path
Definition
1. sound enters external auditory canal
2. tympanic membrane
3. auditory ossicles amplify
4. cochlea (middle ear)
- neurons = hair cells
5. organ of court
6. leads to cochlear nerve
7. vestibular nerve meets with cochlear nerve = vestibulocochlear nerve
8. temporal lobe
Term
Equilibrium
Definition
inner ear (vestibule and semicircular canals) detects movement of the head --> vestibular nerve --> vestibulocochlear nerve
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