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Test 1
Intro to anatomy/cells/tissues
84
Anatomy
Not Applicable
02/01/2011

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Term
anatomy
Definition
the study of structures, and the relationship of those structures to the body
Term
dissection
Definition
Cutting apart of the human body for examination
Term
physiology
Definition
the study of the function of body parts
Term
homeostasis
Definition
base line, many things can change homeostasis
Term
things that affect homeostasis
Definition
- Stressors
- Environment (external)
- Infection (internal)
- External and internal stimuli
Term
chemical
Definition
atoms, combine in variable ways to form molecules
Term
cellular
Definition
molecules arranged into specific patterns or forms to form the cellular level, functional unit
Term
tissue
Definition
cells form tissue, collection of similar cells (similar from the point of embryonic development) that perform a common function
Term
organs
Definition
made of various tissues (2 or more), stomach as example
Term
system level
Definition
made up of different organs, come together for one purpose
Term
organismic level
Definition
systems combine to make an organism
Term
prone
Definition
face down
Term
supine
Definition
face up
Term
metabolism
Definition
sum of all chemical processes
Term
differentiation
Definition
specialization of cells
Term
sagittal
Definition
Divides the body or organ into left and right parts
Term
frontal
Definition
divides the body into anterior and posterior
Term
transverse
Definition
divides the body into upper and lower parts
Term
body cavities
Definition
- Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs
- Bones, muscles and ligaments separate this from each other
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
houses the brain
Term
vertebral cavity
Definition
houses the spinal cord
Term
viscera
Definition
all organs of the body
Term
pericardial cavity and 2 pleural cavities
Definition
these are within the thoracic cavity
Term
mediastinum
Definition
between the 2 pleural cavities and superior to the pericardial cavity
Term
abdominal
Definition
Stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, most of the large intestine, small intestines
Term
pelvic
Definition
Urinary bladder, some of the LI, reproductive organs
Term
serous membrane
Definition
very thin and slippery
Term
parietal layer
Definition
adheres to the cavity (more superficial)
Term
visceral layer
Definition
adheres to the organ itself (more deep)
Term
pleura
Definition
lungs, has both a parietal layer that adheres to the wall cavity and the visceral layer that lines the lungs
Term
pleural cavity
Definition
space between the parietal and visceral layers
Term
pericardial
Definition
heart, has both a parietal layer that adheres to the chamber that surrounds the heart while the visceral layer lines the heart
Term
peritoneum
Definition
abdominal cavity, has both a parietal and visceral layers
Term
right and left hypochondriac regions
Definition
most superior regions
Term
epigastric region
Definition
between the hypochondriac regions
Term
disorder
Definition
problem with bodily function
Term
disease
Definition
has s&s
Term
symptoms
Definition
change in boily function
Term
signs
Definition
can see it, like a rash
Term
epidemiology
Definition
study of disease
Term
diagnosis
Definition
see the signs and symptoms and distinguish one disease from another
Term
cell biology
Definition
study of cells, also cytology
Term
compartmentalization
Definition
organelles, specialization of the processes that go on inside the cell
Term
3 parts of cell
Definition
1. plasma membrane (PM)
2. cytoplasm
3. nucleus
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
1. Forms a barrier that surrounds the cell, still flexible
2. Facilitates contact with an adjacent cell
3. Controls entry and exit
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
all the cellular contents btween the PM and the nucleus
1. cytosol
2. organelles
Term
nucleus
Definition
1. contains chromosomes each of which have a strand of DNA
2. genes- found on chromosomes, contain genetic profile
Term
integral protein
Definition
also called transmembrane proteins, go completely across the lipid bilayer
Term
transporters
Definition
selectively move substances through the membranes
Term
receptor
Definition
binds with a ligand, and helps to move things across the PM, have to be together for anything to move
Term
enzyme
Definition
catalyzes chemical reactions
Term
glycoproteins
Definition
composed of a carbohydrate and a protein, extends into the extracellular fluid
Term
simple diffusion
Definition
going from a level of high concentration and moving to a level of low concentration (CO2 into the bloodstream)
Term
osmosis
Definition
moving from higher to lower but going through a selective permeable membrane
Term
facilitated diffusion
Definition
occurs only when there is a difference in the concentration gradient; if levels are equal, nothing will happen
Term
filtration
Definition
nephrons in the kidneys use this
Term
active transport
Definition
uses ATP, usually ions, going from a level of lower concentration to a level of higher concentration
Term
vesicle
Definition
spherical sac that transport something into the cell membrane
Term
endocytosis
Definition
going inside the cell
Term
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
occurs in selective membrane, this is how HIV is transported
Term
phyagocytosis
Definition
think Pac man- forms a psuedopod that comes out of the cell membrane to digest object
Term
Bulk-phase endocytosis (pinocytosis) “cell drinking”
Definition
swallows something into the cell, no psuedopods
Term
exocytosis
Definition
vesicles leave the cell membrane and release their contents into the extracellular space
Term
transcytosis
Definition
combination of endo and exo
Term
cytosol
Definition
intracellular fluid, surrounds the organelles, approx 55% of the cell
• 70-95% of the cytosol is water
• Reactions occur within the cytosol that are critical to the function of the cell
Term
cytoskeleton
Definition
gives teh cell its shape, framework
made up of: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
Term
centrosomes
Definition
lie in the pericentriolar area near the nucleus
• 9 +0 array (9 pairs in a circle and none in the middle)
• Involved in cell division, particularly the development of the mitotic apparatus
Term
flagella
Definition
can move a whole cell, only example is the sperm cell
Term
cilia
Definition
found in th etrachea, to move debris and dirt
Term
peroxisomes
Definition
o Detoxification of substances such as alcohol
o Very abundant in the liver
Term
proteasomes
Definition
o Found in the cytosol and the nucleus
o Destroy and get rid of any faulty lysosomes or proteins in the cell
Term
mitochondria
Definition
powerhouse of the cell= produces ATP
Term
cristae
Definition
folds of mitochondria
Term
matrix
Definition
found within the cristae, fluid
Term
nuclear envelope
Definition
contains nuclear pores- allow things to get in and out of the nucleus
Term
nucleolus
Definition
produces ribosomes
not all cells have nucleoli-therefore can't divide (RBC)
Term
genes
Definition
hereditary units
control the activies and structures of the cell
Term
tissue
Definition
a group of cells that have a common embryologic origin, come together for a specific function
Term
histology
Definition
the study of tissues
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs (inside), and body cavities and ducts (sweat glands)
Term
connective tissue
Definition
gives tissue structure, connects bones and organs
Term
muscular tissue
Definition
generates force, allows for movement
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
reacts to signals in our internal and external environment
Term
5 types of cell junctions
Definition
1. tight
2. adherens
3. desmosomes
4. hemidesmosomes
5. gap junctions
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