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Definition
| study of structure of the body parts and how they relate to one another |
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| study of body part's functions and specialized job |
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| Principle of Complementarity |
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Definition
| a body parts function reflects its structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form. |
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| the head, neck, trunk, and abdomen |
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| upper and lower extremities (limbs) |
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| divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions |
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| divides the body into upper and lower portions |
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| divides the body into right and left portions |
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| right and left portions. There is an infinite number of parasagittal planes because it does not have to be down the body's center |
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| in the axial region, includes the cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral canal (spinal cord) |
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| in the axial region, includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities separated by the muscular diaphragm |
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| houses the heart and the lungs. The pleural cavity and membrane is specific to the lungs and the pericardial cavity |
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| has the peritoneum (peritoneal membrane). Visceral layers covers the organs and parietal layers line the walls. |
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| the superior part of the abdominopelvic cavity. Houses the GI tract, kidneys, ureters, stomach, pancreas, liver, and many other digestive organs |
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| the inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity. Houses the rectum, bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs |
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| the head, neck, trunk, and abdomen |
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| upper and lower extremities |
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| Right hypochondriac region |
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Definition
| lateral right region. Has the following organs- liver, gall bladder |
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Definition
| is in the superior middle region. Has the following organs: Digestive- esophagus, stomach |
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| Left hypochondriac region |
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Definition
| superior left region. Has the following organs: Digestive- stomach; Excretory- left kidney; Lymphatic- spleen |
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Definition
| the right middle region. Has the following organs: Digestive- ascending colon, small intestine; Excretory- right kidney |
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Definition
| the center region. Has the following organs: Digestive- stomach, pancreas, small intestine |
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Definition
| the left middle region contains organs for the following systems: Digestive- small intestine, descending colon; Excretory- left kidney (tip) |
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| Right iliac (inguinal) region |
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Definition
| located in the right lower region and contains organs for the following systems: Digestive- appendix; Reproductive Females- right ovary, right fallopian tube |
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| lower middle region and contains organs for the following systems: Digestive- sigmoid colon Reproductive Females- left ovary fallopian tube |
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| close to the skin's surface |
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| deep to the skin's surface |
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| closer to the point of attachment |
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| further from the point of attachment |
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| toward the front or belly |
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| farther away from the mid-line |
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| smallest units of life-heart cells, brain cells (neurons) etc. |
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| has several types of tissues and distinct location- liver, heart, skin, nerve, stomach |
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| (11) nervous, endocrine, circulatory, reproductive, digestive, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, urinary, integumentary, respiratory |
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| complete individual (YOU) |
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Definition
| communication, coordination, motor control and senstation |
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| hormone production; internal chemical communication and coordination |
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Definition
| distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance |
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| production of sperm/egg, secretion of sex hormones; females only- site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation |
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| nutrient breakdown and absorption, metabolism, synthesis of protein, disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; cleansing of blood |
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| support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acid-base balance |
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| movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production |
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| recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against against disease |
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| elimination of wastes, regfulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte, detoxification |
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Definition
| protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication |
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Definition
| absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech |
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| the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment, despite fluctuations in an ever-changing outside world |
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Definition
| detects changes in the body and sends signals to the control center through Afferent pathway |
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| pathway for signal sent from receptor to the control center |
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Definition
| receives signal and sends a command to effectors through Efferent pathway |
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Definition
| pathway for the command and carries out function to bring the body back to homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| this action is a self-amplifying effect. The output proceeds in the same direction as the initial stimulus. Example: birth, clotting, increasing fever |
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Term
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Definition
| this action is a corrective effect. It uses mechanisms to keep a variable close to its set point. The output reduces or stops the original stimuli. Example: blood temperature, control of glucose and hormone levels |
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Definition
| An atom needs 8 electrons in its outermost electron shell (called valence shell to be stable |
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Definition
| electrically neutral, because the number of protons=the number of electrons |
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| created when an atom loses an electrons (electrons |
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Definition
| created when an atom gains an electron (electron>protons). Negative charge |
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Definition
| atoms that differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus and have a different atomic weight than its original atom |
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Definition
| the number of protons in an atom |
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Definition
| the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom (AMU) |
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| average mass of a sample containing many atoms of element compared to mass of an atom |
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| charged particles with an unequal number of protons and electrons |
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Definition
| salts capable of conducting electricity by ionizing in water |
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Definition
| chemical particles with odd numbers of electrons that have a damaging effect on the body. Produced by neutrophils (radiation, X-ray. Can be neutralized by antioxidants in the diet like vit. E |
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Term
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Definition
| a variety of an element. It differs in the natural number of neutrons and atomic weight. Elements are made up of mixtures of this |
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Definition
| the basic unit of matter. Composed of a central nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons, and circled by electrons located on the electron cloud |
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| a group of two or more atoms held together by a bond |
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| a chemical substance composed of one type of atom. They are unique substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances by regular chemical methods |
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| a group of two or more atoms held together by a bond |
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Definition
| Polar-non-polar-ionic-hydrogen |
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Definition
| unequal sharing of electrons, gives hydrophilic properties (water) |
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Definition
| equal sharing of electrons, gives hydrophobic properties (C-C) |
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Definition
| donate/accept electrons to fill outer valence shell (NaCl) |
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Definition
| attraction between polar molecules, no sharing of electrons (nucleic acids like DNA, proteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule that is lacking a carbon atom. It can bond with ionic or covalent bonds. Examples are H2O, O2, CO2, bicarbonate |
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Definition
| helps with chemical reactions |
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Definition
| a reaction in which H2O is added and molecule is split in smaller components |
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Definition
| a reaction in which H2O is removed and a big molecule is formed |
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Definition
| the body absorbs or releases large amounts of heat without changing its temperature (sweating or no sweating) |
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Definition
| helps lubricate the organs in the body cavities (pleural, pericardial, abdominal) and reduce friction |
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Definition
| Chemical reactivity, Thermal properties, Body lubricant, Universal solvent, Surface tension |
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Definition
| a substance to be dissolved in another substance |
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Definition
| a substance in which another substance (solute) is dissolved in |
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Definition
| solutes + solvents- generally transparent because small particles cannot be seen, particles can pass through membranes, solute and solvent remain mixed |
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Definition
| ionic compounds produced by reaction of acid with base. ionize with water and are capable of conducting electricity are called electrolytes. Essential to life: help regulate water levels in the body |
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Definition
| measurement of the "Power of Hydrogen" measures the concentration of H+ ions in solution on a pH scale (0-14). more H in solution the lower we go on pH scale. blood maintains a fairly neutral pH (7.4), while stomach is fairly acidic pH(2) |
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Term
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Definition
| ph<7. Releases H+ ions into solutions and is considered a protin donor (HCL) |
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Definition
| pH>7. Accepts H+ ions (milk of magnesia) |
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Definition
| systems that help convert strong acids or bases to weak ones and maintain pH |
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Definition
| respiratory and urinary systems |
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Definition
| bicarbonate (active in ECF), phosphate (active in ICF and kidney tubules), and protein systems (active in ICF and ECF) |
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Definition
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Definition
| in ICF occurs when pH falls<7. corrected with bases |
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Definition
| when pH rises>7. corrected with acids |
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Definition
| a covalent bonded Carbon atom that always shares its electrons |
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Definition
| a subunit of polymers. Example: simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides |
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Definition
| large molecules made of monomers. Examples: polysaccharides (carbohydrates), polypeptides (proteins, phospholipids, DNA/RNA |
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Definition
| essentially this is condensation. A OH is removed from one monomer and a H+ is removed from another, this is the removal of water |
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Definition
| this is the breakdown of water. H2O ionizes into a OH ion and a H+ ion and splits the large molecule into two |
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| Primary protein structure |
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Definition
| peptide bonds between amino acids create a chain (polypeptide). Proteins differ in number, type, and sequence of amino acids |
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| Secondary protein structure |
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Definition
| hydrogen bonds between amino acids in chain create an alpha helix (spiral or beta pleated (sheet) chain. Folding happens just to regions of protein |
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| Tertiary Protein Structure |
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Definition
| in addition to hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and ionic bonds allow the folding of the entire protein. 3-D structure |
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Definition
| hydrogen bonds of several polypeptide chains come together in a braided chain (collagen) or a 4-polypeptide arrangement (hemoglobin) |
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Definition
| when a protein unfolds and loses its 3-D shape. Can be reversible=can regain shape (channels in plasma membrane) or irreversible (fried egg) |
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Definition
| adenosine triphosphate. The main energy source for cells the only "currency" a cell recognizes. Anytime a phosphate group breaks off, energy is released which is used to power different activities of the cell |
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Definition
| composed of a phospholipid bilayer (75%), cholesterol (20%) and glycolipids (5%). It is not rigid but fluid and separates the components of the cell from the outside environment |
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Definition
| everything found inside the plasma membrane, composed of cytosil (viscous fluid inside the cell) + organelles. Has the machinery for metabolism |
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| an organelle, control center of a cell containing chromosomes (genetic information). Involved in a protein synthesis and passage of genetic information to offspring |
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Definition
| only the viscous fluid inside of the cell |
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| cytosol + other organelles |
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Definition
| make up about 75% of the membrane and are found with polar heads (hydrophilic)as outer layers and fatty acids (hydrophobic) as inner layers |
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Definition
| line the surface of the membrane that is hydrophobic. It makes up about 5% of the membrane lipids and acts a marker |
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Definition
| 20% found wedged between the fatty acids tails of phopholipids andhelp stiffen the membrane |
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Definition
| located on the outside of the plasma membrane and are attached to the glycolipids |
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Definition
| make up abput 2% of the molecules, but constitute about 50% of the membrane weight. The integral proteins go completely through the bilayer. The peripheral proteins only adhere to one side of the membrane |
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Definition
| intermediate filaments that keep cells together against mechanical stressors. Also called mechanical junctions (skin and heart cells) |
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Definition
| open pores that allow for movement of ions from one cell directly into another. Also called communicating junctions (heart cells) |
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Definition
| look lik ezippers and make the space between cells tight to prevent passage of solutes between cells (stomach lining, skin cells) |
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Definition
| movement from a higher concentration to a lower concentration= down the concentration gradient |
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Definition
| movement of particle through a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration due to spontaneous movement that does not require energy. Example CO2 O2 |
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Definition
| carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a semipermeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration due to a carrier that does no require ATP. Example glucose |
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Definition
| movement of particles through a semipermeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration due to hydrostic pressure( blood pressure) does not require energy. Example movement of fluid into tissues in capillary |
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Definition
| movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a high concentration to low concentration of water due to concentration gradient does not require energy. Example water is moving from tissues back into capillaries in capillary exchange |
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Definition
| movement from a low concentration to a high concentration= against the gradient |
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Definition
| movement of particles through a semipermeable membrane in vesicles |
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Definition
| movement of solute out of the cell. vesicles approach the cell surface and expel its contents out of the cell. requires energy. Examples neurotransmitters, milk or sweat glands |
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Definition
| movement of solute into the cell. vesicles approach the cell surface and merge with it bringing the solute in the cell. requires energy. Examples phagocytosis(cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking) |
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Definition
| macrophages or neutrophils engulfing bacteria to dispose them |
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Definition
| the process of cell taking small amounts of ECF into the cell in most cells of the body |
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Definition
| is a solution with a higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration of solvents in comparison to ICF. Cells lose water and shrivel |
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Definition
| a solution in which the concentration of solute and solvent is identical to the comparison of ICF. Water does not move |
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Definition
| a solution with a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of solvent in comparison to ICF. Cells placed add water and swell |
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Definition
| subcellular structures in cytosol that carry out specialized metabolic functions |
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Definition
| this is the control center of the cell. The nucleus is a membranous organelle with a nuclear envelope to separate the DNA molecules it houses from the metabolic machinery in the cytoplasm. Because the DNA is centrally located, it is easier to organize and replicate DNA before splitting into daughter cells. Has chromatin or chromosomes. Can be anucleate or multinucleate |
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Definition
| membranous network of cisternae within the cytoplasm. There are two types. RER is covered with granules called ribosomes and is responsible for protein synthesis. SER lacks ribosomes, has more tubular cisternae than the RER |
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| Golgi complex (apparatus) |
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Definition
| this organelle is a small membranous system of about 6 cisternae slightly separated from each other that resembles a stck of plates. It finishes proteins produced by the RER and packages them into vesicles. Make lysosomes |
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Definition
| organelles are shapeless membranous sace of proteolytic enzymes formed by the Golgi complex. Recycle the cell's organic material and are considered "auto digesting" |
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Definition
| non-membranous organelle made up of rRNA and has on small 40S and one big 60 S subunits. They are found in the RER, nuclear envelope, and nucleoli or free cytoplasm. Responsible for protein synthesis. Read coded genetic messages from mRNA in order to assemble amino acids in polypeptides |
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Definition
| non-membranous organelle, an assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules on the periphery. their function comes from their role in cell division by forming the mitotic spindle and guiding the chromatids to opposite poles |
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Definition
| non-membranous organelle, derived from centrioles, formed of 9 pairs of peeripheral microtubules forming a hollow cylinder. seen in cilium or flagellum |
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Definition
| system that enables 4 nucleotides (A,G,T,C,U) to code for the amino acid sequence of all proteins |
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Definition
| process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to mRNA. Happens in the nucleus. mRNA passes through nuclear envelope through pores |
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Definition
| process of reading the mRNA to form a polypeptide chain. Happens in cytoplasm on ribosomes. Reading is done in subunits of the ribosome. tRNA brings correct amino acids to the ribosomes for protein assembly. FInal product: polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| a 3 base sequence on DNA that represents 1 amino acid |
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Definition
| a 3 base sequence on mRNA that represents one amino acid. THere are 64. Corresponds to base triplets |
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Definition
| a 3 base sequence on tRNA that represents one amino acid. Corresponds to codons |
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Definition
| delivers the amino acids to the ribosomes so they can be assembled into a polypeptide chain. Has anticodons. T is replaced with U |
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Definition
| a copy of the DNA that travels from the nucleus into the cytoplasm and carries the genetic information from DNA to ribosomes. Has codons. T replaced with U |
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Definition
| makes the ribosomes themselves and helps to "read" the informaion from the mRNA during translation |
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Definition
| the catabolism of glucose in order to produce ATP. This occurs through 4 interconnected sets of chemical reactions; they are glycolysis, formation of acetylCoA, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain |
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Definition
| happens in the cytoplasm. splitting glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Anaerobic |
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Definition
| To enter the Krebs cycle nutrients are used to form _____ |
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Definition
| a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions for aerobic metabolism. Happens in the mitochondrion |
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Definition
| occure in th inner mitochondrial membrane. This process is anaerobic and requires O2 |
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Definition
| 3 phases make up the first 75% of a cell's replication period |
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| first gap phase where growth and normal metabolic rates are established |
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| period of DNA replication |
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| growth and preparation for mitosis |
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| chromatin forms 2 sister chromatids containing DNA molecules |
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Definition
| chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell forming the metaphase plate |
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Definition
| centromeres in the center of the chromosomes travels down the mitotic spindle to the opposite poles of the cell |
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Definition
| movement towards poles stops and chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin. A new nuclear envelops forms from the RER and the mitotic spindles begin to break down |
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