Term
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Definition
| Hobbes described life without gov't as a life in a "state of nature" and that it would be "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short" |
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Term
Pluralism
or
Pluralist Model of Democracy
Page 43 |
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Definition
Gov't by the people
Model: Meaning a gov't by the people operating through competing interest groups |
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Term
Social Contract Theory
Page 61 |
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Definition
| The belief that the people agree to set up rulers for certain purposes and thus have the rights to resist or remove rulers who act against those purposes |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of power between a central gov't and regional gov't |
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Term
Political Equality
Page 14 |
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Definition
| Equality in political decision making: one vote per person with all votes counted equally |
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Term
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Definition
Universal Participation: Everyone should, and can participate in gov't decision making (Voting)
Political Equality: One vote per person, all votes counted equally
Majority Rule (50% + 1)
Elections: Attempt to have frequent, fair elections |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Oligarchy: A system of gov't in which power is concentrated in the hands of a few people |
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Term
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Definition
| Democracy : A system of gov't in which, in theory, the people rule, wither directly or indirectly |
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Term
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Definition
| The majority trampling on the rights of the minority |
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Term
Articles of Confederation
Page 63 |
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Definition
| The compact among the 13 original states that established the first gov't of the US. Wanted it to be weak, but it became apparent that it was too weak. |
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Term
Articles of the Constitution
Page 72-75 |
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Definition
Art. I: Legislative - Defines powers (Implied, Enumerated) Necc. and Prop. Clause
Art. II: Executive - Presidents terms
Art. III: Judicial - Established Supreme Court. Judicial Review |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of proposals for a new gov't, submitted to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, included Separation of the gov't into 3 branches, division of the legislature into 2 houses, and proportional representation in the legislature |
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Term
Branches of the Gov't
Page 66 |
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Definition
Legislative: Lawmaking - Congress = House(435) and Senate (100)
Executive: Law-Enforcing - President
Judicial: Law Interpretation - Supreme Court |
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Term
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Definition
| Submitted by the head of the New Jersey delegation to the Const. Conv. of 1787, a set of 9 resolutions that would have, in effect preserved the Articles of Confederation by amending rather than replacing them. |
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Term
Great Compromise
or
Connecticut Compromise
Page 68 |
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Definition
| A plan calling for a bicameral legislture in which the House of Representatives would be apportioned according to population and the states would be represented equally in the Senate |
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Term
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Definition
| Granting of powers from the Federal Gov't to the State and Local gov't |
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Term
Federalist Paper No. 10
Page 80 |
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Definition
| James Madison's argument to the constitution that was to protect against "factions" or advocacy groups that go against the common good. Not going to let factions take over the gov't. |
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Term
Federalist Paper No. 51
Page 80 |
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Definition
| James Madison's argument to the Constitution that created Checks and Balances and Separation of Powers |
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Term
Elastic Clause
or
Necessary and Proper Clause
Page 72 |
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Definition
| The last clause in section 8 of Article I of the Constitution, which gives Congress the means to execute its enumerated powers. This clause is the basis for Congress's implied powers. |
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Term
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Definition
| (1990) Held that Congress exceeded its authority under the commerce clause when it enacted a law in 1990 banning possession of a gun in or near a school. |
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Term
Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education
Page 206 |
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Definition
| (1954) Outlawed segregation in public schools. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Overturned Plessy vs. Ferguson. |
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Term
Civil Disobedience
Page 522 |
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Definition
| The willful but nonviolent breach of laws that are regarded as unjust |
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Term
Women's Suffrage
Page 210-211 |
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Definition
| (1919) Congress passed the 19th Amendment which prohibits states from denying the right to vote "on account of sex" |
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Term
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Definition
Money provided by one level of gov't to another, to be spent for a given purpose.
2 types:
Funding coming from the top to the bottom - National to States
Categorical Grant - Very Specific
Block Grant - General |
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Term
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Definition
| The rule of law to preserve life and protect property. Maintaining order is the oldest purpose of gov't |
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Term
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Definition
| Certain things we can't ask the private sector to take-up. Even though USPS isn't making any money, they are a necessary sector, because if they went under, there is no way UPS or FEDEX could pick up the slack |
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Term
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Definition
| Typically means that the gov't has to get involved to protect the constitutional rights. Powers or privileges guaranteed to individuals and protected from arbitrary removal at the hands of government or individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
Freedoms guaranteed to individuals.
Establishment Cause: The gov't cannot declare a religion
Free Exercise Clause: Gov't cannot interfere with the exercise of religion
Symbolic Expression |
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Term
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Definition
"Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness" as unalienable rights, and the protection of these was the basic objective of a gov't
Social Contract Theory: We give the gov't consent to have authority over us and our rights. |
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Term
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Definition
Preserving Life was the most important function of a gov't.
State of Nature |
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Term
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Page 332, 357 |
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Definition
- Established the right to Equal Employment
- Strengthened Voting Rights
- Paraded a commission that would hear work discrimination cases
- Allowed federal funds to be turned away for discriminating, Grant-in-Aid |
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Term
| Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 |
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Definition
- Established a Nat'l Minimum Wage
- Guaranteed Time-and-a-Half for Overtime
- Prohibited Child Labor (Labor by Minors) |
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Term
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Definition
| (1833) Established Eminent Domain |
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Term
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Definition
2 ways:
1. 2/3 of Congressional members (House and Senate) and 2/3 of States have to approve
2. Same as above, but with Conventions & 3/4, or groups of people petition |
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Term
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Definition
| Banned Poll Taxes in Federal Elections |
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