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Test 2
Ch 16
60
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/07/2011

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Term
Release chemicals such as Bradykinin, Seratonin, & histamine, that stimulate nociceptors
Definition
what substances do injured tissues release?
Term
Spinal Gating
Definition
neurological gate that either blocks pain or allows it to continue to the brain
Term
somatic pain
Definition
pain from skin, muscles, and joints is called?
Term
visceral pain
Definition
pain from the viscera
Term
nociceptors
Definition
pain receptors
Term
fast ( first) pain
Definition
myelinated fivers priduce the sensation of? Sharp sensation
Term
slow ( second ) pain
Definition
unmyelinated fibers priduce sensation that follows. Dull, Longer lasting
Term
Encapsulated Nerve Endings
(Meissner's & Pacinian Corpuscle)
Definition
nerve fibers wrapped in glial cells or CT
Term
unencapsulated nerve endings
(Tactile/Merkel Discs, hair receptors, free nerve endings)
Definition
sensory dendrites wrapped in CT (2 types)
Term
Receptive Field
Definition
an area where any sensory neuron detects stimuli
Term
Are directly exposed to the enf. they are called ofactory mucosa. Forcible sniffing is needed to trigger smells/cells.
2. Are not epithelial cells/ are neurons
Definition
1. how are olfactory epith. cells activated? contrast to taste
2.
Term
Salty (location)
Definition
lateral margins
Term
sweet (location)
Definition
tip of tongue
Term
sour ( location)
Definition
lateral margins
Term
bitter( location)
Definition
vallate papillae @ rear of the tongue
Term
filiform papillae
Definition
tiny spikes w/o taste, rough feel of a cat's tongue; most abundant; helps us to feel texture
Term
Foliate Papillae
Definition
form the parallel ridges on side of the tongue
Term
Fungiform papillae
Definition
shaped like mushrooms; on tips and sides of tongue
Term
Vallate Papillae
Definition
large papillae @ V of tongue; 7-12 of them, contain 1/2 of taste buds, 250 of them.
Term
substance P
Definition
neurotransmitter found @ the nociceptor-to-second order nerve synapse
Term
function of auditory/estachian tube
Definition
passageway between the nasopharynx and the middle ear. equalizes pressure
Term
perilymph
Definition
a cushion of fluid between the bony and membranous labyrinth.
Term
malleus, stapes, and incus ossicles
Definition
connect the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
Term
cochlea
Definition
organ of hearing
Term
vestibule
Definition
organs of equilibrium (hair cells are stimulated to signal a change)
Term
conjunctiva
Definition
a transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and anterior surface of the eyeball, except the cornea. secrete mucous.
Term
lacrimal apparatus
Definition
consists of lacrimal gland, and ducts that drain the tears into the nasal cavity.
Term
Extrinsic Muscles
Definition
Superior, inferior, medial, and lateral recus. Superior and inferior Oblique
Term
trochlear nerve & cranial nerve IV
Definition
suuperior oblique muslce is innervated by the
Term
abducens & cranial nerve VI
Definition
Lateral rectus is innervated by the
Term
fibrous tunic
Definition
divided into the sclera and (cornea modified sclera)
Term
vascular layer/tunica vasculosa/uvea
Definition
consists of choroid, ciliary body, and iris.
Term
inner layer/ tunica internal
Definition
consists of the retina and beginning of the optic nerve
Term
cornea
Definition
anterior transparent region of modified sclera that admits light into the eye
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
a serous fluid secreted by the ciliary body into a space between the iris and lens (posterior chamber)
Term
lens
Definition
suspended behind the pupil by a ring of fibers called the suspensory ligament that attaches this to the ciliary body. composed of tightly compressed lens fibers
Term
vitreous body (vitreous humor)
Definition
a transparent jelly that fills a large space behind the lens. (vitreous chamber)
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
fluid in anterior cavity
Term
vitreous humor
Definition
fluid located in posterior cavity
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
secreted by the ciliary body
Term
cataracts
Definition
clouding of the lens. occurs as the lens fibers darken with age.. cause milky vision. can be fixed with implanted lens.
Term
glaucoma
Definition
state of elevated pressure within the eye. Aqueous humor is not reabsorbed as fast as it is secreted. symptoms are dimness of vision, narrowed visual field, vision cannot be restored.
Term
retina
Definition
forms from a cup shaped outgrowth of the diencephalon. actual part of the brain. a thin transparent membrane attached to the rest of the eye by the optic disc and the ora serrata.
Term
optic disc
Definition
where the optic nerve leaves the rear (fundus) of the eye. is also known as the blind spot due to no receptor cells.
Term
fovea centralis
Definition
tiny pit in the center of the macula. produces the most finely detailed images
Term
pupillary dilator
Definition
consists of a spokelike arrangement of modified contractile epithelial cells. When stimulated by the SYMPATHETIC nervous system, cells contract and widen the pupil. occur when light intensity changes and when gaze is shifted b/tw objects
Term
pupillary constrictor
Definition
consists of somooth muscle cells that encircle the pupil. Narrows the pupil and admits less light into the eye.
Term
refraction
Definition
bending of light rays
Term
cornea
Definition
part of the eye that refracts light the most
Term
astigmatism
Definition
inablity to simultaneously focus light rays that enter the eye on different planes. caused by deviation of the cornea
Term
Hyperopia
Definition
farsightedness, when the eyeball is too short.
Term
Myopia
Definition
Nearsightedness, when the eyeball is too long
Term
Presbyopia
Definition
Reduced ability to accommodate for near vision with age. declining flexibility of the lens.
Term
Emmetropia
Definition
normal vision
Term
pigment epithelium
Definition
darkly pigmented layer that absorbs stray light so it does not degrade the visual image.
Term
rods
Definition
outer segment is cylindrical and resembles a stack of coins. has rhodopsin in the cylindrical segment. responsible for night vision and only images of shades of gray
Term
cones
Definition
outer segment tapers to a point. function in bright light. Are responsible for day/ photopic vision and color vision
Term
bipolar cells
Definition
first order neurons of the visual pathway. synapse with rods and cones
Term
ganglion cells
Definition
largest neurons of the retina. arranged in a single layer close to the vetreous body. second order neurons of the visual pathway. receive input from multiple bipolar cells. Axons of these cells form the optic nerve.
Term
cis-retinal
Definition
changes to a straight form known as the trans-retinal when illuminated
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