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Final Exam
Dr. White
281
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/01/2013

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Cards

Term
What is the smallest element of cytoskeleton?
Definition
microfilament
Term
The tendency of water to stick to tissues is called:
Definition
adhesion
Term
two or more different elements bonded together is called:
Definition
compound
Term
Projections on cell membrane that increase surface area is called:
Definition
microvilli
Term
Atom that has a charge is called:
Definition
ion
Term
an atom that has satisfied the octet rule and can't react is called:
Definition
inert
Term
Term for being incompatible with water is called:
Definition
hydrophobic
Term
a metabolic term for breaking down large molecules is called:
Definition
catabolism
Term
Openings in the matrix of a hard/supportive connective tissue is called:
Definition
lacunae
Term
What has a general formula (CH2oO)n?
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
What forms structures like collagen, elastin and keratin?
Definition
proteins
Term
What includes large polymers that contain genetic information?
Definition
nucleic acids
Term
What are transported and stored in the form of triglycerides?
Definition
lipids
Term
What monomers include monosaccharide's?
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
What monomers include nitrogenous bases, sugars and phosphates?
Definition
nucleic acids
Term
What includes saturated and unsaturated fatty acid chains?
Definition
lipids
Term
What polymers include starch and glycogen?
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
Which subatomic particles have an amu 1 and a positive charge?
Definition
proton
Term
Which subatomic particles have a negative charge?
Definition
Electrons
Term
Atoms of one element that vary in number of neutrons are called:
Definition
isotopes
Term
What is the greatest number of electrons that can occupy the first shell?
Definition
2
Term
The atomic number refers to the number of which particles?
Definition
protons
Term
how many electron are in the valence shell if the atomic number is 17?
Definition
7
Term
Valence electrons are shared unequally between 2 atoms is called?
Definition
polar covalent bond
Term
Valence electrons are shared equally between 2 atoms is called:
Definition
nonpolar covalent bonds
Term
The positively charged end of one molecule is weakly attracted to the negatively charged end of another molecule is called:
Definition
hydrogen bond
Term
Two amino acids are joined to form a protein dimer, and the bond is specific to this type of macromolecule is called:
Definition
polypeptide bond
Term
a valence electron is completely transferred to another atom is called:
Definition
ionic bond
Term
Movement of solute from a high to low concentration across a lipid bilayer is called:
Definition
simple diffusion
Term
Process by which a salt separates into two ions is called:
Definition
dissociation
Term
A cell imports large particles into itself by forming a vesicle around them is called:
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
Water is used to break down large polymers into monomers is called:
Definition
hydrolysis
Term
A form of active transport in which ions are moved from low to high concentration is called:
Definition
Na+/K+ pump
Term
Solutes cross the plasma membrane through protein channels, using no energy is called what:
Definition
facilitated diffusion
Term
Shedding of epidermal cells form the surface of the skin is called:
Definition
exfoliation
Term
The molecule that forms the selectively permeable bilayer is called:
Definition
phospholipid
Term
Molecules projecting off surface involved in cell recognition is called:
Definition
polysaccharides
Term
Small molecules that stabilize the bilayer is called:
Definition
cholesterol
Term
Large embedded molecules that form passive transport channels is called:
Definition
integral protein
Term
Molecules that are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic is called:
Definition
phospholipid
Term
True or False: proteins are composed of chains of amino acids.
Definition
true
Term
True or False: RNA carries the genetic code from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
Definition
false
Term
True or False: proteins for export are assembled by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Definition
false
Term
True or False: a three dimensional protein made of three polypeptide chains exhibits a quaternary structure.
Definition
true
Term
True or False: an example of a protein secreted and exported by a cell is a microtubule.
Definition
false
Term
Proteins embedded in membranes can function as enzymes.
Definition
true
Term
True or False: the nucleus contains the DNA.
Definition
true
Term
True or False: the Golgi complex processes, sorts, and packages cell products into vesicles.
Definition
true
Term
True or False: the rough endoplasmic reticulum helps detoxify drugs such as alcohol.
Definition
false
Term
True or False: microvilli beat in waves to move particles.
Definition
false
Term
True or False: mitochondria produce ATP for the cell during cellular respiration.
Definition
true
Term
True or False: large quantities of materials are released from the cell through endocytosis.
Definition
false
Term
True or False: the cytoskeleton is a membranous organelle.
Definition
false
Term
True or False: lysosomes are sacs of hydrolytic enzymes.
Definition
true
Term
True or False: transcription of DNA code onto RNA occurs in the cytoplasm.
Definition
false
Term
True or False: ribosomes help to assemble polypeptide chains.
Definition
true
Term
True or False: some cells can move within tissues to other locations.
Definition
True
Term
Found in the rib cage and articular surfaces is what type of tissue?
Definition
hyaline cartilage
Term
Serves as packing between organs and layers, supports immune system cells is what type of tissue?
Definition
loose areolar connective
Term
Found in respiratory tract; traps and sweeps particles with mucus and cilia is what type of tissue?
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Term
Receives and transmits electrical signals throughout the body is what type of tissue?
Definition
nervous
Term
Provides protection and waterproofing in epidermis is what type of tissue?
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized
Term
Facilitates absorption of nutrients in intestines due to presence of microvilli is what type of tissue?
Definition
simple columnar epithelium
Term
Contracts, enabling movement of organs and bones is what type of tissue?
Definition
muscle
Term
Tough bands of collagen forming tendons is what type of tissue?
Definition
dense regular connective
Term
True or False: the stratum spinosum contains mostly keratin.
Definition
false
Term
True or False: the stratum basale has multiple cell types.
Definition
true
Term
True or False: hair follicles are derived entirely from connective tissue in the dermis.
Definition
False
Term
True or False: the hypodermis contains mostly adipose.
Definition
True
Term
Which statement is true of the dermis?
a. it is composed of stratified squamous epithelium
b. it is avascular
c. it contains glands
d. it is primarily fat tissue
Definition
c
Term
Which type of gland secretes thick oily sebum into hair follicles?
Definition
holocrine sebaceous
Term
Which is not a function of the integument?
a. thermoregulation
b. movement of skeleton
c. protection and defense
d. excretion
Definition
b
Term
Define Myofibril:
Definition
bundle of thick and thin filaments in muscle fiber
Term
Define Sarcomere:
Definition
unit of contraction of muscle fiber from Z disc to Z disc.
Term
Define epiphyseal growth plate:
Definition
active cartilage separating epiphysis from diaphysis where bone grows in length until mature.
Term
Define myelin sheath:
Definition
multilayered lipid sheath surrounding axon, increases conduction speed
Term
Define Hypocalcemia:
Definition
condition of too little calcium in blood, stimulating release of parathyroid hormone.
Term
Endochondral ossification:
True or False: Bones formed through endochondral ossification begin as cartilage.
Definition
True
Term
Endochondral ossification:
True or False: flat bones of the skull develop through endochondral ossification.
Definition
False
Term
Endochondral ossification:
True or False: As the bone matures, the marrow (medullary) cavity becomes carved out.
Definition
True
Term
Name the location and function of the schwann cell?
Definition
in the PNS, creates myelin sheath around axons
Term
Name the location and function of the osteoblast.
Definition
bones, secretes organic matrix and promotes mineralization
Term
Name the location and function for osteoclasts.
Definition
bone (marrow cavity), carves away matrix
Term
Name the location and function of an oligodendrocyte.
Definition
central nervous system, myelinates axons
Term
Name the location and function of microglial cells.
Definition
central nervous system, destroys pathogens and debris
Term
Name the location and function of astrocytes.
Definition
central nervous system, filters blood to create blood-brain barrier.
Term
Name the location and function of osteocytes.
Definition
in bone, trapped in lacunae, maintains matrix
Term
Briefly describe the role of the sarcolemma in excitation-coupling and contraction.
Definition
membrane of muscle fiber that receives neurotransmitter and depolarizes
Term
Briefly describe the role of calcium in excitation-coupling and contraction.
Definition
enters terminal axon to stimulate movement of vesicles of neurotransmitter; binds to troponin on thin filament to initiate sliding filament events
Term
Briefly describe the role of the tropomyosin in excitation-coupling and contraction.
Definition
covers binding sites on actin until troponin shifts it
Term
Briefly describe the role of the myosin head in excitation-coupling and contraction.
Definition
part of thick filament, binds to active sites on actin and flexes
Term
Briefly describe the role of ATP in excitation-coupling and contraction.
Definition
energy currency used by muscle in contraction
Term
Briefly describe the role of the neurotransmitter in excitation-coupling and contraction.
Definition
released by neuron, crosses synaptic cleft, binds to sarcolemma
Term
Describe what is meant by resting membrane potential of a neuron.
Definition
internal environment of -70mV due to distribution of sodium, potassium and large negatively-charged proteins; maintained by Na+/K+ pump
Term
What is depolarization? Which ion is moving across the membrane, and in which direction?
Definition
reduction of charge differential across the cell membrane; Na+ enters bringing positive charges inside cell, raising charge close to outside of cell; K+ then leaves and inside becomes more negative again
Term
What is the importance of the axon hillock?
Definition
acts as trigger zone at base of axon; has large concentration of Na+ gates that are voltage-regulated; initiate all or none action potential.
Term
Distinguish chemical-regulated and voltage-regulated protein gates.
Definition
chemical respond to neurotransmitters, voltage to electrical currents.
Term
Distinguish graded potentials and action potentials.
Definition
Graded occur locally in the dendrite or cell boy, they can weaken with distance, and they can stop or reverse. Action potentials are initiated at the axon hillock and are all-or-none, they do not weaken or reverse.
Term
What division of the nervous system sends directions from CNS to Skeletal muscle?
Definition
somatic motor
Term
What division of the nervous system sends directions from CNS to glands?
Definition
autonomic motor
Term
What division of the nervous system sends information from intestines to CNS?
Definition
autonomic sensory
Term
What division of the nervous system sends information from skin to CNS?
Definition
somatic sensory
Term
What does the organic matrix of bone contain?
Definition
contains mostly collagen fibers
Term
What is the role of calcium inside a contracting muscle fiber?
Definition
it binds to troponin
Term
Processes on neurons that receive stimuli and carry impulses to the cell body/soma are called?
Definition
dendrites
Term
The hormone that decreases blood calcium by stimulating osteoblasts is?
Definition
calcitonin
Term
How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle?
Definition
it is unstriated
Term
In muscle tissue, the A band is composed of:
Definition
the whole thick filament plus ends of thin filament
Term
Most motor neurons are:
Definition
multipolar
Term
Define Acetycholine (ACh):
Definition
chemical transmitter substance released by some nerve endings
Term
Define Actin:
Definition
a contractile protein of muscle
Term
Define action potential:
Definition
a large transient depolarization event, including polarity reversal, that is conducted along the membrane of a muscle cell or nerve fiber.
Term
Define axon:
Definition
neuron process that carries impulses away from the never cell body; efferent process; the conduction portion of a nerve cell
Term
Define Calcitonin:
Definition
hormone released by the thyroid. lowers blood calcium levels only when present at high levels.
Term
Define Canaliculus:
Definition
extremely small tubular passage or channel
Term
Define Cardiac muscle:
Definition
specialized muscle of the heart
Term
Define Cardiac muscle:
Definition
specialized muscle of the heart
Term
Define Central (haversian) canal:
Definition
the canal in the center of each osteon that contains minute blood vessels and nerve fibers that serve the needs of the osteocytes.
Term
Define central nervous system:
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
Define cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Definition
plasma-like fluid that fills the cavities of the CNS and surrounds the CNS externally; protects the brain and spinal cord.
Term
Define cisternae:
Definition
any cavity or enclosed space serving as a reservoir.
Term
Define collagen fiber:
Definition
the most abundant of the three fibers found in the matrix of connective tissue
Term
Define contractility:
Definition
muscle cell's ability to move by shortening
Term
Define Dendrite:
Definition
branching neuron process that serves as a receptive, or input, region; transmits an electrical signal toward the cell body
Term
Define Depolarization:
Definition
loss of state of polarity; loss or reduction of negative membrane potential
Term
Define Diaphysis:
Definition
elongated shaft of a long
Term
Define effector:
Definition
organ, gland or muscle capable of being activated by nerve endings
Term
Define Endochondral ossification:
Definition
embryonic formation of bone by the replacement of calcified cartilage; most skeletal bones are formed by this process.
Term
Define endomysium:
Definition
thin connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell
Term
Define endosteum:
Definition
connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces
Term
Define epimysium:
Definition
sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding a muscle
Term
Define epiphyseal plate:
Definition
plate of hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides for growth in length of a long bone.
Term
Define epiphysis:
Definition
the end of a long bone, attached to the shaft
Term
Define hematopoiesis:
Definition
blood cell formation; hemopoiesis
Term
Define hemopoiesis:
Definition
blood cell formation
Term
Define innervation:
Definition
supply of nerves to a body part
Term
Define interneuron (association neuron)
Definition
nerve cell located between motor and sensory neurons that shuttles signals through CNS pathways where integration
Term
Define Involuntary muscle:
Definition
muscle that cannot ordinarily be controlled volume voluntarily
Term
Define Lacuna:
Definition
a small space, cavity or depression; lacunae in bone or cartilage are occupied by cells.
Term
Define Lamella:
Definition
a layer, such as of bone matrix in an osteon of compact bone
Term
Define ligands:
Definition
signaling chemicals that bind specifically to membrane receptors
Term
Define medullary cavity:
Definition
central cavity of a long bone, contains yellow or red marrow
Term
Define mesenchyme:
Definition
common embryonic tissue from which all connective tissues arise
Term
Define motor(efferent) nerves:
Definition
nerves that carry impulses leaving the brain and spinal cord, and destined for effectors.
Term
Define motor unit:
Definition
a motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates
Term
Define multinucleate cell:
Definition
cell with more than one nucleus
Term
Define multiple sclerosis:
Definition
demyelinating disorder of the CNS; causes hardened patches (sclerosis) in the brain and spinal cord.
Term
Define muscle fiber:
Definition
a muscle cell
Term
Define muscle spindle:
Definition
encapsulated receptor found in skeletal muscle that is sensitive to stretch
Term
Define myelin sheath:
Definition
fatty insulating sheath that surrounds all but the smallest nerve fibers.
Term
Define myofibril:
Definition
rod-like bundle of contractile filaments (myofilaments) found in muscle fibers
Term
Define myofilament:
Definition
filament that constitutes myofibrils. actin and myosin
Term
Define myosin:
Definition
one of the principal contractile proteins found in muscle
Term
Define Neuroglia:
Definition
non-excitable cells of neural tissue that support, protect and insulate the neurons; glial cells
Term
Define Neuromuscular junction:
Definition
region where a motor neuron comes into close contact with a skeletal muscle cell
Term
Define neuron (nerve cell):
Definition
cell of the nervous system specialized to generate and transmit electrical signals
Term
Define neuron cell body:
Definition
the biosynthetic center of a neuron
Term
Define Neurotransmitter:
Definition
chemical messenger released by neurons that may, upon binding to receptors of neurons or effector cells, stimulate or inhibit those neurons or effector cells
Term
Define organic:
Definition
pertaining to carbon-containing molecules, such as proteins, fats and carbs
Term
Define ossification:
Definition
the process of bone formation
Term
Define osteoblasts:
Definition
bone-forming cells
Term
Define osteoclasts:
Definition
large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix
Term
Define Osteogenesis:
Definition
the process of bone formation
Term
Define osteon:
Definition
system of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure of adult compact bone, unit of bone
Term
Define parathyroid hormone:
Definition
hormone released by the parathyroid glands that regulates blood calcium level.
Term
Define perimysium:
Definition
connective tissue that bundles muscle fibers into fasicles
Term
Define periosteum:
Definition
double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the bone
Term
Define peripheral nervous system:
Definition
portion of the nervous system consisting of nerves and ganglia that lie outside of the brain and spinal cord.
Term
Define Peristalsis:
Definition
progressive, wave-like contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube organs
Term
Define repolarization:
Definition
movement of the membrane potential to the initial resting polarized state
Term
Define resting membrane potential:
Definition
the voltage that exists across the plasma membrane during the resting state of an excitable cell, ranges from -90mV to -20mV depending on cell type.
Term
Define receptor:
Definition
a cell or nerve ending of a sensory neuron specialized to respond to particular types of stimuli
Term
Define salutatory conduction:
Definition
transmission of an action potential along a myelinated fiber in which the nerve impulse appears to leap from gap to gap
Term
Define sarcolemma:
Definition
the plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
Term
Define sarcomere:
Definition
contractile unit of muscle; extends from one Z disc to the next
Term
Define sarcoplasm:
Definition
the non-fibrillar cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
Term
Define sarcoplasmic reticulum:
Definition
specialized endoplasmic reticulum of muscle cell
Term
Define skeletal muscle:
Definition
muscle composed of cylindrical multinucleate cells with obvious striations; the muscle(s) attached to the body's skeleton; voluntary muscle
Term
Define smooth muscle:
Definition
spindle-shaped cells with one centrally located nucleus and no externally visible striations.
Term
Define synapse:
Definition
functional junction or point of close contact between two neurons or between a neuron and an effector cell.
Term
Define synaptic cleft:
Definition
fluid-filled space at a synpase
Term
Define synaptic vesicles:
Definition
small membranous sacs containing neurotransmitter
Term
Define T tubule:
Definition
extension of the muscle cell plasma membrane(sarcolemma) that protrudes into the cell
Term
Define trabecula:
Definition
any of the fibrous bands extending from the capsule into the interior of an organ
Term
Define Voluntary muscle:
Definition
muscle under strict nervous control, skeletal muscle.
Term
True or False: 11. Epiphyseal plate continues to produce new cartilage until bone matures, enabling growth in length. Growth in width occurs at inner layer of periosteum, while osteoclasts resorb bone in marrow cavity.
Definition
True
Term
What percent of bone composition is organic and inorganic?
Definition
organic: 35%
inorganic: 65%
Term
When does ossification start?
Definition
2 month of gestation
Term
How does the thyroid influence bone growth?
Definition
it secretes a growth hormone that stimulates epiphyseal plate
Term
How does the body respond to hypocalcemia:
Definition
low blood calcium levels, parathyroid gland release parathyroid hormone that stimulates osteoclasts who break down bone to release calcium into the blood
Term
How does the body respond to hypercalcemia?
Definition
high blood Ca levels, thyroid gland releases calcitonin that stimulates osteoblast who take calcium out of the blood and form bone.
Term
What is the function of muscles?
Definition
move bones, organs or fluids, maintain posture/position, stabilize joints, produce heat.
Term
What are the events of excitation?
Definition
electrical current reaches knob, knob becomes permeable to calcium; knob contains vesicles w/neurotransmitter
-> AcH (acetylcholine); calcium stimulates exocytosis of AcH at synaptic cleft; AcH goes to receptors on sarcolemma which stimulates the receptor, opening ion gates in sarcolemma which allows for Na to enter and K to exit
Term
Define autonomic nervous system:
Definition
efferent division of peripheral nervous system that innervates cardiac and smooth muscles and glands; also called the involuntary or visceral motor system
Term
Define somatic nervous system:
Definition
division of the peripheral nervous system that provides the motor innervation of skeletal muscles; also called the voluntary nervous system
Term
Define sympathetic division:
Definition
the division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for activity or to cope with some stressor, the fight or flight division
Term
Define parasympathetic:
Definition
the division of the autonomic nervous system that oversees digestion, elimination, and glandular function; the resting and digesting subdivision
Term
Briefly describe the somatomotortract:
Definition
paths of the somatic motor neurons running in whit matter from motor cortex in frontal lobe to effector; descending, 2 neurons in sequence
Term
Briefly describe homunculus:
Definition
picture of a little man with certain parts overly proportioned to depict areas of richest sensation or finest motor control on the cerebral cortex
Term
Briefly describe an endocrine gland:
Definition
a gland that secretes hormones into the blood to control other tissues
Term
Briefly describe a sympathetic chain:
Definition
a chain of linked autonomic ganglia that distributes sympathetic neurons all over the body
Term
What is the function of the midbrain?
Definition
visual attention and sound location
Term
What is the function of the frontal lobe cerebrum?
Definition
primary somatomotor cortex
Term
What is the function of the occipital lobe cerebrum?
Definition
main visual center
Term
What is the function of the temporal lobe cerebrum?
Definition
main hearing center. learning and memory
Term
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Definition
controls pituitary, regulates metabolism and appetite
Term
What is the function of the medulla?
Definition
controls basic vital functions, contains tracts
Term
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Definition
coordinates muscles and balance
Term
What is the function thalamus?
Definition
gateway to cortex, directs tracts
Term
What is the function of pons?
Definition
regulates breathing rhythm, origin of trigeminal nerve
Term
Fill in the blank: the branch of a spinal nerve that innervates the central back is a ?
Definition
dorsal ramus
Term
Fill in the blank: Large veins that drain the brain of blood are ?
Definition
dural sinuses
Term
Fill in the blank: the division of the brain containing the pons and cerebellum is ?
Definition
metencephalon
Term
Fill in the blank: a fluid-filled cavity in the brain is a ?
Definition
ventricle
Term
Fill in the blank: a protein or steroid by endocrine glands into the blood is a ?
Definition
hormone
Term
What is the term for the bending of light rays?
Definition
refraction
Term
The posterior tough part of fibrous layer is called?
Definition
sclera
Term
What is the muscle that changes the shape of the lens?
Definition
ciliary muscles
Term
What is photoreceptive cell of the retina receiving color information?
Definition
cone
Term
Define telencephalon:
Definition
anterior subdivision of the primary forebrain that develops into olfactory lobes, cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
Term
Define diencephalon:
Definition
the part of the forebrain between the cerbral hemispheres and the midbrain including the thalamus, the epithalamus and the hypothalamus
Term
Define mesencephalon:
Definition
one of the three primary vesicles of the developing brain; becomes the midbrain
Term
Define metencephalon:
Definition
a secondary brain vesicle; anterior portion of the rhombencephalon of the developing brain; becomes the pons and the cerebellum
Term
Define myelencephalon:
Definition
a secondary brain vesicle; lower part of the developing hindbrain, especially the medulla oblongata
Term
Define brainstem:
Definition
collectively the midbrain, pons and medulla of the brain
Term
Define cerebral cortex:
Definition
the outer gray matter region of the cerebral hemispheres
Term
Define frontal lobe:
Definition
just below the frontal bone
Term
Define parietal lobe:
Definition
just below the parietal bone
Term
Define occipital lobe:
Definition
just below the occipital bone
Term
Define temporal lobe:
Definition
just below the temporal bone
Term
Define midbrain:
Definition
region of the brain stem between the diencephalon and the pons
Term
Define thalamus:
Definition
a mass of gray matter in the diencephalon of the brain
Term
Define hypothalamus:
Definition
region of the diencephalon forming the floor of the third ventricle of the brain
Term
Define epithalamus:
Definition
most dorsal portion of the diencephalon; forms the roof of the third ventricle with the pineal gland extending from its posterior border
Term
Define medulla oblongata:
Definition
inferior-most part of the brain stem
Term
Define pons:
Definition
the part of the brain stem connecting the medulla with the midbrain, providing linkage between upper and lower levels of the central nervous system
Term
Define cerebellum:
Definition
brain region most involved in producing smooth, coordinated skeletal muscle activity
Term
Define arbor vitae:
Definition
its a tree
Term
Define ventricle:
Definition
cavities in the brian
Term
Define choroid plexus:
Definition
a capillary knot that protrudes in to brain ventricle produces cerebral spinal fluid
Term
Define cerebral spinal fluid:
Definition
plasma-like fluid that fills the cavities of the CNS and surrounds the CNS externally, protects the brain and spinal cord
Term
Define gyri (gyrus):
Definition
an outward fold of the surface of the cerebral cortex
Term
Define sulci (sulcus):
Definition
a furrow on the brain, less deep than a fissure
Term
Define fissure:
Definition
the deepest depressions or inward folds on the brain
Term
Define tracts:
Definition
a collection of axons in the central nervous system having the same origin, termination and function
Term
Define cranial nerves:
Definition
the 12 nerve pairs that arise from the brain
Term
Define gray matter:
Definition
gray area of the central nervous system, contains neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites
Term
Define white matter:
Definition
white substance of the central nervous system; myelinated nerve fibers
Term
Define spinal nerve:
Definition
the 31 nerve pairs that arise from the spinal cord
Term
Define nerve plexus:
Definition
interlacing nerve networks that occur in the cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral regions and primarily serve the limbs
Term
Define autonomic (visceral) reflexes:
Definition
reflexes that activate smooth or cardiac muscle and/or glands
Term
Define somatic reflexes:
Definition
reflexes that activate skeletal muscle
Term
Define preganglionic neurons:
Definition
autonomic motor neuron that has its cell body in the central nervous system and projects its axon to a peripheral ganglion
Term
Define post-ganglionic neuron:
Definition
autonomic motor neuron that has its cell body in a peripheral ganglion and projects its axon to an effector
Term
Define photoreceptor:
Definition
specialized receptor cells that respond to light energy (rods and cones)
Term
Define refraction:
Definition
the bending of a light ray when it meets a different surface at an oblique rather than a right angle
Term
Define accommodation:
Definition
the process of increasing the refractive power of the lens of the eye
Term
How is the eye protected?
Definition
by a bony orbit, fat, extrinsic eye muscles, the lacrimal apparatus, the eyebrows and the eyelids
Term
What are the 3 tunics of the eye?
Definition
fibrous, vascular and sensory
Term
What is found in the fibrous tunic of the eye?
Definition
sclera and cornea
Term
What is found in the vascular tunic of the eye?
Definition
choroid, ciliary body and iris
Term
What is found in the sensory tunic of they eye?
Definition
retina and optic disc
Term
What type of muscles does the iris have?
Definition
sphincter (parasympathetic) and dilator muscles(sympathetic)
Term
What does glaucoma result from?
Definition
blocked drainage of the aqueous humor
Term
What type of photoreceptive cells do what?
Definition
rods= nightvision and contain rhodopsin
cones= color vision
Term
Define emmetropia:
Definition
refers to normal focusing at a distance
Term
Define endocrine gland:
Definition
ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood
Term
Define hormones:
Definition
steroidal or amino acid based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body funcitons
Term
Define hypothalamus:
Definition
region of the diencephalon forming the floor of the third ventricle of the brain
Term
What does the endocrine system involve?
Definition
the secretion of hormones that travel in the blood to target cells; secretion into the bloodstream and not into ducts
Term
Compared to the nervous system, how is the endocrine system different?
Definition
the endocrine system control is slower, more sustained and more widespread
Term
What are the 3 types of stimulation for hormone secretion?
Definition
humoral, neural and hormonal
Term
What is humoral stimulation?
Definition
when there are high or low levels of ions in the blood
Term
What is neural stimulation?
Definition
when the sympathetic or parasympathetic system is activated
Term
What is hormonal stimulation?
Definition
when it is triggered by a secretion by another endocrine gland
Term
What does the anterior pituitary gland produce?
Definition
stimulates reproductive organs, thyroid, adrenal gland, milk production and growth
Term
What does the posterior pituitary produce?
Definition
affect uterine contractions and fluid balance
Term
What does the thyroid gland produce?
Definition
the thyroid hormone( regulates metabolic rate) and calcitonin
Term
What does the parathyroid gland produce?
Definition
parathyroid hormone that increases calcium in the blood
Term
What does the adrenal cortex produce?
Definition
steroid hormones important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism and salt and water balance. medulla produces neurotransmitters of sympathetic system which increase heart rate, blood sugar and respiration
Term
What other organs have endocrine cells in them?
Definition
pancreas, intestines, gonads and kidneys
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