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Test 2
Chapter 4,5,6,8
92
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/29/2014

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Term
Nervous tissue
Definition
internal communication
brain, spinal cord, nerves
Term
muscle tissues
Definition
contracts to cause movement
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
forms boundaries between different environments, protects, secretes, filter
lines a body cavity
Term
connective tissues
Definition
supports, protects, binds other tissues together
Term
special characteristics of epithelium
Definition
polarity-
specialized contacts
supported by connective tissues
regenerational
Term
simple epithelia
Definition
single layer (very thin)
absorb, secrete, filter
Term
stratified epithelia
Definition
2 or more layers
common in high abrasion areas
Term
squamos cells
Definition
flattened and scale like
Term
cuboidal cells
Definition
boxlike
Term
columnar cell
Definition
tall and column shaped
Term
microscopy
Definition
tissue is fixed
cut
stained
Term
5 characteristics of epithelia tissues
Definition
Polarity
Supported by connective tissues
Avascular, but innervated- no blood vessels
Can regenerate-high regenerative capacity
Term
reticular lamina
Definition
Deep to basal lamina
Network of collagen fibers
Term
basement membrane
Definition
Basal lamina + reticular lamina
Reinforces epithelial sheet
Resists stretching and tearing
Defines epithelial boundary
Term
connective tissue
Definition
Most abundant and widely distributed of primary tissues
Four main classes: Connective tissue proper, Cartilage, Bone,
Blood
Term
fibroblasts
Definition
cell in connective tissue produces collagen and other fibers
Term
fibrocyte
Definition
inactive mesenchymal cell, cell shows minimal cytoplasm, limited rough ER, lacks evidence for protein synthesis
Term
Mesenchyme:
Definition
derived from mesoderm …loose connective tissue
Term
hyaline
Definition
present in joints, respiratory tract
Term
functions of connective tissue
Definition
Binding and support
Protecting
Insulating
Storing reserve fuel
Transporting substances (blood)
Term
3 different characteristics of connective than other tissues
Definition
Have mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue) as their common tissue of origin
2. Have varying degrees of vascularity (blood vessels)
3. Have extracellular matrix
Connective tissue not composed mainly of cells
Largely nonliving extracellular matrix separates cells
So can bear weight, withstand tension, endure abuse
Term
Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
Definition
Ground substance
Fibers
Cells
Term
ground substance
Definition
Unstructured material that fills space between cells
Medium through which solutes diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
Term
types of connective fibers
Definition
collagen-Strongest and most abundant type
elastic-Strongest and most abundant type
reticular-Short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers, "give"
Term
Blast cells
Definition
immature
Term
Cyte cells
Definition
mature form, maintain matrix
Term
fat cels
Definition
store nutrients
Term
white blood cells
Definition
tissue response to injury
Term
mast cells
Definition
Initiate local inflammatory response against foreign microorganisms they detect
Term
macrophanges
Definition
Phagocytic cells that "eat" dead cells, microorganisms; function in immune system
Term
loose contective tissue
Definition
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Term
dense connective tissue
Definition
Dense regular
Dense irregular
Elastic
Term
Bone
Definition
Supports and protects body structures
Stores fat and synthesizes blood cells in cavities
Term
cartilage
Definition
tough, yet flexible
Term
3 type sof cartilage
Definition
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Term
Tissue Repair
Definition
regeneration-Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue
Original function restored
fibrosis- Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue
Original function lost
Term
Steps in repair
Definition
1-inflammation
2-restores blood supply
3-generation/fibrosis
Term
Primary Germ layers superficial to deep
Definition
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Term
gland
Definition
One or more cells that secretes
Term
exocrine
Definition
glands that secrete products into ducts opening to an epithelium rather than directly into the blood stream.
Term
endocrine
Definition
glands that secrete directly into the blood stream
Term
merocrine
Definition
most – secrete products by exocytosis as produced
Term
holocrine
Definition
accumulate products within then rupture
Term
apocrine
Definition
accumulates products within but only apex ruptures – controversy if exist in humans
Term
cutaneous membrane
Definition
covers body surface
Term
sratum corneum
Definition
Most superficial layer; 20–30 layers of dead cells, essentially
flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. Glycolipids in
extracellular space.
Term
Stratum granulosum
Definition
Typically five layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating;
cytoplasm full of lamellar granules (release lipids) and
keratohyaline granules.
Term
Stratum spinosum
Definition
Several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes.
Cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of
pre-keratin.
Term
Stratum basale
Definition
Deepest epidermal layer; one row of actively mitotic stem
cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more
superficial layers. See occasional melanocytes and dendritic
cells.
Term
Keratinocytes
Definition
produce keratin, most cells of epidermis, tightly connected
Term
melancytes
Definition
produce melanin
Term
dendritic cells
Definition
macrophanges-key activators of immune system
Term
tactile cells
Definition
sensory touch receptors
Term
Stratum Basale
Definition
deepest layer, single row of stem cells
Term
stratum spinosum (prickly layer)
Definition
Cells contain web-like system of intermediate prekeratin filaments attached to desmosomes
Term
stratum granulosm (granular layer)
Definition
Term
stratum lucidum (clear layer)
Definition
only in thick skin,a few dead skill cells
Term
stratum corneum (horney layer)
Definition
protects from abrasion
20-30 rows of dead sacs
Term
apoptosis
Definition
cellular suicide
Term
Functions of the integumentary system
Definition
protection
body temp regulation
cutaneous senstation (respond to outside stimuli)
metabolic functions
ecretion
Term
skin cancer
Definition
basal cell carcinoma-least malignant
squamos cell carcinoma- scaly, reddened,
melanoma- (cancer of melancyctes), most dangerous
Term
Burns
Definition
1-only epidermis is damaged (swelling, redness, an pain)
2-injure epidermis and top dermis (blisters appear)
3-full-thickness burns, gray-white, cherry red, may not be painful since the nerve endings are destroyed
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
Long axis of body
Skull, vertebral column, rib cage
Term
Appendicular skeleton
Definition
Bones of upper and lower limbs
Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
Term
long bones
Definition
Longer than they are wide
Limb, wrist, ankle bones
ex-humerus
Term
short bones
Definition
Cube-shaped bones (in wrist and ankle)
Sesamoid bones (within tendons, e.g., Patella)
Vary in size and number in different individuals
ex-talus
Term
flat bones
Definition
Thin, flat, slightly curved
Sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
ex-sternum
Term
irregular bones
Definition
Complicated shapes
Vertebrae, coxal bones
ex-vertebra
Term
1st class levers
Definition
have the fulcrum between the load and the effort
May be power levers or speed levers, depending on placement of the fulcrum
Term
2nd class levers
Definition
the load is between the fulcrum and the effort
The effort arm is always longer than the load arm, these levers are always power levers
Uncommon in the body
Term
3rd class levers
Definition
effort is between the load and the fulcrum, effort arm is always shorter than load arm, these levers are always speed levers.
Most skeletal muscles act as 3rd class lever systems
Term
bone development
Definition
ossification-process of bone tissue formation
formation of bony skeleton-2nd month
postnatal bone growth-until early adulthood
bone remodeling/repair-lifelong
Term
Endochondral ossification
Definition
Bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage
Bones called cartilage (endochondral) bones
Forms most of skeleton
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
Bone develops from fibrous membrane
Bones called membrane bones
Forms flat bones, e.g. clavicles and cranial bones
Term
Week 9 development
Definition
bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model
Term
month 3 development
Definition
periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms
Term
birth development
Definition
the diaphysis elongates and a medullary cavity forms
Term
childhood to adolescence
Definition
the epiphyses ossify.
Term
postnatal bone growth
Definition
Interstitial (longitudinal) growth
Increase in length of long bones
Appositional growth
Increase in bone thickness
Term
interstitial growth
Definition
Resting (quiescent) zone
Proliferation (growth) zone-cartilage cells undergo mitosis
Hypertrophic zone-older cartilage cells enlarge
Calcification zone-matrix calcifies
Ossification (osteogenic) zone-new bone forms
Term
Growth hormone
Definition
Most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood
Term
Thyroid hormone
Definition
Modulates activity of growth hormone
Ensures proper proportions
Term
Testosterone (males) and estrogens (females) at puberty
Definition
Promote adolescent growth spurts
End growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure
Term
bone remodeling
Definition
Consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
Occurs at surfaces of both periosteum and endosteum
Remodeling units
Adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts
Term
Bone composition
Definition
Organic and inorganic components give bone its material properties
Youngs modulus
Measure of stiffness of a material
Ratio of stress over strain
If you adjust the components of bone, you directly influence it’s material properties
Term
Homeostatic Imbalances
Definition
Osteomalacia
Bones poorly mineralized
Calcium salts not adequate
Soft, weak bones
Pain upon bearing weight
Rickets (osteomalacia of children)
Bowed legs and other bone deformities
Bones ends enlarged and abnormally long
Cause: Vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
Term
Rickety Rickets
Definition
Softening and weakening of bones in children
Term
treatments for osteoporosis
Definition
Bisphosphonates
Decrease osteoclast activity and number
Selective estrogen receptor modulators
Mimic estrogen without targeting breast and uterus
Statins
Though for lowering cholesterol also increase bone mineral density
Denosumab
Improves bone density in elderly
Term
preventing osteoporosis
Definition
calcium full diet
Term
fracture treatment and repair
Definition
Reduction
Realignment of broken bone ends
Closed reduction – physician manipulates to correct position
Open reduction – surgical pins or wires secure ends
Immobilization by cast or traction for healing
Depends on break severity, bone broken, and age of patient
Term
HEMATOMA
Definition
Torn blood vessels hemorrhage
Clot (hematoma) forms
Site swollen, painful, and inflamed
Term
stages of a fracture healing
Definition
1-hematoma forms
2-fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3-bony callus forms
4-bone remodeling occurs
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