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| Lord’s estate, Manor house (Lord, wife, kids, immediate servants), church (owned by Priest), land for faming -> peasants work on the fields, resources. |
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| Widespread exchange of plants (+), animals (+), food (+), humans (+) slaves, diseases (-), and ideas (+) between the “Old World” and the “New Columbian-founded World.” |
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| o One who enters into mutual obligations with a monarch, of military support and mutual protection in exchange for certain guarantees. |
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| o Conflict between church and state in Medieval Europe. Popes angered monarch was in control of appointments of church officials. |
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| o Puts stress on shoulder, more control. Easier to control than oxen (horse=fast, ox=slow) |
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| o Crop rotation to maintain/ensure nourished land in the fields, only one third of the land is fallow now two as in the “two-field.” |
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| o “Bubonic Plague,” passed along trade routes, history of disease squirrels->fleas->rats; 20 million died during first bout, 1:3 dead:living ratio; worse each year. |
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o Association of craftsmen, trade unions, group based on trade, pursuits -> protect mutual interests (maintain standards).
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| o Grammar, rhetoric, history, literature, ethics, Roman and Greek material; “Classical education,” Religion-> civic societies, Germany-> own university branch (Basic Education), philosophy of living for other humans, support system; science and nature...answer from those two. |
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| o Controlled Bahamas…Islands, encountered by Spanish in the West Indies, “Native people,” many died due to European diseases such as small pox. |
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| o 60-90ft long ships, good in open choppy ocean, carried men and supplies across the Atlantic. |
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| o (Conquerors) Military technology (Spanish) body armor, gun powder, converting people for church, “Exportation of violence.” |
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| o Last Sapa Inca emperor of the Incan Empire, died from “New” disease…small pox, Befriended Spaniard Francisco Pizarro. |
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| o “rebirth,” classical antiquity (art, architecture, litature) Humanism/universities, Christianity and religious symbolism, and Reason and Faith. |
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| o Remission of temporal punishment for sins which have already been forgiven, rewarded for specific good works and prayers. |
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| o Hopp, grindstone, (Fulling mill)-> raw cloth->Chemical Bath->mallets=softer cloth, saw mills, bellower, grew larger and more popular over time. More holidays and more leisure time. |
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| o Christian Church, division and controversies; (Martin Luther 1483-1546)-> Indulgences; Faith and Bible, 95 thesis; Church response…significance=protestant work ethic. |
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| o Argument about facts/view with people, who’s right?; changed attitudes with machine development, reveal secrets of Nature/World; Instrument makers-> humble craftsmen; Practical application of science, know->do! Science over church; Scientific Method. |
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| o New ways to think, scientific method, Newton’s Principia, investigation phenomena, how to acquire new knowledge, and reasoning. |
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| o Social class of people, ownership of capital and the related culture, Middle/Merchant class, power from- Employment, education and wealth. |
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| o Corporation, 2+ legal persons, ownership/stock issued by company for returns (dividends), owning stock/share. |
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| o Mutual organization providing trading facilities for the stock brokers and traders, payment of income/dividends. |
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| o “Well born” and “well bred” people, social class of the minor aristocracy, noble background, good family. |
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| o City in France, old rulers were directly under the King of France, Black plague and 100 year war->death and destruction…needed to rebuild from 100 people. |
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| o Power given to sub-national governments, but centralized in one location where all the sub governments report in. |
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| o The “Triangle Trade” routes (see charts), movement of slaves in “Middle Passage,” goods and ideas also traded and passes along. |
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| o Association formed by investor or shareholders for the purpose of trade, exploration, and colonization, more capital needed ->private investors! |
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| o Everything=privately controlled, goods/capital are traded in markets, profits given to owners or invested in technologies and industries. |
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| o Holds the prosperity of a nation is dependent upon its supply of capital, ruling governments have overriding control with tariffs. |
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| o “Slave Trade,” African slaves to West Indies and to North America; moved thousands of African slaves to work over in the “New World.” |
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| Ocean merchant ship, small crew, low super structure, large cargo hold, cheap and standardized. |
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| A branch off of Protestantism. |
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| Exchange Bank in Amsterdam- |
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| European Colonial Expansion- |
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| (1492-1762) Rapid grown after columbus, all attention turned towards the West. |
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| Massive ship, huge cargo bay to transport treasure (gold and silver) back to Spain from the "New World." |
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| Academies, Journals (Virtual Witnessing), Lavish (cautions publications), gave cohesion and protection to scientific experimentation (Easy yes/no conclusion), marks end of scientific revolution. |
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| consideration/study about what counts as knowledge. |
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| Heliocentric model (all planets revolve around the Sun), seeks for church's approval. |
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| Tychonic model (geocentric; Sun and Moon around Earth, everything else around Sun), gained church's approval. |
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| Keplerian model (Heliocentric with everything revolving around the sun). |
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| Mountains on the Moon, 4 moons orbiting Jupiter, spots on the Sun; builds interest and popularity, gives nobles telescopes as gifts, helps key individuals replicate his observations (clever!). |
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| Aristotle teachings blended with religious teachings. |
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