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TCN A&P ch 12
The Vascular system
100
Anatomy
Professional
03/20/2012

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Term
Anastomose
Definition
The rejoining of the capillaries of each capillary bed.
Term
Angina
Definition
Chest pain caused when the heart is called on to increase its performance.
Term
Agglutination
Definition
An effect of antibody binding; if the determinants happen to belong to different microbial cells, the effect is to handcuff the cells together, limiting their ability to spread.
Term
afferent arterioles
Definition
Branching from the renal arteries within the cortex of the kidney, each serves a single functional excretory unit, a nephron.
Term
adenoids
Definition
Lymphoid organs on the pharyngeal roof.
Term
amplifier T cells
Definition
Stimulate increased levels of activity in the other cell types of their clone.
Term
Afferent lymphatic vessels
Definition
Vessels that bring lymph to the nodes.
Term
Antigen
Definition
An invader bearing particular molecular components.
Term
B Lymphocytes
Definition
Produce antibodies.
Term
Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity
Definition
One type of attack of the specific immune system that does not express antibodies against the body’s own constituents.
Term
Bainbridge reflex
Definition
A reflex, but in this case, the receptors are in the walls of the right atrium and venae cavae, where they monitor venous return.
Term
Arterioles
Definition
The smallest arteries.
Term
Arteriosclerosis
Definition
A disease in which plaque forms on the walls of the arteries.
Term
Baroreceptor reflex
Definition
Regulates the mean arterial pressure of the systemic loop.
Term
Antibodies
Definition
Chemical agents that recognize and bind specific structural aspects of foreign materials and infecting cells.
Term
Capillary filtration
Definition
The continuous circulation of fluid across the capillary wall.
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Mediate a constant movement of nutrients (glucose, amino acids, lipids), oxygen, and hormones from plasma to interstitial fluid and a corresponding uptake of lactic acid and other metabolites, carbon dioxide, and chemical messengers.
Term
Bowman's capsule
Definition
The initial segment of the nephron.
Term
Cell-mediated immunity
Definition
One type of attack of the specific immune system.
Term
Cerbrovascular accidents
Definition
Blockage of an artery or rupture of an artery in the brain.
Term
Capillary bed
Definition
The structure through which each drop of blood passes in its transit through the systemic circulation.
Term
Chemotaxis
Definition
The process by which neutrophils and monocytes are attracted to an inflamed area.
Term
Blood-brain barrier
Definition
A barrier in which the junctions of brain capillaries are essentially closed to the passage of fluid and small polar solutes.
Term
Complement activation
Definition
Incorporates about a dozen proteins, that, when activated by antibody binding, can punch holes in the cells of microbes and parasites, stimulate the attack of phagocytes, and attract phagocytes to the scene.
Term
circumflex artery
Definition
Supplies the left atrium and the posterior part of the left ventricle.
Term
Cytotoxic cells
Definition
CD8 cells that attack invaders directly, recognizing them through T cell receptors carried on the cell surface and secreting toxic substances that destroy the invading cells by perforating their plasma membranes.
Term
Distributiing arteries
Definition
Carry blood to specific body regions.
Term
Ductus venosus
Definition
Allows much of the umbilical venous blood to bypass the liver and enter the fetal vena cava.
Term
Diapedesis
Definition
The process in which leukocytes first stick to the walls of blood vessels in the area and then squeeze through intercellular junctions to enter the affected tissue.
Term
Ductus arteriosis
Definition
Connects the fetal aortic arch and pulmonary trunk.
Term
Circle of willis
Definition
Joins the carotid and vertebral pathways and allows either pathway to perfuse the entire brain if the other path is blocked.
Term
Efferent lymphatic vessels
Definition
Carry the filtered lymph onward toward the thoracic duct.
Term
Dural sinuses
Definition
The structures through which most of the venous drainage of the brain enters, lying between the two layers of cranial dura mater surrounding the cerebrum.
Term
embolism
Definition
Blockage of an artery.
Term
Edema
Definition
A clinical condition of swelling caused by excessive interstitial fluid.
Term
Efferent arteriole
Definition
Formed by the rejoining of the glomerular capillaries, serving a second peritubular capillary bed surrounding the cortical parts of the tubule.
Term
Elastic arteries
Definition
The trunk of the arterial tree that include the aorta and its thoracic branches, the common iliac arteries of the thighs, and the pulmonary trunk that passes from right ventricle to the lungs.
Term
Dura mater
Definition
Layers surrounding the cerebrum.
Term
Extrinsic regulation
Definition
One factor that controls arteriolar diameter by input from the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.
Term
Flow autoregulation
Definition
One factor that controls arteriolar diameter by chemical substances released by the cells in the immediate vicinity of the arteriole.
Term
Foramen ovale
Definition
An imperfect division of the fetal heart that penetrates the septal wall between the atria.
Term
Fab regions
Definition
Regions formed by the light chains and heavy chains within the structure of an antibody.
Term
helper T cells
Definition
CD4 cells that interact with the B cell clones that can react to the same antigen, promoting secretion of antibodies.
Term
Glomerular capillaries
Definition
Responsible for generating a primary ultrafiltrate of plasma in the kidney.
Term
heavy chains
Definition
Forms a backbone joined by multiple disulfide bonds at the fork of the Y structure of the antibody; both heavy chains lie parallel in the stem of the Y, and each one forms one of the branches.
Term
hemorrhage
Definition
Rapid loss of blood volume through bleeding.
Term
Fc region
Definition
The stem of the antibody Y structure that is part of the heavy chain.
Term
Hepatic portal system
Definition
Collects venous blood from the abdominal and pelvic digestive organs and delivers this blood by way of the hepatic portal vein.
Term
Hypothalamoadenohypo-physeal portal system
Definition
Connects the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis of the pituitary.
Term
Hilus
Definition
A line along which veins exit the spleen.
Term
Hydrostatic pressure
Definition
The forces that affect fluid movement between plasma and interstitial fluid.
Term
Hepatic portal vein
Definition
Delivers the venous blood collected by the hepatic portal system.
Term
immunoglobulins (Ig)
Definition
The five families of antibodies.
Term
Hypothalamic-anterior hypophyseal portal system
Definition
Carries blood that has perfused the hypothalamus of the brain to a second capillary bed in the anterior hypophysis of the pituitary.
Term
Hyperemia
Definition
Dilation of blood vessels resulting in an increase in blood flow.
Term
Killer T cells
Definition
Cytotoxic cells that attack invading cells directly.
Term
Interferons
Definition
Proteins that interfere with replication of viral DNA.
Term
Lacteals
Definition
The milky appearance of the intestinal lymphatics after a meal.
Term
Kinins
Definition
A family of substances that serve as chemical mediators of inflammation.
Term
Jugular foramen
Definition
The structure through which the left and right internal jugular veins leave the skull.
Term
Lymphotoxins
Definition
Toxic substances that destroy the invading cells by perforating their plasma membranes.
Term
Marginal artery
Definition
Branches from the right coronary artery descending vertically, serving the right ventricle.
Term
Lymphatic collecting vessels
Definition
Vessels into which lymphatic capillaries drain. At intervals, the collecting vessels pass through lymph nodes.
Term
Lysis
Definition
The process by which proteins that, when activated by antibody binding, can punch holes in the cells of microbes and parasites causing bursting.
Term
Lymphatic trunks
Definition
Formed by the convergence of the largest lymphatic collecting vessels.
Term
Macrophages
Definition
Cells that phagocytize disease organisms and other foreign materials that pass through in the lymph.
Term
Major histocompatibility class (MHC) proteins
Definition
Cell surface proteins involved the interaction between macrophages and T cells.
Term
Lymph node
Definition
A structure containing elements of the immune system that literally screen the flowing lymph for the presence of foreign materials. Clusters of lymph nodes are located in the inguinal (groin), axillary, and cervical regions.
Term
Myocardial infarction
Definition
A heart attack.
Term
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
Definition
The volume flow rate to the venous return (VR), and the flow resistance to the total peripheral resistance (TPR), so that VR = MAP/TPR.
Term
Nephron
Definition
A single functional excretory unit in the kidney.
Term
Nonspecific responses
Definition
One type of immune response that is not conditioned by previous exposure to the particular invader and is effective against a wide variety of invasions.
Term
Peritubular capillary bed
Definition
Surrounds the cortical parts of the tubule in the kidney.
Term
Opsonization
Definition
The process by which proteins that, when activated by antibody binding, stimulate the attack of phagocytes.
Term
Memory T cells
Definition
Ensure that at subsequent encounters with the same antigen, the secondary response will be able to draw on a larger clone.
Term
Passive immunization
Definition
Involves the introduction of antibodies raised in another host. Good examples of this occur in pregnancy and lactation.
Term
pulmonary edema
Definition
The lung with an excess of interstitial fluid.
Term
Portal blood systems
Definition
Systems that have two capillary beds in series. These include the hepatic portal system and the hypothalamoadenohypophyseal portal system.
Term
Peyer's patches
Definition
Clusters of lymphatic follicles in the wall of the distal small intestine.
Term
Plasma cells
Definition
Specialized cells for antibody production.
Term
Phagocytes
Definition
Cells that can ingest foreign materials and digest them.
Term
Posterior cerebral arteries
Definition
Arteries that serve the occipital lobes and part of the temporal lobes of the brain.
Term
Protein oncotic pressure
Definition
The osmotic gradient between plasma and interstitial fluid that results from the fact that proteins do not freely enter the interstitial fluid from the plasma.
Term
Primary immune response
Definition
A response triggered by exposure to nonself antigens.
Term
Resistance elements
Definition
In the vascular system, arterioles.
Term
Respiratory pump
Definition
The blood in thoracic veins cannot flow backward because of the valves, so it must flow forward into the right atrium.
Term
Secondary response
Definition
The response that occurs each time the antigen is encountered again.
Term
Reverse transcription
Definition
A process by which viruses cause their RNA sequences to be converted to DNA.
Term
sensitized T cells
Definition
T cells that can identify any of the presented antigens.
Term
Release-inhibiting factors
Definition
Secreted by the hypothalamus into the hypothalamic-anterior hypophyseal portal blood to control the secretion of anterior hypophyseal hormones.
Term
Reticular fibers
Definition
Laid down by fibroblasts, providing the scaffolding that the basic structure of lymphoid tissues is based on.
Term
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
A process in which the virus binds to a membrane surface protein (the receptor) and stimulates the cell to internalize the membrane-containing protein and virus.
Term
Spleen
Definition
A fist-sized organ located in the superior left part of the abdominal cavity posterior to the stomach. The spleen has two functions—it screens for blood-borne antigens, and it removes aged red cells from circulation.
Term
Skeletal muscle pump
Definition
When appendicular muscles contract, they tend to squeeze the veins that run between and over them. This periodic squeezing forces blood through the valves and in the direction of the heart.
Term
Specific responses
Definition
Immune responses that are directed only against an invader bearing particular molecular components (antigens) to which the body has previously been exposed.
Term
Suppressor T cells
Definition
Ensure that the response of the clone will not become unreasonably large.
Term
Sinusoids
Definition
Specialized liver capillaries.
Term
Shunt pathways
Definition
Structures that allow much of the output of the fetal right heart to bypass the pulmonary loop of the collapsed fetal lungs and enter the systemic circulation (right-to-left shunts).
Term
Subclavian arteries
Definition
Arteries at the base of the neck.
Term
Stenosis
Definition
Narrowing of the arteries.
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