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TCN A&P Ch. 13
The Respiratory System
84
Anatomy
Professional
03/27/2012

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Term
Beta Thalassemia
Definition
A genetic disease most common in people of Mediterranean ancestry that is the result of a mutation that impairs synthesis of beta chains.
Term
Atmospheric pressure
Definition
The standard pressure at sea level, 760 mm Hg.
Term
Asthma
Definition
An inflammatory or allergic response to air contaminants, respiratory infection, exercise, or cold air causes the release of chemical mediators of immune response, such as histamine, that cause the airway smooth muscle to contract.
Term
Bohr effect
Definition
A decrease in pH, which results from production of acidic endproducts.
Term
Boyle's law
Definition
The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure at constant temperature.
Term
Anatomical dead space
Definition
An area only the airway in which some of the air moved through the respiratory system ventilates, thus not mediating gas exchange.
Term
Apex
Definition
The superior tip of the lung.
Term
Alveolus
Definition
Small cavities that constitute the respiratory zone of the lung where gas exchange actually takes place.
Term
Chronic mountain sickness
Definition
In high altitudes, the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood may increase the viscosity of the blood, which places a greater load on the heart and actually may impair blood flow into the capillaries of some tissues.
Term
Brain stem respiratory area
Definition
Neurons involved in generating the respiratory motor output are located in several nuclei in the brain stem.
Term
Charles' law
Definition
If volume is held constant, pressure is proportional to temperature.
Term
Carbonic anhydrase
Definition
An enzyme.
Term
Capillary recruitment
Definition
The process by which the increase in pulmonary blood flow during exercise opens up some pulmonary capillaries that are not used during rest.
Term
choroid plexus
Definition
The epithelial tissue that generates the cerebrospinal fluid.
Term
Dynamic volumes
Definition
Changes in lung volume measured during a forced expiration.
Term
Epilglottis
Definition
Entry of ingested materials into the trachea instead of the esophagus is prevented by its rotation.
Term
Expiratory reserve volume
Definition
A value that represents additional air that could be exhaled with an effort.
Term
Elasticity
Definition
The tendency of a structure to return to its original size after being distended.
Term
Diffusion coefficient
Definition
Diffusion depends on this value, which determines the rate of gas movement in the lungs.
Term
Diffusing capacity
Definition
An immediate effect unrelated to training, arising instead from the greater surface area of the more expanded lungs and from an improvement in the ventilation/perfusion ratio with greater blood flow to the lungs.
Term
ethmoid bone
Definition
With the sphenoid bone, forms the roof of the nasal cavity.
Term
Dalton's law
Definition
The total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases that make up the mixture.
Term
Gluconeogenesis
Definition
Conversion of some of the lactic acid to glucose by the liver.
Term
Henry's law
Definition
The concentration of a gas in water solution is determined by the partial pressure of the gas multiplied by its temperature-dependent solubility constant.
Term
Hilus
Definition
An indentation on the medial surface of the lung, through which bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter the lung.
Term
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
Definition
A measurable value for a forced expiration.
Term
Flow resistive work
Definition
The work done to move air against the airway resistance.
Term
Hering-Breuer reflex
Definition
A reflex that terminate inspirations due to inputs from stretch receptors in the lung and chest wall.
Term
Functional residual capacity (FRC)
Definition
A value that measures the expiratory reserve volume and the residual volume.
Term
Hyaline membrane disease
Definition
A condition in which there is a lack of enough surfactant to properly inflate their lungs.
Term
Isobar
Definition
A graphic method for analyzing blood acid-base status.
Term
Inspiratory capacity
Definition
The actual tidal volume plus the inspiratory reserve volume.
Term
Intrapleural fluid
Definition
Fluid that lets the lungs slide over the thoracic surface as they change in volume in the respiratory cycle.
Term
Hypothalamic centers
Definition
Centers that reflect arousal and emotion that send input to the respiratory area of the brain stem.
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
A decrease in blood oxygenation.
Term
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Definition
The maximal inspiration possible.
Term
Intrapleural space
Definition
The space between the pleura, filled with a small quantity of intrapleural fluid.
Term
Lobar bronchi
Definition
Branching from the primary bronchi, three on the right and two on the left, corresponding to the lobes of the lung.
Term
Midpoint
Definition
The point at which two elastic forces—the tendency of the chest wall to spring outward and that of the lung to collapse inward—balance.
Term
Minute volume
Definition
The total volume of air moved through the respiratory system in one minute.
Term
Mixed venous blood
Definition
Blood that fills the right atrium passed through different organs or tissues and was exposed to the gas partial pressures characteristic of that tissue.
Term
law of Laplace
Definition
The pressure P inside a bubble (or any elastic sphere) is a function of the wall tension T and the radius r: P = 2T/r.
Term
Metabolic alkalosis
Definition
A condition due to ingestion of some alkali or the loss of natural acid (e.g., repeated vomiting); the retained carbon dioxide counteracts the effect of the alkali.
Term
Metabolic acidosis
Definition
Acidosis due to fixed acids.
Term
Larynx
Definition
One of the structures that make up the airway that is an organ of sound production.
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
A structure of the airway posterior to the oral cavity, where air and food must share a common pathway.
Term
Ondine's curse
Definition
A condition in which an injury that affects the bulbospinal tracts that project from brain stem centers to respiratory motor neurons can deprive the victim of automatic respiration, leaving him with voluntary control only.
Term
Obstructive diseases
Definition
Diseases, such as asthma, in which the flow resistance of the airway is increased.
Term
Nasopharynx
Definition
Passing posteriorly, the air enters this structure, inferior to the sphenoid bone and superior to the soft palate.
Term
Nasal cavity
Definition
One of the structures of the airway that air first enters.
Term
One-second forced expiratory volume
Definition
A measurable value for a forced expiration.
Term
Parietal pleura
Definition
Lines the surface of the thoracic wall.
Term
Physiological dead space
Definition
Overventilated alveoli, a situation prevented by ventilation-perfusion matching.
Term
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Definition
Receptors that register primarily decreases in blood oxygenation, but also increases in plasma H+ concentration.
Term
Oxygen-carrying capacity
Definition
The capacity of the blood to carry oxygen as determined by its hemoglobin content.
Term
Partial pressure
Definition
The fractional volume of the gas in the mixture multiplied by the total pressure.
Term
Oxygen uptake
Definition
The result of the increase in oxidative energy metabolism in contracting fibers during exercise.
Term
Physiological shunt
Definition
Underventilated alveoli, if ventilation-perfusion matching did not occur.
Term
Oxygen debt
Definition
A condition caused by the accumulation of lactic acid during the period of exercise.
Term
Pneumothorax
Definition
A condition in which, if the chest wall were punctured, the pressure gradient would force air into the intrapleural space, collapsing the lung and allowing the chest wall to spring outward noticeably.
Term
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
Definition
A branch of the vagus nerve.
Term
Polycythemia
Definition
An excess of red blood cells.
Term
Residual volume (RV)
Definition
The remaining gas in the lungs that could not be expelled.
Term
Pulmonary surfactant
Definition
A phospholipid that interferes with the attraction of water molecules to one another and reduces the surface tension.
Term
Pleura
Definition
A double layer of membranous tissue within the lungs.
Term
Soft palate
Definition
One of the structures of the airway.
Term
Sickle-cell Anemia
Definition
A condition that results from a mutation that altered a single amino acid in the sequence for the beta chain. Hemoglobin comes out of solution and crosslinks to form a crystal-like structure when it is deoxygenated, as when passing through systemic capillaries. This state change distorts the red cells, giving them a characteristic sickle shape that interferes with orderly transition of the red cells through capillaries.
Term
Respiratory alkalosis
Definition
A condition that results from sensory or nervous conditions that cause hyperventilation (anxiety, cold exposure, certain nervous stimulant drugs) or from rapid travel to high altitude.
Term
Respiratory zone
Definition
The alveoli, where gas exchange actually takes place.
Term
Respiratory drive
Definition
The tonic stimulation of respiratory centers that maintains some steady level of respiration.
Term
Sphenoid bone
Definition
With the ethmoid bone, forms the roof of the nasal cavity.
Term
Sternocleidomastoid
Definition
Muscle that, with the scalenes, lift the ribcage at the superior end by traction applied to the sternum and first rib.
Term
Static volumes
Definition
Air capacities measured in the absence of airflow.
Term
Terminal bronchioles
Definition
The smallest bronchioles, each of which gives rise to a number of respiratory bronchioles.
Term
Tidal volume (TV)
Definition
500 ml of air from atmosphere driven through the airway to the alveolar sacs.
Term
Total lung capacity
Definition
The maximum amount of air that can exist in the lungs at one time.
Term
Surface tension
Definition
The main potential source of wall tension in alveoli that is developed by the thin layer of fluid that covers the alveolar surface, greatly decreasing pulmonary compliance.
Term
2,3 Diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG)
Definition
A chemical mediator produced by red blood cells as they pass through tissues that are not receiving adequate oxygen.
Term
Stretch receptors
Definition
Receptors in the lung and chest wall that terminate inspirations, preventing overinflation and assisting the CNS in optimizing the efficiency of respiration.
Term
Vocal cords
Definition
A pair of mucosal folds within the larynx. Sound production involves adjusting the position and tension of the vocal cords in a stream of expired air flowing through the trachea.
Term
Visceral pleura
Definition
Covers the lung surface.
Term
Ventilation-Perfusion matching
Definition
Each respiratory bronchiole and its arterioles indulge in a continuous matching process, which ultimately optimizes the performance of the whole lung.
Term
Vital capacity
Definition
The largest volume that can be ventilated in one breath.
Term
Uvula
Definition
A structure of the airway that, with the soft palate, prevents the reflux of food into the nasal cavity during swallowing.
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