Term
| Tennessee's 3 grand divisions |
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Blue Ridge/Unaka Mountains
Ridge and Valley of East TN
Cumberland Plateau
Eastern Highland Rim
Central Basin of Nashville
Western Highland Rim
Mississippi River Coastal Alluvial Plain
Mississippi River Valley |
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Mississippi River
Tennessee River
Cumberland River |
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Forms western border for TN
West TN is covered by several streams, swamps, and lakes that flow into the Mississippi River |
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| Forms near Knoxville, flows southwesterly into Alabama, loops north back through TN to Kentucky border |
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| Drains northern middle TN |
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Arrived 12,000-15,000 years ago
Ice Age hunters followed animals to the TN area
Camped in caves and rock shelters
Left behind arrowheads and spear points once used for hunting big game animals
12,000 years ago, climate became warmer and the vegetation changed from coniferous to deciduous forest |
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Between 8,000 and 900 BC
Descendants of the Paleo-Indians
Began to settle on river terraces and gathered wild plants, shellfish, and hunted game
Between 3,000 and 900 BC, started cultivating squash and gourds (first step towards agriculture)
More reliable food supply = populations expand and settle in villages |
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| First step towards agriculture |
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Definition
Archaic Period
Between 3,000 and 900 BC, started cultivating squash and gourds |
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1,000 BC to 1,000 AD
Introduction of pottery, settled farming communities, construction of burial mounds and growing stratification of Indian society
Transition from hunter-gatherer societies to well-organized tribal, agricultural societies in large, permanent towns |
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900-1,600 AD
New and improved strains of corn and beans = population increase
Increase in territorial warfare and ceremonial temples and public structures = growing role of chieftains and tribalism
Elaborate pottery styles and personal artifacts (combs, pipes, jewelry) = complex society |
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Cherokee
Shawnee
Choctaw
Chickasaw |
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| Built villages along Hiwassee and Little Tennessee Rivers |
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| Settled in Cumberland River country, but driven out by 1715 by Chickasaw and Cherokee |
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| Settled in territory west of the Tennessee River |
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| Spanish Exploration: De Soto, Juan Pardo |
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Definition
Introduced diseases that led to the decline of the prehistoric tribes
New tribes replaced prehistoric tribes
Firearms brought new hunting techniques and warfare
Indians grew dependent on colonial fur trade
Supplied European traders with deer and beaver hides in exchange for guns, rum, and other manufactured items
Dependence on the Europeans led the Indians away from self-sufficiency
Hernando de Soto and Juan Pardo |
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First European in TN
Searching for gold and silver |
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| Completed two later expeditions |
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| Early explorers: Needham, Arthur, Marquette, Joliet |
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James Needham and Gabriel Arthur - English traders from Charles Town, SC who hoped to establish trade with Cherokee
Father Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet - came down from the Mississippi River to claim its valley in the name of the King of France |
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| Traders: Chartier, Cummings |
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Definition
Lived among the Indians
Became the link between tribesmen, colonial governments, and international markets
Employed Indians to hunt beaver skins and deer pelts to be shipped to Charles Town and New Orleans |
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English soliders built this fort near present-day Vonore to keep the divided Cherokee loyal
Plan backfired when Cheokee laid siege and starved out the garrison
Most of the inhabitants were massacred on their march to captivity |
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Term
| Overmountain men/settlers |
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Definition
Virginians and North Carolinians ignored British prohibitions and settled on Indian lands in East TN
By 1770s, four communities had been established in northeastern TN on:
-Watauga River
-North Holston
-Nolichucky
-Carter's Valley
Frontier diplomacy changed - possession of land, not trading privileges, became the white man's goal
Most whites started squatting illegally on Indian land
Settlers negotiated leases for their farms from the Cherokee |
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The settlers' desire for land brought conflict with the Indians along with their desire for remote government from Great Britain
A model of self-government for people who had migrated beyond from the reach of organized government
Persistence to settle on Indian lands still prompted hostility from Indians who allied with the British in future conflicts |
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1776 - Cherokee launched attacks on East TN settlements
John Sevier led the Wataugans to stop the onslaught and led the counterattack
Invaded the Cherokee and torched their towns
Disaster for the Cherokee to side with the British during the American Revolution - reduce tribe's military power; settlement increased into their lands |
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Term
| Kings Mountain, South Carolina |
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Definition
Autumn 1780
Backwoodsmen and farmers destroyed a British and Tory army
TN militia played a key role and saved the Patriot cause in the region
Started the chain reaction of events that ended a year later with Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown |
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The Revolution opened the door to settle frontier land west of the Cumberland River
Been traveling to Cumberland country since the 1760s
Trapped and hunted in Middle TN and brought stories back home
Men sent out to survey the land in prospects for settlement |
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Future site of Nashville
James Robertson, a long hunter, led a group of 300 pioneers in winter and spring of 1779
John Donelson led a flotilla with several women and children down the TN River and up the Cumberland River |
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A long hunter
Led a group of 300 pioneers in winter and spring of 1779 |
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| Led a flotilla with several women and children down the TN River and up the Cumberland River |
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| Drew a map as a guide for prospective immigrants |
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Groups of settlers established several fortified stations across the Central Basin in search of good farm land
Attacked he settlers for 14 years
Almost all families lost someone in the fighting
Settlements continued to grow; Indian attacks faded |
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Term
| North Carolina western counties |
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Definition
Six counties formed the western counties of NC between 1777 and 1788
East TN
-Washinton
-Sullivan
-Greene
Middle District
-Davidson
-Sumner
-Tennessee
Tennesseans did not have a political vote
Also did not get protection from government
North Carolina did not want to pay and maintain distant settlements
The counties wanted protection from Indians and the right to navigate the Mississippi River but requests were ignored by North Carolina |
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In 1784, frustrated East Tennesseans formed the state of Franklin
John Sevier named governor
State operated independently, but not recognized as an independent government
Ceased to exist in 1788 |
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| Governor of the State of Franklin |
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April 1781
Chickamauga felt that the settlers were affecting the wildlife and attacked Fort Nashborough
The fort's men ran after them and left the women and children in fort
More Indians came to attack and a woman thought of sending out trained dogs to attack
Dogs scared the Indians away from the fort |
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Territorial governor of the Southwest Territory
Involved in land speculation, where large amounts of land were acquired in hopes that the immigration to these land will drive the prices up
The territorial government focused on land settlement and Indian relations |
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Indian warfare rose again in 1792 particularly for the Cumberland settlements
Federal government would not help
James Robertson organized a strike to invade the Chickamauga country
His strike burned the Lower Towns and eliminated the threat from that region |
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Senator of TN in 1795
Voted by the legislature in a constitutional convention in Knoxville to discuss statehood
Cocke helped organize TN into a state with a government and constitution
Congress approved the admission of TN as the 16th state on June 1, 1796 |
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| Cocke helped organize TN into a state with a government and constitution |
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Indian threat declined, the pace of settlement in TN increased
In 1806, TN began to sell unclaimed land for cheap
Treaties with the Cherokee and Chickasaw opened up south-central TN and most of the Cumberland Plateau lands to settlers
TN now had jurisdiction from the eastern border to Middle TN |
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| Many were made in the 2-story James White Fort |
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Knoxville, TN - state capital from 1796 to 1812
James White and his fort |
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Founder and Knoxville
Fought in the Revolutionary War and granted 1,000 acres of land for his service
Built a 2-story fort where many treaties withe Indians were made
Set aside land for the town of Knoxville and land was sold off for settlement |
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Term
| Murfreesboro and Nashville |
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Definition
Nashville became the state capital from 1812-1817
Capital returned to Knoxville briefly
General Assembly met in Murfreesboro from 1818 to 1826
Nashville became the permanent capital in 1826 |
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1791 - 10% of TN population were African American
1810 - 20% of TN population were African American |
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Term
| Cotton market, cotton gin |
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Definition
More black slaves were brought to TN following the invention of the cotton gin and the rise of the cotton market
Many free blacks lived in TN
Slavery in Middle TN more than in East TN - East TN was too mountainous for crops |
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Started the first newspaper in the US devoted to freeing the slaves, called the Manumission Intelligencer/Emancipator
By the 1820s, East TN became a central place for abolitionism |
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| Manumission Intelligencer/Emancipator |
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The first newspaper in the US devoted to freeing the slaves
Started by Elihu Embree |
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Cash crops - easily transported, very profitable, and could be worked on large farms with slave labor
Corn, cotton, and tobacco were TN's main cash crops
Rivers transported the crops to market |
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Ironworks grew in East TN by skilled men from Pennsylvania
Middle TN's ironmasters built several furnaces and forges because of the large amount of iron ores in the western Highland Rim
Both free men and slaves dug the ore and operated the mills |
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| Religious groups: Doak, Craighead |
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Revered Samuel Doak of East TN and Revered Thomas Craighead of Middle TN
Both founded academies in the 1790s that were the forerunners to educational institutions |
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Western settlement and expansion started to push into Creek territory
Tecumseh and his brother, the Prophet, led a warlike confederacy to stop the white settlement |
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Led the state's representatives (the War Hawks) in Congress to go to war with Great Britain because of their ties with the Indians
TN's delegation voted unanimously for the War of 1812 |
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The Prophet prophesied that the earth would tremble as a sign of the struggle between the Indians and the white settlers
A series of massive earthquakes seemed to confirm his prophecy
Created Reelfoot Lake as a result |
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There were very few formal churches
Self-taught ministers would preach in camp meetings in so-called frontier religions
These revivals were the main strategies through which the Baptist and Methodist faiths gained members (these two groups did not insist on educated clergy) |
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Became a colonel in a militia in TN
Elected to the TN state legislature in 1821
Elected to the US House of Representatives in 1826
Very opposed to Jackson's views
Lost election of 1834 and left for Texas |
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War faction of the Creek Nation led by Chief William Weatherford with help from McIntosh
Massacred 250 men, women, and children at Fort Mims, Alabama
In response, Governor Willie Blount placed 2,500 volunteers under command of Andrew Jackson against the Red Sticks |
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Jackson's 1813-1814 campaign became known as Crrek War, the Southern phase of the War of 1812
Won the Battle of Tohopeka (Horseshoe Bend) despite lack of supplies and support from War Department
Destoryed Creek military power
Appointed major general in the US Army
Met up with the British army in New Orleans
Battle of New Orleans - hundreds of British dead, only 23 Americans dead
Put Jackson in the spotlight to become president three years later |
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Term
| William Weatherford, McIntosh |
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| Weatherford and McIntosh led the war faction of the Creek Nation |
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The Battle of Tohopeka
Jackson's men won despite lack of supplies and support from War Department |
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TN's delegation voted unanimously for the War of 1812
Jackson's 1813-1814 campaign became known as Creek War, the Southern phase of the War of 1812 |
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Negotiated by Jackson and Governor Isaac Shelby of Kentucky
Extended TN's western boundary to the Mississippi River
Also opened up new agricultural region for settlement |
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Brief economic depression after several years of heavy settlement of people and a booming land market
Ruined most banks of many families
TN's economy bounced back quickly due to West TN becoming a center of the South's cotton boom |
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| Discuss the land, resources, and significance of the three major divisions of TN and the physiographic regions |
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| Tennessee is comprised of three key divisions: East (mountains and valleys), Middle (plateau, basin, and foothills) and West (plains). There are three prominent rivers in Tennessee. These are the Tennessee River, the Cumberland River, and the Mississippi River. Due to these three important rivers as well as an ample amount of rain, we have very fertile soil here in Tennessee. We also have a long, temperate growing season which is an excellent for the agriculture. Tennessee’s prime crops are tobacco, cotton, and soybeans. Tennessee has several physiographic regions, which are the Blue Ridge/Unaka Mountains, East Tennessee Ridge and Valley, Cumberland Plateau, Eastern Highland Rim, Central Basin of Nashville, Western Highland Rim, Mississippi River Coastal Alluvial Plain, and Mississippi River Valley. |
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| Discuss the important traits and lifeways of the Native American populations in TN from Paleo-Indian times through the early Historic period |
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| The Paleo-Indians came first from around 12,000 to 15,000 BC. They were nomadic hunters and gatherers who lived and traveled in groups. They used tools (including spears and arrowheads) for hunting and starting fires. All their food came from hunting. As the temperature started rising, the animals became extinct, which made the next society of Indians come into play and lived along the river in caves and shelters made from rocks. They ate shellfish, animals they killed from hunting, and plants. This was called the Archaic Period. It took place from 8,000 to 900 BC. Groups of Native Americans became more organized and farming was initiated with this society. The population of this group increased due to better food supply and transportation. The next society of Indians came to be known as the Woodland Period. This era was from 1,000 BC to 1,000 AD. Pottery, farming communities, and burial mounds were introduced. At this time, there was a transformation from a society of hunters and gatherers to one of organized tribes in lasting towns. Next came the Mississippian Period. It lasted from 900 to 1,600 AD. The population increased once again because of the improved corn and bean production. Chieftains and tribalism grew as well. The population decreased starting in 1541 when Hernando de Soto introduced many new diseases. Several new tribes were created: Cherokee, Shawnee, Choctaw, and Chickasaw. The Shawnee eventually left because they were attacked by the Chickasaw and Cherokee tribes. |
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| Discuss the important events and individuals involved in the process of bringing TN into statehood |
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| Tennessee became the sixteenth state of the Union on June 1st, 1796. John Sevier, William Cocke, James Robertson, and William Blount all helped tremendously in Tennessee becoming a state. John Sevier became the governor, William Blount and William Cocke were senators, and Andrew Jackson was chosen to be representative. Some events that took place to help boost Tennessee into statehood were the Cherokee and Chickasaw tribes forming a treaty with the settlers, giving them more land, the “Great Land Grab” of 1783 which increased the population, and the census of 1795 which revealed the population was large enough to become a state. |
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| Discuss how and why settlements like Knoxville and Nashville became centers for commerce and activity |
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| The locations of Knoxville and Nashville is the reason they became centers for commerce and activity. Because they were near rivers, it was simple for goods to be transported. They were good locations for farming due to the fertile soil. Both of these places have been the capital of Tennessee. Knoxville was capital from 1796 to 1812. Nashville became the capital in 1812 and was until 1817 when Knoxville once again was the capital. In 1826, Nashville emerged as capital again and still is today. |
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