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TCC PTA
Anatomy of the Brain
71
Anatomy
Professional
01/15/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
5 Parts of the Brain
Definition

Telencephalon

Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

Metencephalon

Myelencephalon

Term
Parts of Telencephalon
Definition

Cerebral Hemispheres

Basal Ganglia

Term
Parts of Diencephalon
Definition

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus

Subthalamus

Term
Parts of Mesencephalon
Definition
Midbrain
Term
Metencephalon
Definition

Pons

Cerebellum

Term
Myelencephalon
Definition
Medulla Oblongata
Term

What divides the Cerebral Hemispheres

into left and right sides?

Definition
Median Longitudinal Fissure
Term
Convex convolutions on the brain
Definition
Gyri
Term
Shallow grooves on the brain
Definition
Sulci
Term
Deep grooves on the brain
Definition
Fissures
Term
5 Lobes of the Hemispheres
Definition

Frontal

Parietal

Occipital

Temporal

Limbic

Term
What separates the Frontal and Parietal lobes?
Definition
Central Sulcus
Term

What separates the Frontal & Parietal 

from the Temporal lobe?

Definition
Lateral Fissure
Term

Origin of the corticospinal tract

(descending motor pathway)

Definition

Precentral Gyrus

Primary Motor Cortex

Brodman's area 4

Term
Where is voluntary movement initiated?
Definition

Precentral Gyrus

Primary Motor Cortex

Brodman's area 4

Term
What is the result of a lesion in the precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex, Brodman's area 4)?
Definition
contralateral weakness
Term

How are the primary motor cortex and

primary sensory cortex organized?

Definition

somatotopic map

Homonculus

Term

What is the area responsible for

programming necessary movements?

Definition

Premotor Cortex

Brodman's area 6

Term
What is Apraxia?
Definition

Difficulty performing purposive movements

even though no paralysis exists.

Term

Where is the area that is important in the

production of written and spoken language?

Definition
Frontal lobe - Broca's area (usually just left brain)
Term
What is Broca's aphasia?
Definition

Expressive or non-fluent aphasia

patient comprehends, but has difficulty

speaking, writing and reading

Term
What is the prefrontal cortex involved with?
Definition
It is involved with personality, insight and forsight
Term
What is the result of a prefrontal cortex lesion?
Definition
A lesion would lead to irresponsibility, impulsivity and use of profanity and socially unacceptable behavior.
Term
What is found in the temporal lobe?
Definition

Primary Auditory Cortex

Wernicke's area

processing of visual information

Term

What is the result of a lesion in the primary

auditory cortex of the temporal lobe?

Definition

Patient will experience humming, buzzing and

difficulty detecting direction a noise is coming from.

Term

Where is Wernicke's area found?

 

Definition
Temporal lobe, usually just left brain
Term
What is the function of Wernicke's area?
Definition
Comprehension of language
Term
What is Wernicke's aphasia?
Definition

Receptive or fluent aphasia

Fluent, but meaningless speech

Patient is not able to comprehend

 

Term
What is prosopagnosia
Definition
It is the inablility to recognize faces caused by a bilateral temporal lesion
Term
What happens in the parietal lobe?
Definition

Postcentral gyrus

Primary somatosensory cortex (Brodman's area 3,1,2)

comprehension of language

Arcuate fasciculus

spatial orientation and perception

Term
What is another name for the Postcentral Gyrus?
Definition

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Brodman's area 3,1,2

Term
What is the function of the Postcentral gyrus?
Definition

It is the end point of the spinothalamic tract

which is concerned with processing tactile and proprioceptive information.

Term
What area assists Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe?
Definition

The parietal lobe assists in the comprehension of language.

Arcuate fasciculus

Term
Which lobe is involved in spatial orientation and perception?
Definition
The parietal lobe
Term
What can be caused by a lesion in the parietal lobe?
Definition

Neglect (aka hemi-inattention)

Astereognosis - inability to identify objects by touch

Term
What is astereognosis?
Definition

Inability to identify objects by touch

Caused by a lesion in the parietal lobe

Term
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Definition

Contains the primary visual cortex

Contains the visual association cortex

Term
What is homonymous hemianopsia?
Definition

A deletion of part of the visual field

caused by a lesion in the occipital lobe.

Term
What is visual agnosia?
Definition

The inability to recognize objects and their

colors caused by a lesion in the occiptal lobe.

Term
Describe somebody who is "Left brained"
Definition
They excel in intellectual processes such as analytical thinking, rationalizing, calculating and verbalization
Term
Describe somebody who is "right brained"
Definition

They excel in sensory discrimination, emotional

and nonverbal thinking, artistic skills such as

drawing and composing music.

Term
Which hemisphere contains the centers for language comprehension and production for most people?
Definition
Left
Term
What is included in the limbic lobe?
Definition

Cingulate Gyrus

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Term
Where is the Cingulate Gyrus located?
Definition
Superior to the corpus collosum
Term
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Definition
It is responsible for new memories and learning
Term

What is the result of a lesion in the

hippocampus of the limbic lobe?

Definition

The inability to form new memories

aka Alzheimer's disease

Term
What is the function of the amygdala?
Definition
It is responsible for emotions and behavior
Term

What might be the result of a

surgical lesion of the amygdalae?

Definition
It can change socially unacceptable aggressive behavior into placid behavior and lack of emotion
Term
What is the function of the Thalamus?
Definition

It is the main sensory relay center for the nervous system

for all sensory EXCEPT olfactory!

Term
Where does sensory information make a synaptic stop before reaching the cerebral cortex?
Definition

It stops in some part of the thalamus

(with the exception of olfactory information)

Term

What happens in the ventral postero-lateral

nucleus of the thalamus?

Definition
It is where synapse occurs between 2nd and 3rd order neurons of sensory pathways.
Term
What is controlled by the hypothalamus?
Definition
The Hypothalamus is involved in temperature control, water balance, emotional states and control over the autonomic nervous system (visceral).
Term
What can be caused by a lesion in the hypothalamus?
Definition
Diabetes insipidus - excess thirst, increased urine output, violent, aggressive behavior
Term
What is contained in the epithalamus?
Definition
The pineal gland
Term
What is controled by the pineal gland in the epithalamus?
Definition
It is involved in circadian rhythm (sleep/wake cycles)
Term
What is contained in the subthalamus?
Definition
The red nucleus and substantia nigra
Term
What is the function of the substantia nigra?
Definition
It is involved in the release of dopamine
Term
What are the functions of the midbrain?
Definition
Midbrain assists with motor control, mm tone, suppression of pain, vision and hearing.
Term
Where are the motor programs for saccades contained?
Definition

MIdbrain

Pons

Term
What are saccades?
Definition

Saccades are brief, rapid, voluntary eye movements on changing points of fixation.

They are used for tracking objects.

Term
What is the function of the pons?
Definition
The pons assists in pain modulation and controlling arousal
Term
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Definition

The cerebellum is concerned with equilibrium,

muscle tone, coordination of voluntary muscle activity,

and controlling eye movements.

Term
What could be the result of a lesion in the cerebellum?
Definition
Ataxia
Term
What is ataxia?
Definition

Ataxia is lack of coordinated muscle movements,

especially in gait.

Term
What is contained in the brainstem?
Definition

The brainstem is made up of the midbrain,

pons and medulla

Term
What can be the result of a lesion in the brainstem?
Definition

Decerebrate rigidity

Decorticate rigidity

Term
What is decerebrate rigidity?
Definition

It is an abnormal posture with the entire body in extension, with the exception of flexed fingers.

It is caused by a lesion in the upper brainstem.

Prognosis is worse depending on involvement with the medulla oblongata (respiratory center).

 

Term
What is decorticate rigidity?
Definition

It is an abnormal posture of extension in the LE's with flexion of the elbows, wrists and fingers.

It is caused by a lesion to one or both corticospinal tracts.

Usually better prognosis than decerebrate rigidity.

Term
What is contained in the medulla oblongata?
Definition

Cardiac & respiratory centers

Pyramids

Term
What are the pyramids in the medulla oblongata?
Definition
Pyramids are the site where fibers from the lateral corticospinal (pyramidal) tract cross as they travel to the spinal cord.
Term
Define decussate
Definition
To cross, or become crossed, so as to form an X
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