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Test 1 Neuromusculoskeletal Anatomy3
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182
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/09/2011

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Term
Function of Bone
Definition
support, protection, movement, mineral storage and blood cell formation
Term
Describe Bone
Definition
Bone is a rigid form of connective tissue, forms most of the skeleton and is the chief supportting tissue of the body
Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
consist of the skull, vertebral column, sternum and ribs
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
consist of the bones of the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles (hip) and the limbs
Term
Two Main Types of Bone
Definition
1.Cancellous (spongy) bone
2.Compact (dense) bone
Term
Classification of Bone (5)
Definition
1.Long bones
2.Short bones
3.Flat bones
4.Irregualr bones
5.Sesamoid bones
Term
[image]
Definition
Diaphysis – shaft
Term
[image]
Definition
Epiphyses – large prominences at either end of the diaphysis
Term
[image]
Definition
Epiphyseal plate – early in life the epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by a this cartilaginous structure; area of bone growth
Term
[image]
Definition
Periosteum – around the entire bone is a layer of connective tissue; this is where bones cells are produced and is very pain sensitive tissue
Term
[image]
Definition
Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) – at the ends of the bone epiphyses are covered this tissue
Term
[image]
Definition
Cancellous (spongy) bone
Term
[image]
Definition
Compact (dense) bone
Term
Short Bones
Definition
no diaphysis
fairly symmetrical
ex. tarsal or carpals
Term
Short Bones
Definition
no diaphysis
fairly symmetrical
ex. tarsal or carpals
Term
Flat Bones
Definition
head chest shoulder
ex. sternum
Term
Irregular Bones
Definition
cannot be classified as long short or flat
ex. vertebrae
Term
Sesamoid Bones
Definition
Oval bones that are free floating usually foudn within tendons of muscles
ex. patella
Term
Linear Elevation Refered to as:
Definition
Line or Ridge
Term
Prominent Ridges called:
Definition
Crests
Term
Tubercle
Definition
Small raised bumpe
Term
Protuberance
Definition
Swelling or Knob
Term
Trochanter
Definition
Large blunt elevation
Term
Tuberosity
Definition
Large Round Elevation
Term
Malleolus
Definition
hammer-head like elevation
Term
Spine or Spinous Process
Definition
Sharp elevation or projecting part
Term
Head or Condyle
Definition
Rounded articular area of bone
Term
Epicondyle
Definition
Prominent process just proximal to a condyle
Term
Fossae
Definition
small hollow in bone
Term
Groove
Definition
long narrow depression
Term
Notch
Definition
indentation at edge of bone
Term
Foramen
Definition
hole in bone
Term
Ligament
Definition
a cord band or sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches bones together
Term
Fibrous Joints
Definition
United by fibrous tissue no movement (synarthrosis):
Sutures, Syndesmosis, and Gomphosis
Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
Untited by cartilage or a combination of cartilage and fibrous tissue:
Primary (Synchondrosis/Hyaline) Cartilaginous Joints, Secondary (Symphyses/Fibro-)Cartilaginous Joints
Term
Synovial Joints
Definition
united by catilage with a synovial membrane enclosing a joint cavity:
Diarthrodial
Term
Sutures
Definition
held together by several layers of strong connective tissue
Term
Syndesmosis
Definition
united by sheet of fibrous tissue (ligament or fibrous membrane)
ex. distal tibiafibular joint
Term
Gomphosis
Definition
joint between tooth and bone where fibrous tissue of periodontal ligament anchors tooth
Term
Primary Cartilaginous Joint
Definition
(Synchondroses/Hyaline)
united by hyaline cartilage which permits slight bending during early life
ex. epiphyseal cartilaginous plate and costal cartilage of first rib
Term
Secondary Cartilaginous Joint
Definition
(Symphyses/Fibrocartilaginous)
surfaces are covere with hayline cartillage and united by stron fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage
ex. pubic symphysis
Term
Joint Cavity
Definition
where synovial joint is located
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
(hyaline cartilage) no nerve no blood vessels which means can't feel pain or get nutrition.
Term
Synovial Membrane
Definition
Lines joint cavity but not articular cartilage and contains synovial fluid which nourishes articular cartilage from the capillaries in membrane
Term
Articular Capsule
Definition
envelops the joint: Fibrous capsule(usual referrence) and Synovial membrane
Term
Articular Discs
Definition
assist in fitting the bones together secondary to articulating surfaces are incongruent
Term
Three other common features of a Joint
Definition
Fibrocartilaginous Pads or Mensci and Rings or Labrum and Accessory ligaments
Term
[image]
Definition
Joint Cavity and Synovial Fluid
Term
[image]
Definition
Articular Cartilage
Term
[image]
Definition
Articular Capsule
Term
[image]
Definition
Fibrous Capsule
Term
[image]
Definition
Synovial Membrane
Term
[image]
Definition
Periosteum
Term
Biaxial Joint
Definition
Movement in 2 planes about 2 axes.
5 movements.
Term
Uniaxial Joint
Definition
movement in 1 plane about 1 axis.
2 movements.
Term
Triaxial Joint
Definition
Movement in 3 planes about 3 axes.
7 Movements.
Term
Types of Synovial Joints
Definition
1. Plane
2. Hinge
3. Condyloid
4. Saddle
5. Ball and Socket
6. Pivot
Term
Plane Joints
Definition
Flat surfaces permit gliding or sliding movements. uniaxial. ex. acromioclavicular joint
Term
Hinge Joints
Definition
concave surface with other surface like a spool of thread. unaxial (flexion and extension) strong collateral ligaments. Ex. elbow
Term
Condyloid Joints
Definition
convex surface fits into concave suface. biaxial (flexion extension abduction adduction circumduction)
ex.joint in finger
Term
Saddle Joints
Definition
modification of condyloid. convex in concave biaxial. ex. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
Term
Ball and Socket Joints
Definition
round head fitting into cuplike cavity. triaxial. ex. GH joint and hip joint
Term
Pivot Joints
Definition
one bone rotates around another. uniaxial (rotation)proximal radioulnar joint
Term
Types of Muscles
Definition
Skeletal Cardiac and Smooth
Term
tendon
Definition
dense fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone
Term
tendon sheath
Definition
connective tissue that protects from wear and tear
Term
Fascia
Definition
fibrous connective tissue that covers, connects or supports other tissue (elastic stocking)
Term
Bursa
Definition
saclike structure containing bursa fluid and protects muscle, tendon, ligament and other tissues that cross bone prominences; lubricate surfaces to allow tendons to glide over bone
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies or innervates
Term
Epimysium
Definition
Surrounds a muscle
Term
Perimysium
Definition
Surrounds a muscle fascicle
Term
Endomysium
Definition
Surrounds a Muscle Fiber
Term
Muscle Fascicle
Definition
group of muscle fibers
Term
Muscle Fiber
Definition
muscle cell
Term
Myofibril
Definition
Grouping of myofilaments that form a contraction unit
Term
Myofilament
Definition
Cellular organelle with abilitly to contract
Term
Muscles cells are (2)
Definition
Long, cylindrical and multinucleated
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
(cell membrane) surrounds muscle fiber with extensions in to cell called T-tubules
Term
Transverse Tubules
Definition
(T-Tubules) extensive system of sarcolemma into cell
Term
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
(Smooth endoplasmic reticulum): Sarcotubules and Terminal cisternae
Term
Sarcotubules
Definition
tubular portion of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
Terminal cisternae
Definition
dialate portions of SR that lie next to T-Tubules and store calcium
Term
Triad
Definition
T-Tubule with terminal cisternae on each side forming a cross section of 3 structures
Term
Striations
Definition
striping formation from organization of myofilaments and myofibrils
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
between myofibrils give energy to muscle
Term
[image]
Definition
A band
Term
[image]
Definition
Actin
Myosin
Myofilaments
Term
[image]
Definition
Endomysium
Term
[image]
Definition
Epimysium
Term
[image]
Definition
Fascia
Term
[image]
Definition
Muscle
Term
[image]
Definition
Muscle Fascicle
Term
[image]
Definition
Muscle Fiber
Term
[image]
Definition
Myofibril
Term
[image]
Definition
Myofibril
Term
[image]
Definition
Nucleus
Term
[image]
Definition
Perimysium
Term
[image]
Definition
Sarcolemma
Term
[image]
Definition
Sarcoplasm
Term
[image]
Definition
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Term
[image]
Definition
Striations
Term
[image]
Definition
T-tubules
Term
[image]
Definition
Actin
Term
[image]
Definition
H band
Term
[image]
Definition
I band
Term
[image]
Definition
Myosin
Term
[image]
Definition
Sarcomere
Term
[image]
Definition
Z line
Term
Actin
Definition
Thin filament; molecule with active site that myosin cross bridge will attach for contraction
Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
molecule that wraps around actin
Term
Troponin
Definition
molecule that attaches to tropomysosin and actin. opens and closes actin active site for muscle contraction
Term
Myosin
Definition
Thick filament;
Term
Motor End Plate
Definition
The expanded termination of a motor neuron containing:synaptic vesicles, presynaptic cell membrane and mitochondria
Term
Neuromuscular Junction
Definition
Junction between nerve terminal and motor end plate
Motor End Plate, Synaptic Cleft, Striated Muscle Fiber
Term
Synaptic Trough
Definition
depression in muscle fiber that holds motor end plate
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
has subneural clefts to increase surface area
Term
Funciton of Nervous System
Definition
1. Sensation
2. Intergration
3. Response
Term
Sensation
Definition
nervous system sense internal and external environment
Term
Integration
Definition
nervous system interprets and stores information
Term
Response
Definition
nervous system responds to information (usually motor)
Term
Neuron
Definition
single cell of nervous system that propagates action potential
Term
Nerve Fiber
Definition
neuron cell process (dendrite or axon)
Term
nerve
Definition
group of nerve fibers
Term
ganglion
Definition
group of cell bodies in PNS
Term
cell body
Definition
responsible for neuron nutrition
Term
dentrite
Definition
carrie information to cell body
Term
axon
Definition
carries information form cell body to muscle fibers
Term
myeline sheath
Definition
insulation that assists in conduction of impulses
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
Gaps in myeline sheath where impulses leap from node to node
Term
synapse
Definition
junction of two neurons
Term
afferent nerves
Definition
sensory; carries impulses to CNS
Term
efferent nerves
Definition
motor; carried impulses from CNS
Term
Multipolar Neuron
Definition
has many dendrites and one axon
Term
Bipolar Neuron
Definition
one dendrite and one axon
Term
Pseudounipolar neuron
Definition
appears to have one process
Term
Central Nervous System
Definition
Brain and Spinal Cord
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
Spinal and Cranial Nerves containing afferent and efferent nerves
Term
Spinal Nerve
Definition
Form from dorsal and ventral roots exit through intervetbral foramina all except C1 are mixed nerves
Term
Pairs of Spinal Nerves
Definition
31
C1-C8
T1-T12
L1-L5
S1-S5
Cx1
Term
Spinal Nerves Exits
Definition
C1-C7 exit superior to vertebra of same name
C8 exits below C7 vertebrae
T1-Cx1 exits inferior ot vertebra of same name
Term
Nerve Roots
Definition
Ventral-motor
Dorsal-sensory
Term
Dorsal Root Ganglion
Definition
cell bodies of sensory neurons
Term
Anterior Primary Ramus (APR)
Definition
supplies lateral and anterior parts of body
Term
Posterior Primary Ramus (PPR)
Definition
supplies back
Term
Branches of Primary Rami
Definition
Muscular- to muscles
Cutaneous- to skin
Term
PPR Branches
Definition
Muscular to deep muscles on back
Cutaneous to skin on back and neck
Term
APR Branches
Definition
Some Form Plexuses
1. Cervical Plexus C1-C5
2. Brachial Plexus C6-T1
3. Lumbosacracl Plexus L1-S3
Others: to skin on front and to superfical back muscles limbs and front of body
Term
Blood Vessels
Definition
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Term
[image]
Definition
Axon
Term
[image]
Definition
Cell Body
Term
[image]
Definition
Dendrites
Term
[image]
Definition
Myeline Sheath
Term
[image]
Definition
Node of Ranvier
Term
muscles in pectoral region
Definition
Pectoralis Major
Pectoralis Minor
Subclavius
Term
Muscles in Shoulder
Definition
1.Trapezius
2.Latissimus Dorsi
3.Levator Scapulae
4.Rhomboid Major
5.Rhomboid Minor
6.Serratus Anterior
7.Deltoid
8.Supraspinatus
9.Infraspinatus
10.Teres Minor
11.Teres Major
12.Subscapularis
Term
Anterior Compartment of Arm
Definition
Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
Term
Posterior Compartment of Arm
Definition
Triceps Brachii
Anconeus
Brachiradialis
Term
Movements of SC Joint
Definition
Saddle Joint:
Elevation/Depression
Protraction/Retraction
Ratation
Term
Acromioclavicular Joint Ligaments
Definition
Acromioclavicular Ligament
Coracoclavicular Ligament
Coracoarcromial Ligament
Term
Sternoclavicular Joint Ligaments
Definition
Anterior Sternoclavicular Ligament
Posterior Sternoclavicular Ligament
Interclavicular Ligament
Costoclavicular Ligament
Term
Movements of AC Joint
Definition
Plane Joint:
Rotation
Gliding
Term
Attachment of Synovial Membrane on Glenohumeral Joint
Definition
From glenoid labrum to edge of the articular cartilage on head of humerus
Term
Intertubular Diverticulum of Synovial Membrane
Definition
extension of synovial membrane and cavity around the tendon of the long head of the biceps in the intertubercular groove
Term
Ligaments of the Glenohumeral Joint
Definition
Superior Glenohumeral Ligament
Middle Glenohumeral Ligament
Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament
Term
Rotator Cuff
Definition
SITS:
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis
Term
[image]
Definition
Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament
Term
[image]
Definition
Infraspinatus
Term
[image]
Definition
Middle Glenohumeral Ligament
Term
[image]
Definition
Subscapularis
Term
[image]
Definition
Superior Glenohumeral Ligament
Term
[image]
Definition
Supraspinatus
Term
[image]
Definition
Teres Minor
Term
Protraction
Definition
Elevation
Upward Rotation
Abduction
Term
Retraction
Definition
Depression
Downward Rotation
Adduction
Term
[image]
Definition
Axilla:
1. Humerus
2. Latissimus Dorsi
3. Teres Minor
4. Subscapularis
5. Serratus Anterior
6. Pectoralis Major
Term
Contents of Axilla
Definition
Brachial Plexus
Axillary Vein and Artery
Axillary lymph nodes
Fat
Term
Quadrangular Space
Definition
Bound By:
Teres Major Teres Minor Humerus and Long Head of Triceps Brachii.
Contains: Axillary Nerve
Term
Triangular Space
Definition
Bound by: Teres Major Teres Minor and Long Head of Triceps Brachii
Term
Roots
Definition
C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1
Term
C5 branches
Definition
Dorsal Scapular and Long thoracic nerves
Term
Upper Trunk Branches
Definition
Suprascapular and Nerve to Subclavius
Term
Axillary Nerve is in:
Definition
The quadrangular space
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