Term
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Definition
| A branch of the sympathetic nervous system that secretes catecholamines, epinephrine and norepinephrine. |
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Definition
| Converts a small fraction of the cell’s supply of ATP into cAMP. |
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Term
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Definition
| An adrenal cortical steroid that plays an important role in regulating both Na+ content, and with ADH, extracellular fluid volume. |
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Definition
| The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland that secretes six glycoprotein hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| The catecholamine epinephrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| After a meal the period during which the body receives nutrients from food in the intestine. |
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Term
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Definition
| Excess androgen that masculinizes the genitalia of female fetuses if the mother has the defect. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which the supply of adrenal steroids is inadequate, either due to damage to the adrenals themselves or to failure of ACTH secretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as vasopressin, ADH increases the rate of recovery of water from collecting ducts in the kidney; thus, it promotes water conservation and the production of scanty, concentrated urine. |
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Term
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Definition
| The adenohypophysis or pars distalis. |
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Term
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Definition
| A plasma protein that splits off angiotensin I when renin acts on it. |
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Term
| Atrial natriuretic factor |
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Definition
| A peptide hormone released by the muscle fibers of the atria that, along with ADH and aldosterone, regulates kidney function. |
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Term
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Definition
| The rate of energy use that is unrelated to specific body activities such as eating, exercise, or keeping warm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Converts to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). |
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Term
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Definition
| Excessive plasma alkalinity. |
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Term
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Definition
| A fatty acid present in plasma membranes. |
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Term
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Definition
| An important second messenger involved in activating secretion in exocrine and endocrine glands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones are recognized by these membrane-spanning receptors that then generate an intracellular second messenger. |
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Term
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Definition
| A condition in which excessive adrenal activity is generally the result of excessive secretion of ACTH. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein matrix that acts as a reservoir for iodine accumulated in the thyroid from the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the thyroid that stimulates bone calcification. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific proteins that carry steroid hormones in the blood as complexes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The major Ca++ binding protein for smooth muscle and nonmuscle cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits gastric emptying, and stimulates gall bladder contractions to increase delivery of digestive enzymes to duodenum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Failure of the pancreas to secrete adequate insulin. |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the GI tract that secretes a large number of peptide hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A structure specialized for production and secretion of hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peptide hormones involved in the process by which the body modulates its own pain sensitivity. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A signaling substance that is a hydrophobic molecule that diffuses freely within the plasma membrane and acts on a specific family of protein kinases (C kinases) distinct from that affected by cyclic nucleotides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Peptide hormones involved in the process by which the body modulates its own pain sensitivity. |
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Term
| Cyclic Adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) |
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Definition
| The cyclic nucleotide that acts as a second messenger. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protrusion of the eyes due to hyperthyroidism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mediator secreted by the stomach that stimulates secretion of acid and pepsin by the gastric mucosa. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that acts on the hematopoietic tissue of flat bones to stimulate the production of red blood cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of reproductive cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| The gonadal female sex hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by the adrenal medulla, a catecholamine that is an important hormone, along with cortisol and glucagon, of the postabsorptive state. |
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Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Definition
| One of two gonadotropins secreted by the adenohypophysis that control gonadal mass and function. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test for the clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in which the patient fasts until the postabsorptive state is reached, then ingests a glucose meal. |
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Term
| Glucose-dependent insulinotropic hormone (GIP) |
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Definition
| A hormone released in response to the appearance of a carbohydrate meal in the duodenum and stimulates an early release of insulin in advance of the appearance of the glucose in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fraction of blood volume that is red blood cells. |
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Term
| Gonadotropin releasing factor (GNRF) |
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Definition
| Secreted by the hypothalamus to control the secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. |
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Term
| Human growth hormone (HGH) |
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Definition
| A hormone that plays a central role in the control of growth throughout the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by the pancreas, a hormone, along with cortisol and epinephrine, that is important in the postabsorptive state. |
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Term
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Definition
| A test for the clinical diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in which the patient fasts until the postabsorptive state is reached, then ingests a glucose meal. |
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Term
| Glucose-dependent insulinotropic hormone (GIP) |
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Definition
| A hormone released in response to the appearance of a carbohydrate meal in the duodenum and stimulates an early release of insulin in advance of the appearance of the glucose in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fraction of blood volume that is red blood cells. |
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Term
| Gonadotropin releasing factor (GNRF) |
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Definition
| Secreted by the hypothalamus to control the secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. |
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Term
| Human growth hormone (HGH) |
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Definition
| A hormone that plays a central role in the control of growth throughout the body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by the pancreas, a hormone, along with cortisol and epinephrine, that is important in the postabsorptive state. |
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Term
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Definition
| A decrease in the volume of the circulating blood. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A special variety of blood circulation that involves two sets of capillaries connected by one or more portal veins. |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of mental retardation cause by early thyroid deficiency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Endocrine cells embedded in the exocrine tissue that secrete three major protein hormones: glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein hormone released by adipose cells in proportion to their stored fat content that acts on the CNS to suppress appetite. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A disorder of body fluid distribution caused by excessive production of mucopolysaccharides in tissues. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of two gonadotropins secreted by the adenohypophysis that control gonadal mass and function. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that stimulates periodic waves of contraction in the postabsorptive gut, which we identify as “stomach growling.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons whose synapses release substances that pass into the blood and act as hormones. |
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Term
| Melanocyte-stimulating hormones |
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Definition
| A family of hormones included in the POMC sequence that are important in animals that change color, but apparently have no normal function in humans. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone secreted by the pineal gland that plays an important role in synchronizing the twenty-four-hour cycle of the body and promoting rest during darkness. |
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Term
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Definition
| An extension of the hypothalamus that contains the axon terminals of neurosecretory hypothalamic neurons. |
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Term
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Definition
| The octapeptide hormone primarily associated with labor and breast-feeding. |
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Term
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Definition
| Releases the octapeptide hormone oxytocin. |
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Term
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Definition
| The major transmitter chemical released by sympathetic postganglionic fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
| A small protein that may range from as few as three amino acids to about thirty amino acids. |
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Term
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Definition
| The catecholamine norepinephrine. |
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Term
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Definition
| A the hormone of the parathyroids that regulates bone growth and plasma Ca++ levels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structure within the cell that interacts with mainly steroid hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| A membrane-bound enzyme that splits a small fraction of the plasma membrane’s phospholipid (phosphoinositol) into two signaling substances: inositol trisphosphate (ITP or IP3) and diacylglycerol. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that prepares breasts for lactation and mobilizes maternal nutrients for uptake by fetus. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that converts cAMP to an inactive form. |
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Term
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Definition
| The neurohypophysis or pars nervosa of the pituitary gland. |
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Term
| posttranslational processing |
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Definition
| A process that snips the prohormone’s sequence at various points to yield the shorter sequences of the various hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Within a few hours after a meal, the body enters this state in which it is no longer receiving nutrients from food in the intestine and must begin to draw upon its reserves of stored energy. |
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Term
| Renal erythropoietic factor |
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Definition
| A factor released when the kidney experiences an inadequate supply of oxygen that stimulates the synthesis of the hormone erythropoietin. |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein sequence in which the primary transcript of the gene is translated and serves as a prohormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| The major class of eicosanoids that are key mediators in the control of blood flow and inflammation. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme secreted by the kidney that is a protease that acts on angiotensinogen to split off angiotensin I. |
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Term
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Definition
| A physiologically inactive precursor of a hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that has a critical role in sustaining milk production and in inhibiting reproductive cycling during lactation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gonadal female sex hormones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Activated kinases attach phosphate groups to intracellular enzymes, activating (or inhibiting) them—an example of allosteric regulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A somatotropin release-inhibiting factor that also serves as a GI tract hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relays a hormone’s effect to molecules and structures inside the cell, amplifying the effect of one hormone binding event by acting on several intracellular targets. |
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Term
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Definition
| The pocket in the sphenoid bone that encloses the pituitary gland. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A hormone that inhibits gastric acid secretion, stimulates alkali secretion by exocrine pancreas. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A limited subset of body tissues affected by a given hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thyroid hormone that has four (T4) atoms of iodine bound to the two benzene rings of each hormone molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| An aromatic amino acid from which the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine and the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) are derived. |
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Term
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Definition
| A thyroid hormone that has three (T3) atoms of iodine bound to the two benzene rings of each hormone molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| One of the two main hormones secreted by the thyroid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormones that control the function of other endocrine glands. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The Ca++ binding protein in skeletal and cardiac muscle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Millions compose the thyroid gland. Each follicle consists of a single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells surrounding a central space filled with colloid. |
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