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Ch. 1-3 Test
Chapters 1-3 Information
112
Anatomy
11th Grade
09/09/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Anterior
Definition
Front side
Term
Posterior
Definition
back side
Term
dorsal
Definition
back
Term
ventral
Definition
front
Term
superior
Definition
above another
Term
inferior
Definition
below another
Term
medial
Definition
towards the vertical midline
Term
lateral
Definition
farther away from the horizontal midline
Term
proximal
Definition

closer to the joint of attachment

ex. the elbow is proximal to the hand

Term
distal
Definition

farther away from the point of attachment

ex.  the hand is distal compared to the elbow

Term
superficial
Definition
near the surface
Term
deep
Definition
deeper into the body
Term
central
Definition
centraly located
Term
peripheral
Definition
located towards the sides of the body
Term
caudal
Definition

towards the tail

does not apply to humans

Term
cranial
Definition
towards the brain/head
Term
cephalic
Definition
towards the brain/head
Term
abdominal
Definition
abdomen/ lower stomach
Term
acromial
Definition
point of shoulder
Term
antebrachial
Definition
lower arm
Term
brachial
Definition
upper arm
Term
buccal
Definition
cheek
Term
carpal
Definition
wrist
Term
celiac
Definition
the abdomen
Term
cervical
Definition
the neck region
Term
coronal
Definition
frontal plane- anterior and posterior
Term
costal
Definition
near the ribs
Term
coxal
Definition
hip
Term
digital
Definition
finger
Term
femoral
Definition
upper leg
Term
frontal
Definition
anterior plane
Term
genital
Definition
lower pelvic
Term
inguinal
Definition
groin
Term
lumbar
Definition
lower back
Term
mammary
Definition
breast
Term
nasal
Definition
nose
Term
oral
Definition
mouth
Term
orbital
Definition
eye cavity
Term
otic
Definition
ear
Term
pectoral
Definition
chest area
Term
pedal
Definition
foot
Term
pelvic
Definition
near the pelvis
Term
sagittal
Definition

right and left planes

vertical line

Term
sternal
Definition
middle of the chest
Term
transverse
Definition

superior and inferior planes

top and bottom

Term
umbilical
Definition
around the belly button
Term
crural
Definition
lower leg
Term
gleuteal
Definition
towards the buttocks
Term
Integumentary System
Definition
  • Composed of hair, skin, nails and billions of cells
  • Protects inner structures from pathogenic material, keeps a normal temperature, provides heat, alleviate some waste (sweat)
  • Produces Vitamin D
Term
Skelatal
Definition
  • Composed of bones and cartilige
  • Provides sturucture and help with movement through joints, produces RBCs and WBCs in the marrow
  • 206 bones
Term
Muscular
Definition
  • All over the body
  • Controls movement- uses oxygen and glucose for cellular respiration or contractile force
  • It's the only tissue that can contract 
Term
Nervous System
Definition
  • CONTROL CENTER-through conduction (electrical impulses
  • Nerves carry out actions
  • Neurons- transport the information around and to the brain
  • Central- brain and spinal cord
  • Peripheral- everything else (limbs)
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
  • Consists of glands that release hormones into the blood stream and adrenal glands that release adrenaline
  • Works with nervous system to help with growth and development, metabolism, reaction to stimlui, sleep patterns, hunger, mood, etc.
Term
Cardio-Vascular System
Definition
  • Consists of heart- which acts as a pump (Blood flow through body and lungs)- and veins and arteries
  • regulates endurance
  • controls blood pressure
Term
Respiratory System
Definition
  • Lungs, diaphram, trachea
  • allows mechanism for taking O2 in and putting CO2 out (cellular respiration)
  • diffuses O2 into blood through capillaries within alveoli
Term
Lymphatic/ Immune System
Definition
  • Consists of WBCs, lymph glands, vessels
  • Uses WBCs to fight off pathogens
  • regulates fluid balance in the blood and organs
  • helps to digest lipids in the digestive track
Term
Digestive System
Definition
  • From the mouth to the anus- mouth, esophagus, small and large intestine, stomach
  • supplies nutrients to the body- lipids, carbs, vitamins, minerals, amino acids, nucleic acid
  • alleviates solid waste
  • nutrient absorbment takes place in the sm. intestine
Term
Urinary System
Definition
  • Consists of the bladder, kidneys, urethra, ureters
  • filter blood of nitrogenous waste
  • maintins fluid, pH, mineral, and electrolyte levels
Term
Posterior cavaties
Definition

Cranial (brain)

Vertabral (spinal cord)

Term
Anterior Cavaties
Definition

Thoracic- pericardial (heart), mediasitum (trachea, heart) nnnnnnnl right and left pleural (lungs)

 

Abnominal (digestive)

 

Pelvic (urinary)

Term
Membranes
Definition

Posterior- Meninges (3)

 

Anterior- Serous

Term
Serous Membranes
Definition

Layer 1: Visceral layer- in contact with the organ itself

Layer 2: Serous fluid- similar fluid as fluid found between other layers in other cavities

Layer 3: Parietal Layer- the outer most layer

Term
Kidneys
Definition
They sit outside of the peritoneal membrane- they are RETROPERITONEAL to the other abdominopelvic organs
Term
Pleura
Definition
Serous membranes that line around the lungs
Term
Peritoneum
Definition
serous membrane that lines around the heart
Term
Peritoneum
Definition
serous membrane that lines the abdomen
Term
axial portion
Definition

head

neck

trunk: thorax, abdomen

Term
Appendicular portions
Definition
limbs and girdles (pelvic or pectoral)
Term
levels of organization
Definition

atom
molecule

organelle

cell

tissue

organ

organ system

organism 

Term
positive feedback
Definition

an ever greater change in the same direction

 

ex. heart attack

Term
negative feedback
Definition

the mechanism that works to keep the body at homeostatic levels

 

the sensor: detects a change and signals the regularoty system (input)

the regulatory center: recognizes the values outside of the normal range and activates the effector (CNS- processing)

an effector: recieves the info and reverses the change (output)

 

ex. home heating system

Term
regulatory systems are...
Definition

nervous system

endocrine system

Term
posterior cavity
Definition

cranial:  brain

 

vertabral:  spinal cord

Term
anterior cavity
Definition
  • thoracic:
    • mediasitum- trachea, heart
    • pericardial- heart
    • pleural- lungs
  • abdominal:  abdomen, digestive system
  • pelvic: pelvis, urinary system
Term
posterior membrane
Definition
meninges
Term
anterior membrane
Definition

serous:

 1) visceral layer- in contact with the organ, protects abcorgan, reduces friction

2) serous fluid- found between the two layers, cusions abcthe organs

3) parietal layer- the outermost layer, reduces friction abcbetween organ and cavity walls, serves as abcprotection

Term
monomers of macromolecules
Definition

carbs: monosaccharids (simple sugars)

lipids: phospholipids, fatty acid chain, glycerol group

proteins: amino acids

nucleic acid: nucleotides

Term
concentration gradient
Definition

a concentration of solutes in a solution

(salt in water)

Term
diffusion
Definition
movement of solutes; direction determined by concentrations
Term
osmosis
Definition
movent of water through a semi-permeable surface; direction determined by % of the solute
Term
filtration
Definition
small molecules will pass through; larger molecules will be left out
Term
active transport
Definition
transport of a solute through a semi-permeable membrane that requires ATP
low-> high
Term
endocytosis
Definition
molecules move into the cell
Term
exocytosis
Definition
molecules move out of the cell
Term
sodium- potassium pump
Definition

regulates neural cell communication

/.\  \./

Term
cell wall
Definition
structure and protection
Term
nucleus
Definition
stores DNA in nucleolous, control center
Term
vacuole
Definition
storage space
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
jelly-like, holds nutrients
Term
E.R.
Definition
programs the proteins
Term
cell membrane
Definition
lets good molecules through
Term
ribosomes
Definition
make proteins
Term
golgi apparatus
Definition
packages the proteins into the vacuoles/ vesicles
Term
mitochondria
Definition
source of ATP
Term
lysosomes
Definition
digest waste
Term
interphase
Definition

cell develops

DNA replicates

Term
prophase
Definition

chromatin will wind up and become chromosomes

nuclear membrane begins to disappear

centrioles and spindle fibers appear

neucleolus disappears

Term
metaphase
Definition

chromosomes line up on the equator

chromosomes attach to spindle fibers

centromeres split

Term
anaphase
Definition

chromosomes begin to move to opposite poles

spindles shorten

Term
telophase
Definition

chromosomes will unravel into chromatin

cell membrane begins to pinch in in the middle- forming clevage

membranes will begin to form

 

Term
cytokinesis
Definition
cell will split- 2 daughter cells will be formed
Term
cell membrane (non-polar)
Definition

[image]

 

Term
aerobic respiration
Definition
needs oxygen to function
Term
anerobic
Definition
does not need oxygen to function
Term
specialization
Definition

when a cell has more of a certain organelle than usual to help preform its tasks

 

ex: lysosomes in WBCs or sperm cells

mitochondria in sperm cells or muscle cells

Term
protein synthesis
Definition

the making of proteins

 

  1. the DNA gets transcribed into mRNA
  2. mRNA leaves nucleus and goes through the cytoplasm to the ribosomes
  3. the amino acids (proper ingredients) are then brought to the ribosomes by the tRNA
  4. the amino acids are linked and are connected by peptide bonds
  5. they become a polypeptide chain, or the protein
Term
cellular respiration
Definition
  • ATP is produced (adenosine tri-phosphate)
  • 38 molecules of ATP from 1 glucose molecule
  • occurs in the mitochondria
Term
structure of mitochondria to help cellular respiration
Definition

the inner membrane is highly folded to allow for more surface area for chemical reactions to take place

 

semi-permeable membrane allows glucose in and ATP out

Term
glycolysis
Definition

stage 1 of cellular respiration

 

•glucose is broken down into pyruvate

•carbs also converted

•makes 2 molecules of ATP

•anerobic

Term
Krebs Cycle
Definition

stage 2 of cellular respiration

 

series of reactions that produce energy-storing molecules in anerobic respiration

2 molecules of ATP produced

Term
electron transport chain
Definition

3rd stage of cellular respiration

 

aerobic respiration

large amounts of ATP (34 moleclues) is produced in an "etc"

Term
characteristics of water
Definition

•universal solvent- aids in ionization of salts and electrolytes within the body: it's polar

 

•cohesive- allows blood vessels to be filled; even distribution throughout the body: it's polar and it's held together by hydrogen bonds

 

•high heat of vaporization- resistant to small change in temperature: 

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