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TCN A&P Ch. 3
Maintenance of the internal environment
59
Anatomy
Professional
03/09/2012

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Term
ATPase
Definition
A large family of enzymes.
Term
Active transport
Definition
Involved the expenditure of extra energy from the cell's own energy reserves and can result in net movement of solute uphill against a concentration gradient.
Term
Adenosine Triphosphate
Definition
In primary active transport, the carrier derives energy from it.
Term
Antiport
Definition
One solute may be exchanged for another in a process of exchange.
Term
Blood plasma
Definition
The fluid component of blood.
Term
Carriers
Definition
Proteins that actually bind individual solute molecules on one side of the membrane and release the solute on the opposite side of the membrane.
Term
Channels
Definition
Barrel-shaped pores that enclose a small water-filled passage through which solutes diffuse as if in free solution.
Term
Cotransport
Definition
Multiple solutes of different types may need to bind to the carrier before all are translocated.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
The movement of a substance due to the random movement of its individual particles.
Term
Diffusion coefficient
Definition
A factor determines the rate of net movement of a substance by diffusion, it is a property that depends on the particle size of the substance and the nature of the medium in which diffusion is occurring.
Term
Diffusion potential
Definition
The charge separation generated by this process can be measured as an electrical voltage between the two chambers.
Term
Distance
Definition
A key factor that determine the rate of net movement of a substance by diffusion. Greater distances reduce the rate of net movement.
Term
Effectors
Definition
Changes the regulated variable in the direction of the setpoint.
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
A process of cellular uptake in which a small region of the plasma membrane is first indented to form a pocket and then is pinched off to form an endocytotic vesicle.
Term
Endocytotic vesicle
Definition
A packet of plasma membrane containing anything that was within the pocket when it formed.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Any of a very large class of complex proteinaceous substances that are produced by living cells, that are essential to life by acting like catalysts in promoting at the cell temperature usually reversible reactions.
Term
Equilibrium potential
Definition
The magnitude of (E) is directly related to the magnitude of the concentration gradient, since one must balance the other.
Term
Exchange
Definition
A process in which one solute may be exchanged for another (antiport)
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
A process in which intracellular vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents to the exterior.
Term
Exothermic
Definition
Heat-releasing.
Term
Extracellular Compartment
Definition
All of the solution outside cells.
Term
Extracellular fluid
Definition
All fluid outside cells - two main components: interstitial fluid & blood plasma.
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Solution that contains a lower concentration of impermeant solute than normal cytoplasm, causes cells placed in to swell.
Term
Interstitial fluid
Definition
Fluid that immediately surrounds cells in tissue
Term
Hypertonic challenge
Definition
A homeostatic challenge that adds additional impermeant solute to the ECF without changing the total water content of the body will drive movement of water from the intracellular compartment to the extracellular compartment until osmotic concentrations of both compartments areagain equal, but higher than normal.
Term
Ions
Definition
Atoms or molecules that have an electrical charge.
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
A solution that contains a higher solute concentration and causes cells to shrink
Term
Isotonic
Definition
Solutions throughout most oragsn and tissues in which the osmotic concentration of the cytoplasm is approxiately 300 mOsmoles/liter.
Term
Hypotonic challenge
Definition
A homeostatic challenge that decreases total extracellular solute will result in osmotic flow of water into the cells until the osmotic concentration of the two compartments becomes equal, but lower than normal.
Term
Law of Electroneutrality
Definition
Ions never stay more than a short distance away from a corresponding counterion.
Term
Intracellular compartment
Definition
A compartment, which is surrounded by a water-permeable barrier, that holds all of the cytoplasm of a cell.
Term
Na+ glucose cotransporter
Definition
Uses the downhill gradient of Na+ into the cells, which is generated by the Na+/K+ pump, to drive glucose into the cell against its concentration gradient.
Term
Nernst equation
Definition
The mathematical relationship between the two forms of energy—electrical and chemical—is described: EK+ = RT/zF ln ([K+]left/[K+]right).
Term
Negative feedback
Definition
Designed to minimize deviations from a setpoint value of some variable feature of the environment, such as temperature. It works by having sensors that can measure the regulated variable, controllers that can compare the measured value with the setpoint, and by activating effectors that can move the variable in the direction of its setpoint.
Term
Muscle tone
Definition
A constant low level of tension in all muscles.
Term
Na+/K+ ATPase
Definition
Found in virtually all cells, the Na+/K+ pump.
Term
Ligand-gated channels
Definition
Many channels are opened or closed (gated) by external influences, respond to the binding of messenger substances from inside or outside the cell.
Term
Na+/K+ pump
Definition
Splits 1 ATP and mediates the ejection of 3 Na+ from the cell in exchange for 2 K+ moved from outside to in. Since the cytoplasm contains a higher concentration of K+ than the extracellular fluid, the situation is the reverse for Na+. Both Na+ and K+ are moved against their concentration gradients by the pump.
Term
Passive transport
Definition
Net movement of substances by diffusion; does not require the input of extra energy from cellular metabolism.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Diffusive movement of water down a water concentration gradient.
Term
Osmotic pressure
Definition
An equilibrium pressure directly related to the concentration of solute particles.
Term
Permeant substances
Definition
Very small molecules (i.e. water) or substances that can dissolve lipids.
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
A process in which cells of the immune system can engulf whole bacteria or particles of foreign material.
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
Uptake of extracellular fluid w/ water and solutes.
Term
Osmometer
Definition
A device in which two rigid compartments are separated by a barrier that is permeable to water but not to solute. One compartment contains pure water, whereas the other one contains a solution of unknown concentration.
Term
Primary Active Transport
Definition
The carrier derives it's energy from ATP.
Term
Resting potential
Definition
A difference in electrical charge between the cytoplasmic and extracellular sides of the plasma membrane.
Term
Setpoint
Definition
A set value of some variable feature of the environment, such as temperature.
Term
Secondary active transport
Definition
Processes not driven by ATP but by a transmembrane gradient of some other solute.
Term
Pyrogens
Definition
Fever inducers
Term
Sensors
Definition
In negative feedback, measure the state of the regulated variable and pass this information to a controller that compares it with a predetermined setpoint.
Term
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
The movement to the cellular interior certain membrane proteins, together with specific extracellular substances that have become bound to the receptors. It is an important method of regulating the number of receptor proteins in the plasma membrane.
Term
Receptors
Definition
Membrane proteins in the cellular interior.
Term
Symport
Definition
Multiple solutes of different types may need to bind to the carrier before all are translocated.
Term
Transport proteins
Definition
Proteins that span the cell membrane, providing alternative routes through the membrane, channel and carriers.
Term
Thermogenesis
Definition
Means of increasing heat production within body.
Term
Voltage-gated channels
Definition
Many channels are opened or closed (gated) by external influences.
Term
Synaptic transmission
Definition
Chemical signals between neurons and neurons or between neurons and muscle cells.
Term
Transport ATPase
Definition
Carrier proteins, of which the most common form is the Na+/K+ pump, found in virtually all cells.
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