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TCN A&P Ch. 8
The Senses
113
Anatomy
Professional
03/14/2012

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Term
Antigravity reflexes
Definition
Maintain head position vertical with respect to gravity, restore erect posture in response to a sudden tilt, and maintain fixed-eye gaze when the head moves unpredictably.
Term
Aortic bodies
Definition
Scattered throughout the thoracic arteries, bodies that contain chemoreceptors that are sensitive to the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood and secondarily sensitive to the acidity of the blood and the partial pressure of CO2.
Term
Annulospiral ending
Definition
In skeletal muscle, the first type of nerve ending of the stretch receptors that wraps itself around the center of a nuclear bag muscle fiber.
Term
Ampulla
Definition
A bulb-like structure at the end of each semicircular canal.
Term
Aqueous humor
Definition
In the eye, a fluid secreted by the ciliary body and reabsorbed into venous sinuses of the sclera.
Term
Accommodation
Definition
The effect of the muscle fibers controlling the shape of the lens, focusing an image on the retina.
Term
Auditory meatus
Definition
Part of the external auditory canal of the outer ear.
Term
Baroreceptors
Definition
Detect the stretch of arteries at strategic sites in the vascular tree, monitoring arterial blood pressure.
Term
Auditory tube
Definition
Also known as the eustachian tube, it connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx.
Term
Basilar membrane
Definition
The floor of the cochlear duct.
Term
Auditory ossicles
Definition
Bones that couple the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
Term
Auricle
Definition
The visible shell-like projection that surrounds the opening of the auditory canal.
Term
Best resonant frequency
Definition
Structures vibrate preferentially at a frequency that is determined by their physical dimensions and material composition.
Term
Binocular vision
Definition
The result of the visual fields of the two eyes overlapping.
Term
Circumvallate papillae
Definition
Taste bud projections on the tongue that form an inverted V near the back of the tongue.
Term
Cochlea
Definition
In the ear, the organ of sound transduction.
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
Monitor the chemical composition of body fluids.
Term
Chromophore
Definition
In the retina, part of the photopigment that actually absorbs light energy.
Term
Carotid bodies
Definition
Small structures located on the carotid sinus that contain chemoreceptors that are sensitive to the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood and secondarily sensitive to the acidity of the blood and the partial pressure of CO2.
Term
Bipolar cells
Definition
In the eye, calls that provide a direct pathway from receptors to the ganglion cells.
Term
Ciliary body
Definition
A ring of tissue that supports the lens.
Term
Eustachian tube
Definition
Connects the middle ear cavity with the pharynx.
Term
Cornea
Definition
A transparent structure that allows light to enter the eye.
Term
Convergence
Definition
A function in which the same retinal cell will be contributing to the message relayed by a number of ganglion cells.
Term
Dorsal cochlear nuclei
Definition
Once the vestibuloauditory nerve enters the brain stem, the pathway branches to the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei and the superior olivary nucleus of the brain stem.
Term
Cones
Definition
A photoreceptor within the inner layer of the retina.
Term
Emmetrophia
Definition
In the eye, images fall into focus without accommodation for objects that are about six meters away.
Term
Endolymph
Definition
A fluid of the scala media.
Term
Cortical microcolumn
Definition
The neurons of the visual cortex that are arranged in six horizontal layers.
Term
External auditory canal
Definition
The outer ear consisting of an air-filled passage that extends through the auditory meatus to the tympanic membrane or eardrum.
Term
Glomerulus
Definition
Located within the olfactory bulb, the neurons synapse on mitral cells that occur in clusters.
Term
Golgi tendon organs
Definition
Make inhibitory connections on the corresponding spinal motor neurons so that when a tendon is dangerously strained, the motor neurons serving the muscle will become less active.
Term
ganglion cells
Definition
Third-order cells whose axons project through the optic nerve to the thalamus.
Term
fovea
Definition
A tiny spot in the center of the macula lutea that contains only cones.
Term
Fungiform papillae
Definition
Small taste buds that are scattered over the entire tongue.
Term
Helicotrema
Definition
A hole at the apex of the cochlea that connects the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani.
Term
Fibrous tunic
Definition
The external wall of the eyeball, taking the form of the sclera.
Term
Incus
Definition
One of the three auditory ossicles.
Term
Hypermetropia
Definition
A condition that occurs when the lens is too thin or the eyeball too short: the images of near objects will fall behind the surface of the retina, whereas the focus for distant objects will be correct.
Term
Joint receptors
Definition
Monitor the position and changes in position of synovial joints.
Term
inferior colliculus
Definition
Located in the midbrain, serving as part of the auditory afferent pathway.
Term
iris
Definition
Attaches to the ciliary body anterior to the lens, creating an opening in the eye.
Term
Hering-Breuer reflex
Definition
As the lung fills during inspiration, the feedback from chest wall and lung stretch receptors tends to terminate the inspiration.
Term
kinocilium
Definition
A knob-like auditory structure to which an apical tuft of sensory cilia is attached.
Term
Krause's end bulbs
Definition
A form of Meissner’s corpuscle adapted for fine touch.
Term
Middle ear
Definition
Occupies an air-filled cavity between the tympanic membrane and the round and oval windows and contains the three auditory ossicles.
Term
Medial geniculate nucleus
Definition
Located in the thalamus, serving the auditory afferent pathway.
Term
Lens
Definition
Focuses light rays entering the eye typically onto the retina, and lies immediately behind the pupil.
Term
Lateral geniculate nucleus
Definition
The visual pathway must first pass through the thalamus where ganglion cell axons of the optic nerve synapse to reach the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobes.
Term
muscle spindles
Definition
Stretch receptors (myotatic organs) that consist of a spindle-shaped capsule enclosing two types of modified muscle fibers together with two types of nerve endings.
Term
Macula lutea
Definition
A circular region in the center of the posterior retina that contains mainly cones; it is the part of the retina we use for examining the visual world for color and detail.
Term
Mitral cells
Definition
The axons of these cells project to two destinations—the primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex (for conscious perception) and the limbic system, where they may affect behavior without being consciously perceived.
Term
Malleus
Definition
One of the three auditory ossicles, attached to the tympanic membrane.
Term
Olfactory mucosa
Definition
A patch of cell bodies on the roof of the nasal cavity.
Term
Nuclear bag muscle fiber
Definition
Part of the stretch receptors, a nerve ending that belongs to a nerve fiber designated as Type IA.
Term
Myotatic organs
Definition
Stretch receptors (muscle spindles) that consist of a spindle-shaped capsule enclosing two types of modified muscle fibers together with two types of nerve endings.
Term
Opsin
Definition
In the retina, the part of the complex that confers wavelength selectivity.
Term
Nuclear chain muscle fiber
Definition
Part of the stretch receptors, the second type of nerve ending, also called a flower spray ending. These endings belong to afferents designated by their medium/large size as belonging to Type II.
Term
Papillae
Definition
Projections from the tongue surface that serve as taste buds.
Term
Otolithic membrane
Definition
In the ear, a gelatinous disk, weighted with small calcium carbonate crystals.
Term
Optic nerve
Definition
Cranial nerve II.
Term
Optic radiation
Definition
Thalamic interneurons that project in a fanlike manner to the occipital cortex.
Term
optic disc
Definition
A spot medial to the macula in which the retinal axons must converge and pass through the photoreceptor layer, forming the optic nerve.
Term
outer ear
Definition
A region of the ear that consists of the external auditory canal and the auricle.
Term
optic chiasm
Definition
An X-shaped structure formed by the optic nerves from the two eyes that converge to the midline of the underside of the brain.
Term
Oval window
Definition
Conducts pressure waves to the scala vestibuli.
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
Rods and cones contained in the inner layer of the retina that help to carry out the first stages of neural integration of visual information.
Term
Posterior Segments
Definition
The hollow interior of the eyeball filled with gelatinous vitreous humor.
Term
Pupil
Definition
An opening that allows light that has penetrated the cornea to pass through the lens.
Term
Pressure waves
Definition
Compressed and decompressed air that spread out from the source.
Term
Proprioception
Definition
Responsible for monitoring the internal state of the body, providing is the basis for homeostatic responses.
Term
Photons
Definition
Light energy that takes the form of individual packets and has an energy level that is expressed as a wavelength.
Term
Perilymph
Definition
The fluid that fills the cochlea.
Term
Rectus Muscles
Definition
Eye muscles that direct the gaze in the up-down and left-right axes.
Term
Retina
Definition
Consists of two layers: an outer pigmented layer of epithelial cells and an inner layer that contains photoreceptors and several levels of interneurons that carry out the first stages of neural integration of visual information.
Term
Round window
Definition
Allows the cochlea to vibrate freely.
Term
Rhinencephalon
Definition
The olfactory system (literally “nosebrain”); it is different from all other sensory systems in that the olfactory pathway to central processing areas does not pass through the thalamus.
Term
Rhodopsin
Definition
The chromophore for rods in the retina.
Term
Rods
Definition
A photoreceptor within the inner layer of the retina.
Term
Relative intensity
Definition
Used by the ear to determine the position of a sound source in space.
Term
Resonance
Definition
Structures vibrate preferentially at a best resonant frequency that is determined by their physical dimensions and material composition.
Term
Saccule
Definition
A hollow structure filled with endolymph that monitors the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity.
Term
Scala Vestibuli
Definition
In interior of the cochlea, one of three separate, parallel chambers; abuts the oval window.
Term
Semicircular Canal
Definition
Part of the inner ear that is responsible for bodily equilibrium.
Term
Sclera
Definition
A tough covering seen as the white of the eye and continuous with the dura mater of the brain.
Term
Scala tympani
Definition
In interior of the cochlea, one of three separate, parallel chambers; abuts the round window.
Term
Scala media
Definition
The hollow part of the cochlear duct.
Term
Spiral ganglion
Definition
Nerves of the cochlea, where all auditory afferents have their cell bodies.
Term
Solitary nucleus
Definition
Sensory fibers carrying taste information synapse in this area of the medulla.
Term
Strabismus
Definition
A condition in which one eye fails to move in concert with the other eye when following a moving stimulus (“wandering eye” or “cross-eye”).
Term
Stapes
Definition
One of the three auditory ossicles, attached to the oval window.
Term
Stereocilia
Definition
The sensitive part of the hair cell that is an apical tuft of sensory cilia.
Term
Stretch receptors
Definition
Monitors length in skeletal muscle.
Term
Taste buds
Definition
The location of the taste receptors of the oral mucosa of the tongue, mouth, and pharynx.
Term
Static equilibrium
Definition
The continuous input, even if the head is not being moved, given by the system that monitors the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity.
Term
Superior olivary nucleus
Definition
Located in the brain stem, this area receives inputs from both ears and is involved in sound localization.
Term
Tectorial membrane
Definition
A flap of tissue that projects from the inner wall of the cochlear duct and overlies the hair cells so that the stereocilia are in close contact with its underside.
Term
Time of arrival
Definition
One clue used by the ear to determine the position of a sound source in space.
Term
Tympanic membrane
Definition
The eardrum.
Term
Type II
Definition
Slowly adapting receptors that respond to a sustained stretch with a well-sustained train of action potentials.
Term
Type IA
Definition
Rapidly adapting receptors, so they give a vigorous burst of action potentials in response to stretch but do not respond during steady states.
Term
Delta Motor Neurons
Definition
The motor neurons that innervate the fibers within stretch receptors that command the stretch receptor fibers to shorten in parallel with the rest of the fibers.
Term
Alpha Motor Neurons
Definition
The neurons that innervate the great mass of muscle fibers that is not part of stretch receptors.
Term
Utricle
Definition
A hollow structure filled with endolymph that monitors the position of the head with respect to the pull of gravity.
Term
Vascular tunic
Definition
Within the external wall of the eyeball, forming the ciliary body.
Term
Umami
Definition
A fifth primary flavor that has been asserted specifically for monosodium glutamate.
Term
Ventral cochlear nuclei
Definition
Once the vestibuloauditory nerve enters the brain stem, the pathway branches to the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei and the superior olivary nucleus of the brain stem.
Term
Vestibular nuclei
Definition
Inputs from the vestibular system pass to these structures of the brain stem, detecting changes of head orientation.
Term
Vestibular system
Definition
The system that senses the body’s equilibrium, located in the ear.
Term
Vestibuloauditory nerve
Definition
The VIII cranial nerve. The auditory afferent pathway courses centrally through cochlear nerve, which joins the vestibular nerve to form the vestibuloauditory nerve.
Term
Vomeronasal organ
Definition
The location of a small number of primary olfactory receptors that may be an evolutionary vestige.
Term
Vitreous humor
Definition
The gelatinous substance that fills the posterior section of the hollow interior of the eyeball.
Term
Vestibular membrane
Definition
The roof of the cochlear duct.
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