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Test 1
Chapters 1-4
170
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
05/21/2013

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
study of structure of the body parts and how they relate to one another
Term
Physiology
Definition
study of body part's functions and specialized job
Term
Principle of Complementarity
Definition
a body parts function reflects its structure and what a structure can do depends on its specific form.
Term
Axial region
Definition
the head, neck, trunk, and abdomen
Term
Appendicular region
Definition
upper and lower extremities (limbs)
Term
Frontal plane
Definition
divides the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
Term
Transverse plane
Definition
divides the body into upper and lower portions
Term
Saggital plane
Definition
divides the body into right and left portions
Term
Parasagittal plane
Definition
right and left portions. There is an infinite number of parasagittal planes because it does not have to be down the body's center
Term
Dorsal cavity
Definition
in the axial region, includes the cranial cavity (brain) and vertebral canal (spinal cord)
Term
Ventral body cavity
Definition
in the axial region, includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities separated by the muscular diaphragm
Term
Thoracic cavity
Definition
houses the heart and the lungs. The pleural cavity and membrane is specific to the lungs and the pericardial cavity
Term
Abdominopelvic cavity
Definition
has the peritoneum (peritoneal membrane). Visceral layers covers the organs and parietal layers line the walls.
Term
Abdominal cavity
Definition
the superior part of the abdominopelvic cavity. Houses the GI tract, kidneys, ureters, stomach, pancreas, liver, and many other digestive organs
Term
Pelvic cavity
Definition
the inferior part of the abdominopelvic cavity. Houses the rectum, bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs
Term
Axial region
Definition
the head, neck, trunk, and abdomen
Term
Appendicular region
Definition
upper and lower extremities
Term
Right hypochondriac region
Definition
lateral right region. Has the following organs- liver, gall bladder
Term
Epigastric region
Definition
is in the superior middle region. Has the following organs: Digestive- esophagus, stomach
Term
Left hypochondriac region
Definition
superior left region. Has the following organs: Digestive- stomach; Excretory- left kidney; Lymphatic- spleen
Term
Right lumbar region
Definition
the right middle region. Has the following organs: Digestive- ascending colon, small intestine; Excretory- right kidney
Term
Umbilical region
Definition
the center region. Has the following organs: Digestive- stomach, pancreas, small intestine
Term
Left lumbar region
Definition
the left middle region contains organs for the following systems: Digestive- small intestine, descending colon; Excretory- left kidney (tip)
Term
Right iliac (inguinal) region
Definition
located in the right lower region and contains organs for the following systems: Digestive- appendix; Reproductive Females- right ovary, right fallopian tube
Term
Hypogastric region
Definition
lower middle region and contains organs for the following systems: Digestive- sigmoid colon Reproductive Females- left ovary fallopian tube
Term
Anterior
Definition
front
Term
Posterior
Definition
back
Term
Superficial
Definition
close to the skin's surface
Term
Deep
Definition
deep to the skin's surface
Term
Proximal
Definition
closer to the point of attachment
Term
Distal
Definition
further from the point of attachment
Term
Ventral
Definition
toward the front or belly
Term
Dorsal
Definition
toward the back or spine
Term
Medial
Definition
close to the mid-line
Term
Lateral
Definition
farther away from the mid-line
Term
Superior
Definition
above
Term
Inferior
Definition
below
Term
Chemical
Definition
atoms form molecules
Term
Cellular
Definition
smallest units of life-heart cells, brain cells (neurons) etc.
Term
Organ
Definition
has several types of tissues and distinct location- liver, heart, skin, nerve, stomach
Term
Organ system
Definition
(11) nervous, endocrine, circulatory, reproductive, digestive, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, urinary, integumentary, respiratory
Term
Organism
Definition
complete individual (YOU)
Term
Nervous
Definition
communication, coordination, motor control and senstation
Term
Endocrine
Definition
hormone production; internal chemical communication and coordination
Term
Circulatory
Definition
distribution of nutrients, oxygen, wastes, hormones, electrolytes, heat, immune cells, and antibodies; fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance
Term
Reproductive
Definition
production of sperm/egg, secretion of sex hormones; females only- site of fertilization and fetal development, fetal nourishment, birth, lactation
Term
Digestive
Definition
nutrient breakdown and absorption, metabolism, synthesis of protein, disposal of drugs, toxins, and hormones; cleansing of blood
Term
Skeletal
Definition
support, movement, protective enclosure of viscera, blood formation, electrolyte and acid-base balance
Term
Muscular
Definition
movement, stability, communication, control of body openings, heat production
Term
Lymphatic
Definition
recovery of excess tissue fluid, detection of pathogens, production of immune cells, defense against against disease
Term
Urinary
Definition
elimination of wastes, regfulation of blood volume and pressure, stimulation of red blood cell formation, control of fluid, electrolyte, detoxification
Term
Integumentary
Definition
protection, water retention, thermoregulation, vitamin D synthesis, cutaneous sensation, nonverbal communication
Term
Respiratory
Definition
absorption of oxygen, discharge of carbon dioxide, acid-base balance, speech
Term
homeostasis
Definition
the body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment, despite fluctuations in an ever-changing outside world
Term
receptor
Definition
detects changes in the body and sends signals to the control center through Afferent pathway
Term
Afferent pathway
Definition
pathway for signal sent from receptor to the control center
Term
Control center
Definition
receives signal and sends a command to effectors through Efferent pathway
Term
Efferent pathway
Definition
pathway for the command and carries out function to bring the body back to homeostasis
Term
Effector
Definition
organ/system that
Term
Positive feedback loop
Definition
this action is a self-amplifying effect. The output proceeds in the same direction as the initial stimulus. Example: birth, clotting, increasing fever
Term
Negative feedback loop
Definition
this action is a corrective effect. It uses mechanisms to keep a variable close to its set point. The output reduces or stops the original stimuli. Example: blood temperature, control of glucose and hormone levels
Term
Octet Rule 8
Definition
An atom needs 8 electrons in its outermost electron shell (called valence shell to be stable
Term
Atom
Definition
electrically neutral, because the number of protons=the number of electrons
Term
Cations
Definition
created when an atom loses an electrons (electrons
Term
Anions
Definition
created when an atom gains an electron (electron>protons). Negative charge
Term
Isotopes
Definition
atoms that differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus and have a different atomic weight than its original atom
Term
Atomic number
Definition
the number of protons in an atom
Term
Mass number
Definition
the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom (AMU)
Term
Atomic weight
Definition
average mass of a sample containing many atoms of element compared to mass of an atom
Term
Ions
Definition
charged particles with an unequal number of protons and electrons
Term
Electrolytes
Definition
salts capable of conducting electricity by ionizing in water
Term
Free radicals
Definition
chemical particles with odd numbers of electrons that have a damaging effect on the body. Produced by neutrophils (radiation, X-ray. Can be neutralized by antioxidants in the diet like vit. E
Term
Isotopes
Definition
a variety of an element. It differs in the natural number of neutrons and atomic weight. Elements are made up of mixtures of this
Term
Atoms
Definition
the basic unit of matter. Composed of a central nucleus, made up of protons and neutrons, and circled by electrons located on the electron cloud
Term
Molecules
Definition
a group of two or more atoms held together by a bond
Term
Elements
Definition
a chemical substance composed of one type of atom. They are unique substances that cannot be broken into simpler substances by regular chemical methods
Term
Compounds
Definition
a group of two or more atoms held together by a bond
Term
Strongest to weakest
Definition
Polar-non-polar-ionic-hydrogen
Term
polar covalent
Definition
unequal sharing of electrons, gives hydrophilic properties (water)
Term
non-polar covalent
Definition
equal sharing of electrons, gives hydrophobic properties (C-C)
Term
ionic
Definition
donate/accept electrons to fill outer valence shell (NaCl)
Term
Hydrogen
Definition
attraction between polar molecules, no sharing of electrons (nucleic acids like DNA, proteins)
Term
inorganic molecule
Definition
a molecule that is lacking a carbon atom. It can bond with ionic or covalent bonds. Examples are H2O, O2, CO2, bicarbonate
Term
Chemical reactivity
Definition
helps with chemical reactions
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
a reaction in which H2O is added and molecule is split in smaller components
Term
Dehydration
Definition
a reaction in which H2O is removed and a big molecule is formed
Term
Thermal properties
Definition
the body absorbs or releases large amounts of heat without changing its temperature (sweating or no sweating)
Term
Body lubricant
Definition
helps lubricate the organs in the body cavities (pleural, pericardial, abdominal) and reduce friction
Term
Properties of water
Definition
Chemical reactivity, Thermal properties, Body lubricant, Universal solvent, Surface tension
Term
Solute
Definition
a substance to be dissolved in another substance
Term
Solvent
Definition
a substance in which another substance (solute) is dissolved in
Term
Solution
Definition
solutes + solvents- generally transparent because small particles cannot be seen, particles can pass through membranes, solute and solvent remain mixed
Term
Salt
Definition
ionic compounds produced by reaction of acid with base. ionize with water and are capable of conducting electricity are called electrolytes. Essential to life: help regulate water levels in the body
Term
pH
Definition
measurement of the "Power of Hydrogen" measures the concentration of H+ ions in solution on a pH scale (0-14). more H in solution the lower we go on pH scale. blood maintains a fairly neutral pH (7.4), while stomach is fairly acidic pH(2)
Term
Acid
Definition
ph<7. Releases H+ ions into solutions and is considered a protin donor (HCL)
Term
Base
Definition
pH>7. Accepts H+ ions (milk of magnesia)
Term
Buffers
Definition
systems that help convert strong acids or bases to weak ones and maintain pH
Term
physiological buffers
Definition
respiratory and urinary systems
Term
chemical buffers
Definition
bicarbonate (active in ECF), phosphate (active in ICF and kidney tubules), and protein systems (active in ICF and ECF)
Term
ICF
Definition
pH=7
Term
Acidosis
Definition
in ICF occurs when pH falls<7. corrected with bases
Term
Alkalosis
Definition
when pH rises>7. corrected with acids
Term
organic molecule
Definition
a covalent bonded Carbon atom that always shares its electrons
Term
monomer
Definition
a subunit of polymers. Example: simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides
Term
Polymer
Definition
large molecules made of monomers. Examples: polysaccharides (carbohydrates), polypeptides (proteins, phospholipids, DNA/RNA
Term
Dehydration synthesis
Definition
essentially this is condensation. A OH is removed from one monomer and a H+ is removed from another, this is the removal of water
Term
Hydrolysis reactions
Definition
this is the breakdown of water. H2O ionizes into a OH ion and a H+ ion and splits the large molecule into two
Term
Primary protein structure
Definition
peptide bonds between amino acids create a chain (polypeptide). Proteins differ in number, type, and sequence of amino acids
Term
Secondary protein structure
Definition
hydrogen bonds between amino acids in chain create an alpha helix (spiral or beta pleated (sheet) chain. Folding happens just to regions of protein
Term
Tertiary Protein Structure
Definition
in addition to hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions and ionic bonds allow the folding of the entire protein. 3-D structure
Term
Quaternary
Definition
hydrogen bonds of several polypeptide chains come together in a braided chain (collagen) or a 4-polypeptide arrangement (hemoglobin)
Term
Denaturation
Definition
when a protein unfolds and loses its 3-D shape. Can be reversible=can regain shape (channels in plasma membrane) or irreversible (fried egg)
Term
ATP
Definition
adenosine triphosphate. The main energy source for cells the only "currency" a cell recognizes. Anytime a phosphate group breaks off, energy is released which is used to power different activities of the cell
Term
Plasma membrane
Definition
composed of a phospholipid bilayer (75%), cholesterol (20%) and glycolipids (5%). It is not rigid but fluid and separates the components of the cell from the outside environment
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
everything found inside the plasma membrane, composed of cytosil (viscous fluid inside the cell) + organelles. Has the machinery for metabolism
Term
Nucleus
Definition
an organelle, control center of a cell containing chromosomes (genetic information). Involved in a protein synthesis and passage of genetic information to offspring
Term
Cytosol
Definition
only the viscous fluid inside of the cell
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
cytosol + other organelles
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
make up about 75% of the membrane and are found with polar heads (hydrophilic)as outer layers and fatty acids (hydrophobic) as inner layers
Term
Glycolipids
Definition
line the surface of the membrane that is hydrophobic. It makes up about 5% of the membrane lipids and acts a marker
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
20% found wedged between the fatty acids tails of phopholipids andhelp stiffen the membrane
Term
Carbohydrate chains
Definition
located on the outside of the plasma membrane and are attached to the glycolipids
Term
Proteins
Definition
make up abput 2% of the molecules, but constitute about 50% of the membrane weight. The integral proteins go completely through the bilayer. The peripheral proteins only adhere to one side of the membrane
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
intermediate filaments that keep cells together against mechanical stressors. Also called mechanical junctions (skin and heart cells)
Term
Gap junctions
Definition
open pores that allow for movement of ions from one cell directly into another. Also called communicating junctions (heart cells)
Term
Tight junctions
Definition
look lik ezippers and make the space between cells tight to prevent passage of solutes between cells (stomach lining, skin cells)
Term
Passive transport
Definition
movement from a higher concentration to a lower concentration= down the concentration gradient
Term
Simple diffusion
Definition
movement of particle through a semipermeable membrane from high to low concentration due to spontaneous movement that does not require energy. Example CO2 O2
Term
Facilitated diffusion
Definition
carrier-mediated transport of a solute through a semipermeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration due to a carrier that does no require ATP. Example glucose
Term
Filtration
Definition
movement of particles through a semipermeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration due to hydrostic pressure( blood pressure) does not require energy. Example movement of fluid into tissues in capillary
Term
Osmosis
Definition
movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from a high concentration to low concentration of water due to concentration gradient does not require energy. Example water is moving from tissues back into capillaries in capillary exchange
Term
Active transport
Definition
movement from a low concentration to a high concentration= against the gradient
Term
Vesticular transport
Definition
movement of particles through a semipermeable membrane in vesicles
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
movement of solute out of the cell. vesicles approach the cell surface and expel its contents out of the cell. requires energy. Examples neurotransmitters, milk or sweat glands
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
movement of solute into the cell. vesicles approach the cell surface and merge with it bringing the solute in the cell. requires energy. Examples phagocytosis(cell eating) and pinocytosis (cell drinking)
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
macrophages or neutrophils engulfing bacteria to dispose them
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
the process of cell taking small amounts of ECF into the cell in most cells of the body
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
is a solution with a higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration of solvents in comparison to ICF. Cells lose water and shrivel
Term
Isotonic
Definition
a solution in which the concentration of solute and solvent is identical to the comparison of ICF. Water does not move
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
a solution with a lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of solvent in comparison to ICF. Cells placed add water and swell
Term
Organelles
Definition
subcellular structures in cytosol that carry out specialized metabolic functions
Term
Nucleus
Definition
this is the control center of the cell. The nucleus is a membranous organelle with a nuclear envelope to separate the DNA molecules it houses from the metabolic machinery in the cytoplasm. Because the DNA is centrally located, it is easier to organize and replicate DNA before splitting into daughter cells. Has chromatin or chromosomes. Can be anucleate or multinucleate
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
membranous network of cisternae within the cytoplasm. There are two types. RER is covered with granules called ribosomes and is responsible for protein synthesis. SER lacks ribosomes, has more tubular cisternae than the RER
Term
Golgi complex (apparatus)
Definition
this organelle is a small membranous system of about 6 cisternae slightly separated from each other that resembles a stck of plates. It finishes proteins produced by the RER and packages them into vesicles. Make lysosomes
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
organelles are shapeless membranous sace of proteolytic enzymes formed by the Golgi complex. Recycle the cell's organic material and are considered "auto digesting"
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
non-membranous organelle made up of rRNA and has on small 40S and one big 60 S subunits. They are found in the RER, nuclear envelope, and nucleoli or free cytoplasm. Responsible for protein synthesis. Read coded genetic messages from mRNA in order to assemble amino acids in polypeptides
Term
Centriole
Definition
non-membranous organelle, an assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules on the periphery. their function comes from their role in cell division by forming the mitotic spindle and guiding the chromatids to opposite poles
Term
Basal body
Definition
non-membranous organelle, derived from centrioles, formed of 9 pairs of peeripheral microtubules forming a hollow cylinder. seen in cilium or flagellum
Term
Genetic code
Definition
system that enables 4 nucleotides (A,G,T,C,U) to code for the amino acid sequence of all proteins
Term
Transcription
Definition
process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to mRNA. Happens in the nucleus. mRNA passes through nuclear envelope through pores
Term
Translation
Definition
process of reading the mRNA to form a polypeptide chain. Happens in cytoplasm on ribosomes. Reading is done in subunits of the ribosome. tRNA brings correct amino acids to the ribosomes for protein assembly. FInal product: polypeptide
Term
Base triplet
Definition
a 3 base sequence on DNA that represents 1 amino acid
Term
Codon
Definition
a 3 base sequence on mRNA that represents one amino acid. THere are 64. Corresponds to base triplets
Term
Anticodon
Definition
a 3 base sequence on tRNA that represents one amino acid. Corresponds to codons
Term
Transfer RNA
Definition
delivers the amino acids to the ribosomes so they can be assembled into a polypeptide chain. Has anticodons. T is replaced with U
Term
Messenger RNA
Definition
a copy of the DNA that travels from the nucleus into the cytoplasm and carries the genetic information from DNA to ribosomes. Has codons. T replaced with U
Term
Ribsomal RNA
Definition
makes the ribosomes themselves and helps to "read" the informaion from the mRNA during translation
Term
Cellular respiration
Definition
the catabolism of glucose in order to produce ATP. This occurs through 4 interconnected sets of chemical reactions; they are glycolysis, formation of acetylCoA, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
happens in the cytoplasm. splitting glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid. Anaerobic
Term
AcetylCoA
Definition
To enter the Krebs cycle nutrients are used to form _____
Term
Krebs cycle
Definition
a series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions for aerobic metabolism. Happens in the mitochondrion
Term
Electron transport chain
Definition
occure in th inner mitochondrial membrane. This process is anaerobic and requires O2
Term
Interphase
Definition
3 phases make up the first 75% of a cell's replication period
Term
G1
Definition
first gap phase where growth and normal metabolic rates are established
Term
Synthesis
Definition
period of DNA replication
Term
G2
Definition
growth and preparation for mitosis
Term
Prophase
Definition
chromatin forms 2 sister chromatids containing DNA molecules
Term
Metaphase
Definition
chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell forming the metaphase plate
Term
Anaphase
Definition
centromeres in the center of the chromosomes travels down the mitotic spindle to the opposite poles of the cell
Term
Telophase
Definition
movement towards poles stops and chromosomes uncoil to form chromatin. A new nuclear envelops forms from the RER and the mitotic spindles begin to break down
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