Term
| Which type of hormone is soluble? |
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Definition
| Amino acid based hormones, steroids are not very soluble |
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Term
| Which hormone diffuses directly through the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| Steroids, not amino acids! |
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Term
| Which hormone category are biologically active lipids? |
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Definition
| Eicosanoids! 20 C chain, which regulate inflammatory response! |
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Term
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Definition
| They are eicosanoid hormones that have to do with asthma and allergies, mediate inflammation such as vasodilation, and affect membrane permeability |
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Term
| What is the leukotriene receptor inhibitor? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| They are eicosanoids that involve long term pain, like in osteoarthritis,they raise blood pressure, pain, and involve mediate inflammation |
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Term
| What are prostaglandins synthesized by? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Vioxx and Celebrex, this reduces pain level |
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Term
| How does a hormone find a target cell? |
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Definition
| Target cells have specific receptors which the hormone binds to, like a lock and key |
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Term
| Where are receptor proteins present? |
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Definition
On the cell membrane (amino acids besides thyroid)
and in the nucleus (fo steroids and thyroid) |
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Term
| Hormones produce one or more of the following changes..which are? 5 things |
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Definition
1.Alter plasma membrane permeability
2. Activate or deactivate enzyme systems
3.Induce secretory activity ex: gastric
4. Stimulate mitosis
5. stimulate protein synthesis (with steroids) |
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Term
| Hormones alter target cell activity by one of two mechanisms |
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Definition
1. Amino acid based hormones: Second messengers involving G proteins
2. Steroid hormones: Direct Gene activation |
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Term
| The precise response of hormone action on the target cell depends on what? |
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Definition
| The type of the target cell |
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Term
| 3 membrane components work in concert to set intracellular levels of the 2nd messenger |
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Definition
1.Hormone receptor
2. Signal relay (G protein) which moves to the effector enzyme
Effector enyzyme (adenylate cyclase) |
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Term
| What does the effecter enzyme do? |
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Definition
| generate the second messenger cAMP, which then activate protein kinases which causes cellular effects |
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Term
| Which hormones diffuse easily into their target cells? |
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Definition
| Thyroid, and steroid hormones |
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Term
| once inside target cells thyroid and steroid hormones do what? |
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Definition
| They bind and activate a specific intracellular receptor, forming a complex |
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Term
| Where does the hormone receptor complex travel to? |
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Definition
| The nucleus, it then binds a Dna associated receptor protein, prompting DNA transcription to produce mRNa |
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Term
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Definition
| It is translated into proteins, bringing about a cellular effect |
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Term
| target cell activation depends on what 3 factors? |
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Definition
Blood levels of the hormone
relative number of receptors on the target cell
the affinity of those receptors for the hormone *strength of the binding
EX:During pregnancy the production of hormones increase along with receptors and affinity |
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Term
| All three of the factors for target cell activation are.. |
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Definition
| regulated and may change rapidly in response to internal and external stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| potent, and it's effects are exerted at very low concentrations |
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Term
| Hormones circulate in the blood in two forms, what are these forms? |
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Definition
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Term
| which hormones are free or bound? |
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Definition
Amino acids = free
Steroids are bound!! |
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Term
| Concentrations of circulating hormones reflect..2 things |
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Definition
1. Rate of release
2. Speed of inactivation and removal from body |
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Term
| Hormone effects on target cells may appear either |
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Definition
Immediately (amino acids)
Hours - steroid based *due to gene stimulation and solubility |
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Term
| Duration of hormone action is limited to |
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Definition
Seconds: Amino acid based
Hours: Steroid based |
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Term
| Hormones are removed from the blood by: 3 things |
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Definition
Degrading enzymes (in the target cell)
The kidneys ex:pregnancy tests, hormones excreted from the body
Liver enzyme systems |
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Term
| Interaction of hormones on the target cell |
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Definition
| Multiple hormones may bind to and act on a target cell at the same time and the effects of hormone interaction at the target cell may be different than the effects of a single hormone acting on the same cell |
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Term
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Definition
One hormone doesn't work w.o another hormone being present
Ex: proper sex hormones must be present
Thyroid+ Estrogen if female vice versa |
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Term
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Definition
More than one hormone produces the same effects on the target cell for an amplified effect
Ex: glucagon and epinephren both release glucose |
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Term
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Definition
| One or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone ex: glucagon vs. insulin |
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Term
| Blood levels of hormones are controlled by ? |
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Definition
Neg feed back systems
Receptor, control center, effector
vary only in a narrow desirable range |
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Term
| 3 mechanisms for endocrine gland stimulation |
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Definition
Humoral stimuli
Neural stimuli
Hormonal stimuli |
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Term
| The nervous system can override |
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Definition
| normal endocrine controls |
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Term
| Another word for pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2 lobed organ that secretes 9 major hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior lobe (neural tissue) and the infundibulum -> receives, stores, and releases hormones from the hypothalmus |
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Term
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Definition
| anterior lobe of the pituitary which is made of glandular tissue, -> synthesizes and secretes a number of hormones |
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Term
| Adenohypopheaseal hormones |
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Definition
Growth
Thyroid stimulating
Adrenal stimulating
Gonad development
Prolacting - milk and testosterone production in males
acronym go teach angels gumbo prolactin |
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Term
| Neurohypopheasal hormones |
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Definition
Produced by neurons in the hypothalmus
oxytocin (operates with smooth muscle in the uterus)
ADH (antidereutic, fluid retention) |
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Term
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Definition
too much
in kids giant ism, in adults acromeagaly which is increase in facial structure size and increased hand size
not enough : pituitary dwarfism in kids |
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Term
| What is the body's major metabolic hormone |
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Definition
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Term
| consists of what two closely related iodine containing amine compounds? |
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Definition
| Thyroxine and triiodothyronine |
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Term
| why do we need iodine in the diet. |
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Definition
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Term
| What affects virtually all organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the thyroid impact |
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Definition
glucose catabolism
general growth and development
blood pressure
calcitonin which lowers Ca |
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Term
| Homeostatic imbalances of thyroid |
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Definition
not enough
in infants cretinism - disproportional growth and severe mental retardation
in adults myxedema hashimotos thyroiditis
lowers metabolic rate
chills, puffy eyes, metal sluggishness |
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Term
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Definition
| can cause endemic goiter, since thyroid can't be released, so huge swollen thyroid gland |
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Term
| too much thyroid can cause... |
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Definition
Graves disease
sweating
anxiety
weight loss
high metabolic rate
autoimmune - antibodies mimic TSH
rapid irregular heart beat
exophthalmia |
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Term
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Definition
Tiny glands embedded in the posterior aspect of the thyroid
regulates calcium balance |
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Term
| Adrenal Glands are 2 glands in one |
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Definition
The Adrenal medulla - nervous tissue
Adrenal cortex - glandular tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Mineralocorticoids - Regulates electrolyte concentrations of extracellular fluids
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)Help resist stress
- keeping glucose levels constant
-utilization of fats/proteins for energy
- immune and inflammatory suppression
Gonadocorticoids- mostly androgens and testosterone precursors
Aldosterone - maintains Na+ balance by reducing excretion from body
Acronym My annoying goat gloats! |
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Term
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Definition
Epinephren (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine
Secretion causes: Blood glucose levels to rise, heart beats faster, blood diverted to brain, heart, and skeletal muscle (increase in blood pressure)
Epinephrine is more potent for the heart and metabolism
Norepinephren is more influential on peripheral vasoconstriction and blood pressure |
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Term
| Homeostatic imbalances of the Adrenal hormones Overdose |
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Definition
Overdose of glucocorticoids
Cushings syndrome- [persistent hyperglycemia) water and salt retention, loss of bone and muscle protein, and hypertension and edema - decreased immunity (swelling due to accumulation of interstitial fluid)._ |
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Term
| Homeostatic imbalance of the Adrenal hormones underdoes |
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Definition
Addisons disease
low plasma glucoise and sodium levels
weight loss
severe dehydration
hypotension |
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Term
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Definition
Islets of langerhans
produces glucagon and insulin |
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Term
| Homeostatic imbalance of insulin |
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Definition
Diabetus mellitus
inability to get glucose into tissue cells
Hyperglycemia leading to glycosuria |
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Term
| 3 cardinal signs of diabetus mellitus |
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Definition
Polyuria - peeing too much
Polydipsia -drinking too much
Polyphagia - eating too much |
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Term
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Definition
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