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TEST 2
Chapter 6
71
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/09/2011

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Term
Two Groups used to classify bones.
Definition
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton
Term
Forms the long axis of the body and includes the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. These bones are most involved in protecting, supporting, or carrying other body parts.
Definition
Axial Skeleton
Term
Consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the girdles (shoulder bones and hip bones) that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.
Definition
Appendicular Skeleton
Term
Which type of cartilage is most plentiful in the adult body?
Definition
Hyaline
Term
What two body structures contain flexible elastic cartilage?
Definition
The epiglottis and external ear cartilages are flexible elastic cartilage.
Term
Cartilage grows by interstitial growth. What does this mean?
Definition
Interstitial growth is simply growth from within.
Term
What are the five function of the skeletal system?
Definition
-Support
-Protection
-Movement
-Storage
-Hematopoiesis
Term
Draw and label a typical long bone’s gross anatomy. Include the following terms:
epiphysis, diaphysis, articular cartilage, periosteum, spongy bone, compact bone,
medullary cavity, yellow, red marrow, endosteum, epiphyseal plate/line
Definition
Chapter 6 Activity on MY A AND P
Term
The osteogenic cells are mitotically active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum. Some of their progeny differentiate into _______ (bone-forming cells) while others persist as bone stem cells to provide _______ in the future.
Definition
Osteoblasts
Term
Large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix.
Definition
Osteoclasts
Term
Mature bone cells.
Definition
Osteocytes
Term
Every bone has a dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid to the naked eye. This layer is called....
Definition
Compact bone
Term
Internal layer of skeletal bone. Also called cancellous bone.
Definition
Spongy Bone
Term
strut or thin plate of bone in spongy bone.
Definition
trabeculae
Term
The 4 stages of Bone Repair.
Definition
1. Hematoma Forms
2. Fibrocartilagionous callus forms
3. Bony Callus Forms
4. Bone Remodeling occurs
Term
Soft Tissue damage; from force
Definition
Sprain
Term
Bone removed from normal alignment
Definition
Dislocation
Term
Ca Salts not deposited, resulting in bone deformities and bowed legs; caused by Vitamin D or Ca difficiencies
Definition
Osteomalacia and Rickets
Term
Loss of bone mass due to bone resorption rates being higher than bone deposits; spongy bone of spine and neck of femur are most susceptible to fracture
Definition
Osteoporosis
Term
What are the three types of Skeletal Cartilages?
Definition
- Hyaline
- Elastic
- Fibro
Term
Function: flexibility, resilience, decrease friciton
Definition
Hyaline
Term
Location: joints, nasal, costal cartilages, larynx, trachea
Definition
Hyaline Cartilage
Term
Function: flexibility
Definition
Elastic Cartilage
Term
Location: external ear, epiglottis
Definition
Elastic Cartilage
Term
Function: Compression and tensile strength
Definition
Fibrocartilage
Term
Location: menisci, intervertebral discs
Definition
Fibrocartilage
Term
Growth in Width
Definition
Appostitional
Term
New growth from inside
Definition
Interstitial
Term
Skull, Spine, Ribs, and Sacrum
Definition
Axial Bones
Term
Smooth, solid outer layer in all bones
Definition
Compact Bone
Term
shaft, contains yellow marrow in medullary cavities
Definition
Diaphysis
Term
bone ends, with epiphyseal plate and red marrow
Definition
Epipysis
Term
contain yellow marrow
Definition
Medullary Cavities
Term
external tips of epiphysis
Definition
Articular Cartilage
Term
inside medullary cavity and around trabeculae
Definition
Endosteum
Term
Core of Long Bone:
Definition
central canal / haversian canal
Term
Long Bone Surrounds:
Definition
Small Blood vessels and Nerves
Term
Long bone layers of Matrix
Definition
Lamella
Term
Incomplete Layers:
Definition
Interstitial Lamella
Term
Layers around diaphsyis:
Definition
Circumfrential Lamella
Term
Space Between Lamella
Definition
Lacunae with Osteocytes
Term
Lacunae Connection:
Definition
Canaliculi
Term
Blood Connection from periosteum
Definition
Volkmanns/perforating canals
Term
What Step and Ossification am I?

Ossification center appears
mesenchymal cells differentiate
Definition
Step 1 of Intramembranous Ossification
Term
What Step and ossification am I?

Bone is secreted and calcifies
Osteobalsts secrete osteoid
Definition
Intramembranous Step 2
Term
What step and ossification am I?

Woven bone and periosteum form trabeculae instead of lamella
Definition
Inramembranous Step 3
Term
What Step and Ossification am I?

Lamellar bone replaces woven bone just deep to periosteum. Red Marrow Appears
Definition
Step 4 of Intramembranous Ossification
Term
What Step and Ossification am I?

Bone collar forms around Hyaline Cartilage Model
Definition
Enchondral Ossification Step 1
Term
What Step and Ossification am I?

Center Cartilage Calcifies and then develops Cavities
Definition
Endochondral Step 2
Term
What Step and Ossification am I?

Periosteal bud invades internal cavity, forming spongy bone.
Definition
Endochondral Ossification Step 3
Term
What Step and Ossification am I?

Diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms. Secondary Ossification center appears in epiphyses.
Definition
Step 4 Endochondral Ossification
Term
What Step and Ossification am I?

Epiphyses ossify. Hyaline cartilage remains only in Epiphyseal plates and articular cartialges
Definition
Step 5 of Endchondreal Ossification
Term
Bones formed from my ossification are: Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, and clavicles.
Definition
Intramembranous Ossification
Term
A condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function is:
Definition
osteoporosis
Term
True or False

All bone surfaces in the body are covered by periosteum.
Definition
False- Periosteum does not cover sesamoid bones or the articular surfaces of bones, and it does not extend around tendon and ligament insertions on bone.
Term
During fetal development intramembranous ossification takes place in:
Definition
fibrous connective tissue membranes.
Term
Mary is 50 years old. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals that portions of her skeleton show signs of osteoporosis. After reviewing the test results, her physician suggests hormone therapy. What hormone is prescribed for Mary?
Definition
Estrogen
Term
The bones of the skeleton store energy reserves as lipids in areas of:
Definition
yellow marrow
Term
The lacunae of bone contain:
Definition
osteocytes.
Term
The process of bone growth at the epiphyseal plate is similar to:
Definition
endochondral ossification.
Term
begins within a connective tissue membrane.
Definition
Intramembranous Ossification
Term
Growth of a cartilage in which the chondrocytes within the matrix become active and proliferate is known as:
Definition
interstitial growth.
Term
Osteocytes maintain contact with the blood vessels of the central canal through:
Definition
Canaliculi
Term
T or F

Spongy Bones contain true osteons.
Definition
False

Only compact bone contains osteons.
Term
What characteristic of skeletal cartilage limits its thickness?
Definition
It is avascular and receives most of its nourishment from the perichondrium that surrounds it.
Term
What characteristic describes interstitial growth of cartilage?
Definition
Chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix from within the cartilage.
Term
___________ bones act to alter the direction of tendon pull.
Definition
Sesamoid
Term
What structure anchors the periosteum to the underlying bone?
Definition
Perforating fibers
Term
Bone-forming cells originate from:
Definition
osteoprogenitor cells.
Term
Before eight weeks, the skeleton of the human embryo is composed of:
Definition
fibrous membrane.
Term
If a breastfeeding mother becomes vitamin D deficient, what disease is most likely to develop in the nursing infant?
Definition
Rickets
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